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 Go
Programming

For Beginners
Quick Start Guide

Ray Yao
 Copyright © 2015 by Ray Yao

All Rights Reserved

Neither part of this book nor whole of this book may be reproduced
or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, photographic
or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any
information storage or retrieval system, without prior written
permission from the author. All rights reserved!

Ray Yao
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Preface
“Go Programming” covers all essential Go language knowledge. You
can learn complete primary skills of Go programming fast and easily.
The book includes more than 60 practical examples for beginners
and includes tests & answers for the college exam, the engineer
certification exam, and the job interview exam.
Note:
This book is only for Go beginners, it is not suitable for experienced
Go programmers.

Source Code for Download

This book provides source code for download; you can download the
source code for better study, or copy the source code to your favorite
editor to test the programs.

Source Code Download Link:

https://forms . aweber . com/form/34/1805492434 . htm
Table of Content

Hour 1
What is Go?
Install Go
Environment Variables
First Program of Go
Comment
Identifier
Summary

Hour 2
Line Separator
About “{”
Keywords
Data Type
Variables
Multiply Variables’ Declaration
:= assignment operator
Summary

Hour 3
Constants
iota
Arithmetic Operators
Relational Operators
Logical Operators
Assignment Operators
Operators Precedence
Summary
Hour 4
If Statement
if…else statement
Switch Statement
Select Statement
For Loop
Summary

Hour 5
Break
Continue
Goto
Function
Working Scope
Summary

Hour 6
Array
Pointers
Nil Pointer
Summary

Hour 7
Structures
Slice
append() & copy()
Summary

Hour 8
GOROUTINE
Range
Map
 Type Conversion
Recursion
Summary

Appendix 1
Concurrency

Appendix 2
Tests
Answers

Source Code Download

Hour 1
What is Go?
Go is an open source programming language released by Google in
2009.
Go is a new language, a concurrent and fast compiled language with
garbage collection. It has a great characteristic: it can compile a
large Go program in a few seconds on a computer. Go provides a
model for software construction that makes dependency analysis
easier. Go is a statically typed language, and its type definition has
no hierarchy, so users don't have to spend time defining
relationships between types, which make users feel that it is lighter
than a typical object-oriented language. Go can provide a way to
construct system software on a multicore machine.
The Go language programming is optimized for multiprocessor
system applications that can be faster than C or C++ code and more
securely support parallel processes.
The feature of the Go language:
1. Simple, fast and safe
2. Parallel, interesting, open source
3. Memory management, array security, fast compilation.
Install Go
This book uses Windows OS as examples to install Go.
Download Link:
https://golan g . org/dl/

1. Click the link, go to the download web page.

2. Click the “go1.11.2 windows-amd64.msi ”, download the Go

Installer to the local computer.
 Another Random Document on
Scribd Without Any Related Topics
 Fig. 265.
SHELL GORGET FROM TENNESSEE.
Square figure with ornamental corners and heads of ivory-billed
woodpecker arranged to form a figure resembling the Swastika.
Ivory-billed woodpecker.—A series of gorgets in shell have been
found ornamented with designs resembling the Swastika, which
should be noticed. They combine the square and the cross, while the
head and bill of the bird form the gamma indicative of the Swastika.
Fig. 263, taken from the Second Annual Report of the Bureau of
Ethnology, 1880-81 (pl. 58), shows one of these shell gorgets from
Mississippi, which “was, in all probability, obtained from one of the
multitude of ancient sepulchres that abound in the State of
Mississippi.” The design is engraved on the convex side, the
perforations are placed near the margin, and show much wear by
the cord of suspension. In the center is a nearly symmetrical Greek
cross inclosed in a circle of 1¼ inches. The spaces between the
arms are emblazoned with radiating lines. Outside this circle are
twelve small pointed or pyramidal rays. A square framework of four
continuous parallel lines looped at the corners incloses this symbol;
projecting from the center of each side of this square, opposite the
arms of the cross, are four heads of birds representing the ivory-
billed woodpecker, the heron, or the swan. The long, slender, and
straight mandibles give the Swastika form to the object. Mr. Holmes
says (p. 282) that he has been able to find six of these specimens,
all of the type described, varying only in detail, workmanship, and
finish.

