Blood:-

plasma- pale color liquid, mix of wbc rbc, that helps transport glucose and
oxygen
Red blood cells-
don't have nucleus or mitochondria - so oxygen isn't used up
Small to fit in capillaries
Disc shaped with hollow dent in middle
Contain hemoglobin
Oxyhemoglobin with oxygen dissolved in it

White blood cells:

-​ Larger than RBCs
-​ Have a nuceuls
-​ Defense system of our body
Pathogens are disease-causing viruses
Wbc make antibodies (chemicals that stick to pathogens )so WBCs kill them
and get rid of them.

–chapter2
Solvent is the liquid in which solute is dissolved
Solute is the substance dissolved in solvent
All solutions are transparent while mixtures are impure substances not
transparent.
The particle theory - sugar is simply spread out among water particles.
Sugar is made up of vibrating particles tightly packed together, water
particles can slide and bump into vibrating sugar particles, causing
separation of sugar and mixing with water particles.
Mass of solute +mass of solvent—-> mass of solution

Concentrated is more particles dissolved, dilute is less particles ; more

solvent than solute.
Saturated- no more solute can be dissolved.

Solubility is max amount of a substance that can be dissolved in a given

amount of solvent
Dependent on these factors:-
-​ Temp
-​ Amt of solute/solvent
-​ Stirring

Chromatography is a technique used to separate/identify components of a

mixture.

Compound:- 2 or more elements

Homogeneous mixture:- when 2 or more elements/compounds are

chemically bonded together - ( coffee powder with water )
Heterogenous mixture: 2 or more compounds physically mixed
(eg-sand+water)
-chap 3
Force is a push or a pull of an object.
Effects of forces - change shape, movement, stops moving object, changes
direction
Balanced forces are when opposite direction forces are equal.
(eg:- gravity and contact force)
Speed is the quantity that tells us how fast something is moving.
Speed is m/s
speed=distance/time
Turning forces are when force is unbalanced thus causing objects to move
in a particular direction. Point around which something is a pivot
(eg:seesaw;lever). Moment is when an object turns due to force.
moment=force*distance
Object that turns is called a lever.
Moment is measured in newtons.

pressure=force/area
Indirectly proportional to area
Pushing effect of force
Pressure in gas increases as you go increase amt of gas, smaller the volume
the more the pressure.
As u go deeper into water, greater pressure

-chap4
Ecosystem
Adaptation is feature of organism helping to live n reproduce
Ecosystem:
Network of interactions between all the living and the nonliving organism
in a habitat

Food web: - diagram that shows interconnected food chains

Arrows in a food chain show energy transfer
Producers are the main source of food

Ecology: -is the study of our ecosystem

Interact: - is when the action of one organism affect on and other

Interactions between non-living things:

-​ Light: helps photosynthesis and food production
-​ Temperature: cool in night hot in day; nocturnal animals can hunt
during night instead of day.
-​ Soil: provides nutrients and minerals to animals
-​ Water: keeps cells alive
-​ Air: respiring and photosynthesis

Habitat:- naturally occurring place of living organism

Native species are the naturally occurring organisms of a particular habitat
or area.
Invasive species are species introduced to a new ecosystem where it doesnt
belong.
Extinct- no longer exists
Eradicate- to get rid of
Difficult to eradicate invasive species as they wud hav spread across the
country , some people get attached/benefited, you cant track due to spread.
DDT- pesticide; persistent
Accumulates - bioaccumulation - building up of the toxic ddt
Biomagnification - the increase in concentration of ddt as you go up the
food chain​

-Chap5
Atoms are the structures that cant be split
Subatomic particles- protons, neutrons, electrons
Nucleus is made up of protons and neutrons
Properties of atoms in particles- protons(+) & neutrons have more mass,
electrons(-) have negligible mass.
Lot of empty space in atom; electrostatic force holds atom
Nucleus is also called nuclein
Discovery of atom by JJ Thompson in plum pudding model
Idea that electrons were scattered throughout the structure in positively
charged space.
Rutheford discovered protons by gold foil experiment (dense nucleus small)
- gold foil sheets, fluorescent screens and alpha fast moving particles were
used.

Pure elements are substances made up of the same type of atom/molecule.

