4.

1 Fundamental results
y0 u should already be familiar with the following results. They are
used later in this section and are quoted here for reference.
• The angles on a straight line add up to 180°: • The angles at a point add up to 360°:

z C
X

.x+y+z=l80°

a+ &+ e+ a= 360°
• Vertically opposite angles are equal:

• The angle sum of a triangle is 180°. • The angle sum of a quadrilateral is 360°.
• An isosceles triangle has 2 sides and 2 angles • An equilateral triangle has 3 sides and 3
the same: angles the same:

Exercise 1
Find the angles marked with letters. (AB is always a straight line.)
2. 3. 4.
I. ~
P. ~ o
B

Fundamental results
 9. 12.
10.

13. 14. 15. 16.

.' ~ ' ; A ~
b
. A B

17.
18. 19.

20.
21. 22.

23. Calculate the largest angle of a triangle in which one angle is eight
times each of the others.
24. In ~ABC, Ais a right angle and D is a point on AC such that BD
bisects B. IfBDC = 100°, calculate e.
25. WXYZ is a quadrilateral in which W= 108°, X=88°, Y=57° and
WXZ = 31 °. Calculate WZX and ID.
26. In quadrilateral ABCD, AB produced is perpendicular to DC
produced. If A= e
44° and = 148°, calculate Band B.
27. Triangles ABD, CBD and ADC are all isosceles. Find the angle x.

AC=AD 0 C

A~D
 polygons
i) The exterior angles of a polygon add up to
Pentagon = 5 sides
360° (a+ 6+ e+ J. + e= 360°).
Hexagon = 6 sides
ii) The sum of the interior angles of a
octagon = 8 sides
polygon is (n - 2) x 180° where n is the
Decagon = 10 sides
number of sides of the polygon.
This result is investigated in question 3 in
the next exercise.
iii) A regular polygon has equal sides and
equal angles.

example
Find the angles marked with letters.
The sum of the interior angles= (n - 2) x 180°
where n is the number of sides of the polygon.
In this case n =6.

110 + 120 + 94 + 114 + 2t = 4 X 180

438+2t = 720
2t = 282
t = 141°

Exercise 2
1. Find angles a and b for the regular pentagon.

2. Find x and y.

Fundamental results
 . "ded into three triangles.
,.. been d 1v1
. h has
3. Consider the pentagon b e1ow wh 1c
A= a + J+ g, B= b, e= c + d, 6 = e + i, E = h
I Now a + b + c = d + e + f = g + h + i = 1800
, ._ ,.. ,.. , ._ ,..
A+B+C+D+E=a+ b +c+ d+ e +J+g+h+i A

= 3 X 180° D
= 6 X 90° E
Draw further polygons and make a table of results.
Number of sides n 5 6 7 8 ...
Sum of interior angles 3 X 180°
What is the sum of the interior angles for a polygon with n sides?
4. Find a. ~--~--- 5. Find m.

6. Find a.

7. Calculate the number of sides of a regular polygon whose interior angles are each 156°.
8. Calculate the number of sides of a regular polygon whose interior angles are each 150°.

0
9. Calculate the number of sides of a regular polygon whose exterior angles are each 400.
IO. fo a regular polygon each interior angle is 140° greater than
each exterior angle. Calculate the number of sides of the polygon.
1 I. In a regular polygon each interior angle is 120° greater than each
exterior angle. Calculate the number of sides of the polygon. ,,
l2. Two sides of a regular pentagon are produced to form angle x. What is x? --L::i;:~: __ _
Paralle l lines
a
d b
i) a =c (corresponding angles)
A A

The acute angles (angles less

th
ii) c= d (alternate angles) an 90°) are the same and the
obtuse angles (angles between
iii) b+ c= 180° (allied angles) C goo and 180°) are the same.
Exercise 3
In questions 1 to 9 find the angles marked with letters.
1. 2. 3.

40°

4. 5. 6.
90° u

7. 8. 9.
3x

4.2 Pythagoras' theorem

In a right-angled triangle the square on the hypotenuse is
equal to the sum of the squares on the other two sides. This is the hypotenuse.
a2+b2=c2 / It is the side opposite
the right angle.
a C

b
 Example
4cm
Find the side marked d.
d2 + 42 = 72
2
d = 49-16
d
d = Jii =5.74 cm (3 s.f.)
The converse is also true:
'If the square on one side of a triangle is equal to the sum of the squares
on the other two sides, then the triangle is right-angled'.