Fig. 266.
SHELL GORGET FROM TENNESSEE.
Square figure with ornamental corners and heads of ivory-billed
woodpecker arranged to form a figure resembling the Swastika.
Figs. 264, 265, and 266,[267] represent three of these shell gorgets.
The first was obtained by Professor Putnam from a stone grave,
Cumberland River, Tennessee. It is about 2½ inches in diameter
and, like the former, it has a Greek cross in the center. The second
was obtained by Mr. Cross from a stone grave near Nashville, Tenn.
The third is from a stone grave near Oldtown, Tenn. All these have
been drilled for suspension and are much worn.
The triskele, triskelion, or triquetrum.—These are Greek and Latin
terms for the spiral volute with three branches or arms. The coins of
Lycia were in this form, made originally by the junction of three
cocks’ heads and necks. The armorial bearings of the island of Sicily,
in ancient times, consisted of three human legs joined at the thigh
and flexed, sometimes booted and spurred (p. 873).
Aboriginal shell gorgets have been found in the mounds of
Tennessee and the adjoining country, which were engraved with this
design, though always in spiral form. There seems to have been no
distinction in the direction of the volutes, they turning indifferently to
the right or to the left. Because of their possible relation to the
Swastika it has been deemed proper to introduce them.
 Fig. 267.
SCALLOPED SHELL DISK (FULGUR) FROM
A MOUND NEAR NASHVILLE, TENN.
Three spiral volutes (triskelion).
Fig. 267[268] shows a Fulgur shell specimen obtained by Major Powell
from a mound near Nashville, Tenn. It was found near the head of a
skeleton. Its substance is well preserved; the surface was once
highly polished, but now is pitted by erosion and discolored by age.
The design is engraved on the concave surface as usual, and the
lines are accurately drawn and clearly cut. The central circle is three-
eighths of an inch in diameter and is surrounded by a zone one-half
an inch in width, which contains a triskelion or triquetrum of three
voluted lines beginning near the center of the shell on the
circumference of the inner circle of three small equidistant
perforations, and sweeping outward spirally to the left as shown in
the figure, making upward of half a revolution. These lines are
somewhat wider and more deeply engraved than the other lines of
the design. In some specimens they are so deeply cut as to
penetrate the disk, producing crescent-shaped perforations. Two
medium-sized perforations for suspension have been made near the
inner margin of one of the bosses next the dotted zone; these show
abrasion by the cord of suspension. These perforations, as well as
the three near the center, have been bored mainly from the convex
side of the disk.