Alloys are a mixture of different elements - homogeneous.
Gold is purest with 24 carats. Calculate percentage → 18 carat- 18/24*100
Silver is parts per 1000, gold is 24 carats.
Diamonds is made up of purely carbon as colourless diamonds.
If nitrogen is added- yellow
If boron is added- blue
If 1 atom of hydrogen/nickel/nitrogen- green
Weather is condition of atmosphere of short period of time; temp humidity
and cloudiness and precipitation and visibility and wind.
Predicting this can be done by study of weather called meteorology. Climate
study is climatology. Climate is condition of atmosphere over long period of
time affected by precipitation and temp with different climate zones.
Polar -cold and dry
Temperate -cold winter an dmild sumer
Arid -hot and dry all year
Tropical - hot and wet all year
Mediterranean - mild winter hot and dry summer
mountain/tiga/tundra- cold all year
Glacial period- coldest part of iceage whole earth is frozen
Interglacial is the warmer part of iceage with permanent ice on the north
and south pole. Glaciers are compressed rivers of ice.
Evidence -the pollen evidence; decay when soil is acidic, dont decay when
soil isnt acidic. Form peat bogs or layers in soil. Older meaning deeper.
Auger is used to collect this. Pollen is collected from peat by scientist to
identify plant and climate. Atmosphere long ago on earth was like venus
400 degrees, from volcanoes realising gases making atmosphere hot.
Limestone is formed when shells of animals decay as sediment and
compress due to pressure forming rocks. Causes of global warming are
deforestation, burning of fossil fuels effluents from factories, fossil fuels,
use of limestone/marble. Renewable sources don't deplete; can be
replenished. Bioplastics are renewable and made from biofuels.
Global warming is heating up the atmosphere.
Chap6
Light is a form of energy, electromagnetic radiation
Properties:-
Light travels straight line, faster than sound [3*10^8 m/s]
Reflection of light is when light bounces from surface of object
Travels using law of reflection - angle of incidence=angle of reflection

Speed of light is dependent on medium

When light passes from air to glass ray is bent towards normal
Glass to air it will be away from normal
Spectrum is band of light ray coming from sun and range of colors visible
(dispersion of light to produce splitting of colors eg-prism)

Violet is refracted through largest angle lowest wavelength; red is smallest

angle highest wavelength.
Refraction is when it travels through a different medium
Speed of light decreases

red+green—>yellow
red+blue—>magenta
blue+green—> cyan
red+blue+green—> white
Black absorbs all

Galaxies- spiral, irregular, elliptical

Made of stellar dust and gas
Solar systems and solar systems and stars
Asteroids are rocky leftovers from the formation of the solar system. Found
in the asteroid belt between mars and jupiter.
-chap7
Diet is the kind of food u eat. Nutrients
Carbohydrates:- respiration; starch/glucose
Protein:- used to make new cells
Fats and oils:- give energy make cell membranes; storehouse of energy
Nutrients are substances found in food tht keep u healthy
Liver and muscles are short term energy stores
Immunity is ability to fight against pathogens
Vitamins are substances made by plants req in small amts;
vitA- vision
vitC- blood vessels/skin/bones healthy
vitD- bones and teeth; prevents rickets
Calcium- strong bones and teeth
Iron - haemoglobin formation
Water is for keeping cells alive
Fiber can not be digested it helps in preventing constipation
Development is gradual changes
Exercise prevents from storing too much fat
Smoking damages health
Nicotine narrows blood vessels
Tar is sticky substance
Carbon monoxide is poisonous preventing hemoglobin from transporting
oxygen.
Particulates get trapped in lung and brake down alveoli
Skeleton support structure
Joints r where 2 bones meet -ball and socket(complete circle) and
hinge(back and forth)
Muscles are organs
When muscles contracts it pulls on tendon which transmits force to bone
Biceps attached to radius and shoulder blade
When u bend ur elbow, ur biceps contact
When u straighten arm, biceps relax
Antagonistic -pair of muscles working together

-chap8
Exothermic - reaction in which energy is given out
Substance that reacts with oxygen and gives our heat energy is called fuel.
Endothermic:- thermal energy is absorbed from surroundings, eg:melting
metal+oxygen=metal oxide [ oxidation reaction ]

Rusting - oxidization reaction

How to prevent:
Galvanisation: [ coat with other metals ]
-​ Coating with paint
-​ - coating with grease
-​ Dry air
metal+acid—>salt+hydrogen
-chap9
Magnetic field is area around of magnet where the magnetism effect is felt.
Magnetic field lines are a tool to describe magnets effect detection. Earth
also
Earth also has magnetic field because core is made up of metal like iron and
nickel
Magnetised compass needle always points to magnetic north
Electromagnets are fake magnets in which magnetic field is produced by
electrical currents
Electromagnet is made by wrapping coil around core
Rules for magnetic field lines:-
Joining opp poles, north to south, dont cross or touch each other

Application - used in generators, electrical

buzzers/bells/headphones/magnetic locks/data storage devices/induction
cooker. 4 main factors for strength of electromagnet- loop counts, more
turns of coil; presence of iron core; wire size/thickness.