Exercise4
In questions I to 10, find x. All the lengths are in cm.
}. 2. X 3.
X 4. ~--...;;.9_ __

8 X
6
8

5. 6.
7.

C
A-3--. 2

8. 9. 10.
4(x+ 2)

12 (x+3)
(x-2)

X
8

· 11 . Find the length of a diagonal of a rectangle of length 9 cm and width 4 cm.

12. A square has diagonals oflength 10 cm. Find the sides of the square.
13. A 4 m ladder rests against a vertical wall with its foot 2 m from the wall.
How far up the wall does the ladder reach?
14. A ship sails 20 km due North and then 35 km due East.
How far is it from its starting point?

15, Find the length of a diagonal of a rectangular box oflength

12 cm, width 5 cm and height 4 cm.
l6, Find the length of a diagonal of a rectangular room of length 4cm
5 m, width 3 m and height 2.5 m.
5cm
17. Find the height of a rectangular box oflength 8 cm, width
6 cm where the length of a diagonal is 11 cm.
18, An aircraft flies equal distances South-East and then South-West to
finish 120 km due South of its starting-point. How long is each
part of its journey?
19, The diagonal of a rectangle exceeds the length by 2 cm. If the width
of the rectangle is 10 cm, find the length.
20. A cone has base radius 5 cm and slant height 11 cm. Find its vertical height.
21. It is possible to find the sides of a right-angled triangle, with lengths which are
whole numbers, by substituting different values of x into the expressions:
a) 2.x2+2x+l b) 2x2+2x c) 2x+l
((a) represents the hypotenuse, (b) and (c) the other two sides.)
i) Find the sides of the triangles when x = 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5.
ii) Confirm that (2x+ 1)2 +(2.x2+2x) 2 =(2.x2+2x+ 1) 2
22. The diagram represents the starting position (AB) and the
finishing position (CD) of a ladder as it slips. The ladder is A
leaning against a vertical wall.
Given: AC= x, OC = 4AC, BD = 2AC and OB= 5 m.
Form an equation in x, find x and hence find the length of the
ladder.

B D

B
23. A thin wire oflength 18 cm is bent into the shape shown.
A
Calculate the length from A to B.

24. An aircraft is vertically above a point which is 10 km West and

15 km North of a control tower. If the aircraft is 4000 m above
the ground, how far is it from the control tower?

Pythagoras' theorem
4 Geometry

Exercise 1 page 137 5. 129° 6. 95° 7. a= 30°

1. 95° 2. 49° 3. 100° 4.77°
10.x=54° 11. a=40°
8. e=30°,f=60° 9. 110°
a= 36°, b = 72°, c = 144°, d = 108° 13. 105°
12.
15. X = 20°, y = 140°
16. a= 1200, b = 340, c = 260
14. a= 30°, b = 120°, c = 150°
17. a= 68°, b = 58.5° 18. 25° 19. 44°
21. a= 10°, b = 76° 22. e = 71 °,f= 21 °
20. a= 30°, b = 60°, c = 150°, d = 120° 27. 36°
25. 41°, 66° 26. 46°, 122°
23. 144° 24. 70°
Exercise 2 page 139
I. a= 72°, b = 108° 2. x = 60°, y = 120° 3. (n - 2)180° 4. 110°
40
5. 60° 6. 128 7 7. 15 8. 12

~9 1~ 18 11. 12 12. 36°

Exercise 3 page 141

1. a= 116°, b= 64°, c= 64° 2. a= 64°, b = 40° 3. x = 68°
4. a = 40°, b = 134, c = 134° 5. m = 69°,y= 65° 6. t= 48°, u = 48°, v~ 42°
7. a= 118°, b = 100°, c = 62° 8. a=34°,b=76°;c=70°,d=70° 9. 72°, 108°

Exereise4 page142
1. 10 cm 2. 4.12 cm 3. 4.24 cm 4. 12.7 cm 5. 8.72 cm 6. 5.66cm
7. 6.63 cm 8; 5cm 9. 17 cm 10. 4 cm 11. 9.85 cm 12. 7.07 cm
13. 3.46m 14. 40.3 km 15. 13.6 cm 16. 6.34m 17. 4.58 cm 18. 84.9 km
19. 24cm 20. 9.80 cm 21. 5, 4, 3; 13, 12, 5; 25, 24, 7; 41, 40, 9; 61, 60, 11
22. x= 4 m, 20.6 m 23. 9.49 cm 24. 18.5 km