Fig. 268.
SCALLOPED SHELL DISK FROM A MOUND NEAR NASHVILLE, TENN.
Circles and dots and four spiral volutes (tetraskelion).
 Fig. 269.
SHELL DISK FROM BRAKEBILL MOUND, NEAR KNOXVILLE, TENN.
Dot and circle in center and ogee Swastika
(tetraskelion) marked but not completed.
 Figs. 270 and 271.
ENGRAVED SHELL DISK.
Obverse and reverse. Three-armed volute (triskelion).
Fig. 268[269] represents a well-preserved disk with four volute arms
forming the tetraskelion, and thus allied to the Swastika. The volutes
(to the right) are deeply cut and for about one-third their length
penetrate the shell, producing four crescent-shaped perforations
which show on the opposite side. This specimen is from a stone
grave near Nashville, Tenn., and the original is in the Peabody
Museum. Fig. 269[270] shows a specimen from the Brakebill mound,
near Knoxville, Tenn. It has a dot in the center, with a circle five-
eighths of an inch in diameter. There are four volute arms which
start from the opposite sides of this circle, and in their spiral form
extend to the right across the field, increasing in size as they
approach the periphery. This is an interesting specimen of the
tetraskelion or spiral Swastika, in that it is unfinished, the outline
having been cut in the shell sufficient to indicate the form, but not
perfected. Figs. 270 and 271 show obverse and reverse sides of the
same shell. It comes from one of the stone graves of Tennessee,
and is thus described by Dr. Joseph Jones, of New Orleans,[271] as a
specimen of the deposit and original condition of these objects:
In a carefully constructed stone sarcophagus in which the
face of the skeleton was looking toward the setting sun, a
beautiful shell ornament was found resting upon the
breastbone of the skeleton. This shell ornament is 4.4
inches in diameter, and it is ornamented on its concave
surface with a small circle in the center and four
concentric bands, differently figured, in relief. The first
band is filled up by a triple volute; the second is plain,
while the third is dotted and has nine small round bosses
carved at unequal distances upon it. The outer band is
made up of fourteen small elliptical bosses, the outer
edges of which give to the object a scalloped rim. This
ornament, on its concave figured surface, has been
 covered with red paint, much of which is still visible. The
convex smooth surface is highly polished and plain, with
the exception of the three concentric marks. The material
out of which it is formed was evidently derived from a
large flat seashell. * * * The form of the circles or “suns”
carved upon the concave surface is similar to that of the
paintings on the high rocky cliffs on the banks of the
Cumberland and Harpeth rivers. * * * This ornament
when found lay upon the breastbone with the concave
surface uppermost, as if it had been worn in this position
suspended around the neck, as the two holes for the
thong or string were in that portion of the border which
pointed directly to the chin or central portion of the jaw of
the skeleton. The marks of the thong by which it was
suspended are manifest upon both the anterior and
posterior surfaces, and, in addition to this, the paint is
worn off from the circular space bounded below by the
two holes.
Fig. 271 represents the
back or convex side of
the disk shown in fig.
270. The long curved
lines indicate the
laminations of the
shell, and the three
crescent-shaped
figures near the center
are perforations
Fig. 272. resulting from the
ENGRAVED SHELL DISK. deep engraving of the
Tennessee. Three-armed volute (triskelion). three lines of the
volute on the concave
side. The stone grave in which this ornament was found occupied
the summit of a mound on the banks of the Cumberland River,
opposite Nashville, Tenn.
Figs. 272, 273, and 274 are other
representations of shell carved in
spirals, and may have greater or less
relation to the Swastika.[272] They are
inserted for comparison and without
any expression of opinion. They are
drawn in outline, and the spiral form
is thus more easily seen.
Mr. Holmes[273] makes some
observations upon these designs and Fig. 273.
gives his theory concerning their use: ENGRAVED SHELL DISK.

I do not assume to interpret these Tennessee. Three-armed

designs; they are not to be volute (triskelion).

interpreted. All I
desire is to
elevate these
works from the
category of
trinkets to what
I believe is their
rightful place—
the serious art
of a people with
Fig. 274. great capacity
ENGRAVED SHELL DISK.
for loftier
Tennessee. Three-armed volute (triskelion). works. What
the gorgets
themselves
were, or of what particular value to their possessor, aside
from simple ornaments, must be, in a measure, a matter
of conjecture. They were hardly less than the totems of
clans, the insignia of rulers, or the potent charms of the
priesthood.
The spider.—The spider was
represented on the shell gorgets.
Figs. 275 to 278[274] present four of
these gorgets, of which figs. 275 to
277 display the Greek cross in the
center, surrounded by two concentric
incised lines forming a circle which is
the body of a spider. Fig. 276 shows
the same spider and circle, and inside
of it a cross much resembling the
Swastika, in that the arms are turned Fig. 275.
at their extremities to the right and ENGRAVED SHELL GORGET.
form, in an inchoate manner, the Figure representing a spider;
gamma. Fig. 278 represents the shell circles and Greek crosses.
with the spider, and, though it
contains no cross nor semblance of the Swastika, derives its value
from having been taken from the same mound on Fains Island,
Tennessee, as was the true Swastika. (See fig. 237.)
The rattlesnake.—The rattlesnake was a favorite design on these
gorgets, affording, as it did, an opportunity for the aborigines to
make a display of elegance of design, and of accuracy and fineness
in execution. Fig. 279 is a specimen in which the snake is
represented coiled, the head in the center, the mouth V-shaped in
strong lines, the body in volute fashion; on the outside of the circle
the tail is shown by its rattle. This specimen is represented three-
fourths size, and comes from McMahon mound, Tennessee. Four
others of similar design are also from Tennessee and the adjoining
States, but the locality is more restricted than is the case with other
shell disk ornaments.
 Fig. 276.
ENGRAVED SHELL GORGET.
 Fig. 277.
ENGRAVED SHELL GORGET.

The human face and form.—These were also carved and wrought
upon shells in the same general locality. The engraving is always on
the convex side of the shell which has been reduced to a pear-
shaped form.[275]
 Fig. 278.
ENGRAVED SHELL GORGET.
Fains Island, Tennessee.
 Fig. 279.
ENGRAVED SHELL GORGET REPRESENTING A RATTLESNAKE.
McMahon Mound, Tennessee.
Second Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, pl. lxiii.
 Figs. 280 and 281.
ENGRAVED SHELLS WITH REPRESENTATIONS OF THE HUMAN FACE.
McMahon Mound, Tennessee.
Second Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, pl. lxix.

Figs. 282 and 283.

ENGRAVED SHELLS WITH REPRESENTATIONS OF THE HUMAN FACE.
Tennessee. Second Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, pl.
lxix.

Figs. 284 and 285.

ENGRAVED SHELLS WITH REPRESENTATIONS OF THE HUMAN FACE.
Virginia. Second Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, pl. lxix.
 Fig. 286.
ENGRAVED SHELL WITH REPRESENTATION OF A HUMAN FIGURE.
McMahon Mound, Tennessee.
Second Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, pl. lxxi.
 Fig. 287.
ENGRAVED SHELL WITH REPRESENTATION
OF A HUMAN FIGURE.
Tennessee.
Second Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, pl. lxxii.

These human faces and forms (figs. 280-288), as well as the others,
belong to the mound builders, and are found with their remains in
the mounds. The figures are inserted, as is the rattlesnake, for
comparison with the shell designs and work shown in the Buddha
figure (pl. 10) and its associates. Slight inspection will show two
styles, differing materially. To decide which was foreign and which
domestic, which was imported and which indigenous, would be to
decide the entire question of migration, and if done off-hand, would
be presumptuous. To make a satisfactory decision will require a
marshaling and consideration of evidence which belongs to the
future. The specimens shown in figs. 280 to 285 are from Tennessee
and Virginia. They are all masks, bearing representations of the
human face. The first two are from the McMahon mound,
Tennessee; that in fig. 282 from Brakebill mound, Tennessee, and
that represented in fig. 283 from Lick Creek mound, Tennessee. The
shell shown in fig. 284 is from Aquia Creek, Virginia, and that in fig.
285 is from a mound in Ely County, Va. The workmanship on these
has no resemblance to that on the Buddha figure (pl. 10), nor does
its style compare in any manner therewith.

Fig. 288.
ENGRAVED SHELL GORGET WITH
REPRESENTATION OF A HUMAN FIGURE.
Missouri.
Second Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, pl. lxxiii.
On the contrary, figs. 286 to 288, representing sketches (unfinished)
of the human figure, from mounds in Tennessee and Missouri, have
some resemblance in style of work, though not in design, to that of
the Buddha and Swastika figures. The first step in execution, after
the drawing by incised lines, seems to have been to drill holes
through the shell at each corner and intersection. The work on the
specimen shown in fig. 286 has progressed further than that on the
specimens shown in figs. 287 and 288. It has twenty-eight holes
drilled, all at corners or intersections. This is similar to the procedure
in the Buddha statue (pl. 10). In fig. 287 the holes have not been
drilled, but each member of the figure has been marked out and
indicated by dots in the center, and circles or half circles incised
around them in precisely the same manner as in both Swastikas
(figs. 237 and 238), while fig. 288 continues the resemblance in
style of drawing. It has the same peculiar garters or bracelets as the
Buddha, the hand is the same as in the fighting figures (fig. 239),
and the implement he holds resembles closely those in the copper
figures (figs. 240 and 241).

DESIGNS ON POTTERY.

Fig. 289. Fig. 290.

POTTERY VESSEL. POTTERY VESSEL.
 Four-armed volute, ogee Four volutes resembling
Swastika Swastika.
(tetraskelion). Arkansas. ⅓ Pecan Point, Ark. ⅓ natural
natural size. size.

Fig. 291.
POTTERY VESSEL MADE IN THE FORM OF AN ANIMAL.
Spiral volutes, nine arms. Pecan Point, Ark. ⅓ natural size.
Spiral-volute designs resembling the
Swastika in general effect are found
on aboriginal mound pottery from the
Mississippi Valley. The Fourth Annual
Report of the Bureau of Ethnology,
1882-83,[276] shows many of these.
Fig. 289 represents a teapot-shaped
vessel from Arkansas, on the side of
Fig. 292. which, in incised lines, is shown the
POTTERY BOWL ORNAMENTED
small circle which we saw on the shell
disks, and springing from the four
 WITH MANY-ARMED VOLUTES.
Arkansas. ⅓ natural size.

opposite sides are three

incised lines, twisting spirally
to the right, forming the four
volutes of the Swastika
(tetraskelion) and covering the
entire side of the vessel. The
same spiral form of the
Swastika is given in fig. 290, a
vessel of eccentric shape from
Pecan Point, Ark. The
decoration is in the form of
two lines crossing each other
and each arm then twisting to Fig. 293.
the right, forming volutes, the POTTERY VASE ORNAMENTED WITH VOLUTES.
incised lines of which, though Arkansas.
drawn close together and at
equal distances, gradually expand until the ornament covers the
entire side of the vase. It is questionable whether this or any of its
kindred were ever intended to represent either the Swastika or any
other specific form of the cross. One evidence of this is that these
ornaments shade off indefinitely until they arrive at a form which
was surely not intended to represent any form of the cross, whether
Swastika or not. The line of separation is not now suggested by the
author. An elaboration of the preceding forms, both of the vessel and
its ornamentation, is shown by the vessel represented in fig. 291,
which is fashioned to represent some grotesque beast with horns,
expanding nostrils, and grinning mouth, yet which might serve as a
teapot as well as the former two vessels. The decoration upon its
side has six incised lines crossing each other in the center and
expanding in volutes until they cover the entire side of the vessel, as
in the other specimens. Fig. 292 shows a pot from Arkansas. Its
body is decorated with incised lines arranged in much the same form
as fig. 291, except that the lines make no attempt to form a cross.
There are nine arms which spring from the central point and twist
spirally about as volutes until they cover the field, which is one-third
the body of the bowl. Two other designs of the same kind complete
the circuit of the pot and form the decoration all around. Fig.
293[277] represents these volutes in incised lines of considerable
fineness, close together, and in great numbers, forming a decoration
on each of the sides of the vase, separated by three nearly
perpendicular lines.
The spiral Swastika form appears painted upon the pottery from
Arkansas. The specimen shown in fig. 294[278] is a tripod bottle. The
decoration upon the side of the body consists of two lines forming
the cross, and the four arms expand in volutes until the ornament
covers one-third of the vessel, which, with the other two similar
ornaments, extend around the circumference. This decoration is
painted in red and white colors on a gray or yellowish ground. Fig.
295 shows a bowl from mound No. 2, Thorn’s farm, Taylor Shanty
group, Mark Tree, Poinsett County, Ark. It is ten inches wide and six
inches high. The clay of which it is made forms the body color—light
gray. It has been painted red or maroon on the outside without any
decoration, while on the inside is painted with the same color a five-
armed cross, spirally arranged in volutes turning to the right. The
center of the cross is at the bottom of the bowl, and the painted
spiral lines extend over the bottom and up the sides to the rim of the
bowl, the interior being entirely covered with the design. Another
example of the same style of decoration is seen on the upper
surface of an ancient vase from the province of Cibola.[279]
 Fig. 294.
TRIPOD POTTERY VASE.
Four-armed volutes making spiral Swastika.
Arkansas. ⅓ natural size.
 Fig. 295.
POTTERY BOWL WITH FIVE-ARMED SPIRAL
SWASTIKA ON THE BOTTOM.
Poinsett County, Ark. Cat. No. 114035, U. S. N. M.
The specimen shown in fig. 296 is from the mound at Arkansas Post,
in the county and State of Arkansas.[280] It represents a vase of
black ware, painted a yellowish ground, with a red spiral scroll. Its
diameter is 5½ inches. These spiral figures are not uncommon in the
localities heretofore indicated as showing the normal Swastika. Figs.
297 and 298[281] show parallel incised lines of the same style as
those forming the square in the bird gorgets already noted (figs.
263-267). Fig. 297 shows a bowl nine inches in diameter; its rim is
ornamented with the heart and tail of a conventional bird, which
probably served as handles. On the outside, just below the rim, are
the four incised parallel lines mentioned. In the center of the side is
represented a rolling under or twisting of the lines, as though it
represented a ribbon. There are three on each quarter of the bowl,
that next the head being plain. Fig. 298 represents a bottle 6½
inches in diameter, with parallel incised lines, three in number, with
the same twisting or folding of the ribbon-like decoration. This twists
to the left, while that of fig. 297 twists in the opposite direction.
Both specimens are from the vicinity of Charleston, Mo.

Fig. 296.
VESSEL OF BLACK WARE.
Spiral scroll. Arkansas.
 Fig. 297.
BIRD-SHAPED POTTERY BOWL.
Three parallel incised lines with ribbon fold. Charleston, Mo.

DESIGNS ON BASKETRY.
The volute form is particularly adapted to the decoration of basketry,
of which fig. 299 is a specimen. These motifs were favorites with the
Pueblo Indians of New Mexico and Arizona.
 Fig. 298.
POTTERY BOWL.
Three parallel incised lines with ribbon fold. Charleston, Mo.
 Fig. 299.
BASKETWORK WITH MANY-ARMED VOLUTES.
Fourth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, fig. 485.
 IV.—The Cross Among the American
Indians.

DIFFERENT FORMS.
The foregoing specimens are sufficient evidence of the existence of
the Swastika among the aboriginal North Americans during the
mound-building period, and although there may be other specimens
of the Swastika to be reported, yet we might properly continue this
investigation for the purpose of determining if there be any related
forms of the cross among the same peoples. This is done without
any argument as to the use of these designs beyond that attributed
to them. The illustrations and descriptions are mainly collected from
objects in and reports of the U. S. National Museum and the Bureau
of Ethnology.

THE CROSS ON OBJECTS OF SHELL AND COPPER.

The shell gorget presented in fig. 300 belongs to the collection of Mr.
F. M. Perrine, and was obtained from a mound in Union County, Ill. It
is a little more than three inches in diameter and has been ground to
a uniform thickness of about one-twelfth of an inch. The surfaces
are smooth and the margin carefully rounded and polished. Near the
upper edge are two perforations, both well worn with cord-marks
indicating suspension. The cross in the center of the concave face of
the disk is quite simple and is made by four triangular perforations
which separate the arms. The face of the cross is ornamented with
six carelessly drawn incised lines interlacing in the center as shown
in the figure, three extending along the arm to the right and three
passing down the lower arm to the inclosing line. Nothing has been
learned of the character of the interments with which this specimen
was associated.[282] The incised lines of the specimen indicate the
possible intention of the artist to make the Swastika. The design is
evidently a cross and apparently unfinished.

Fig. 300.
ENGRAVED SHELL GORGET.
Greek cross with incised lines resembling a Swastika.
Union County, Ill.
 Fig. 301.
ENGRAVED SHELL GORGET.
Greek cross. Charleston, Mo.
Second Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, pl. li, fig. 2.
The National Museum possesses a large shell cross (fig. 301) which,
while quite plain as a cross, has been much damaged, the rim that
formerly encircled it, as in the foregoing figure, having been broken
away and lost. The perforations are still in evidence. The specimen is
much decayed and came to the National Museum with a skull from a
grave at Charleston, Mo.; beyond this there is no record. The
specimen shown in fig. 302 is quoted as a “typical example of the
cross of the mound-builder.” It was obtained from a mound on Lick
Creek, Tennessee, and is in the Peabody Museum, Cambridge, Mass.
While an elaborate description is given of it and figures are
mentioned as “devices probably significant,” and “elementary or
unfinished,” and more of the same, yet nowhere is suggested any
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