GAIL D A V PUBLIC S C H O O L
IY A
GAIL GAON, DIBIY APUR, AURA
(1997 - 2022)
OJECT
CHEMITRY INVESTIGATORY PR
Title of the Project
"SCIENTIFIC VIEW OF SOAP"
Submitted By
Name: PRABHAT PATHAK
Class & Section: XII - A
Roll No.: - - -
Submitted To
Mrs. Seema Agrawal
Academic Year: 2024-25
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
pported me
ex press my sin ce re gra titude to all those who have su
I wo uld like to
of this proj ect.
in the successful co mplet ion
d my he ait felt thanks to our respected Principal, Ms.
First and foremost, I exten ources
provid ing us wi th the op portunity and the necessary res
Deepa Sharan , for have been
this pro ject. He r co ns tan t encouragement and support
to undert ake
invalu able.
for his
ul to my Ch em istry teach er, Mrs. Seema Agrawal,
I am de eply gratef
t the project.
nc e, constructive fee db ack , and motivation throughou
expert guida d
en instrume nta l in shaping my understanding an
His mentorship has be
tly.
completing the work efficien
and
acknowledge my family and friends for their support
I would also like to
endeavor.
encouragement during this
nce.
s project a rewarding experie
Thank you all for making thi
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project work titled "SCIENTIFIC VIEW OF SOAP''
has been successfu lly completed by Prabhat Pathak, a student of Class XII - A,
under my supervision.
This project is submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the subject
Chemistry as prescribed by the Central Board of Secondary Education
(CBSE) for the academic session 2024-25.
It is the original work of the student, completed with sincerity and dedication.
I wish them all the best for their future endeavors.
/
J
Signature of Teacher
SEEMA AGRA WAL
Designation: PGT- CHEMISTRY
Date:
School Name: GAIL DAV Public School
INRODUCTION and oleic acids can
or pot ass ium salt s of hig her fatty acids like stearic, palmitic
Soaps are sodium I0-20 carbon
atu rate d. The y con tain a lon g hydrocarbon chain of about
be either saturated or uns pole shaped structure,
ylic acid gro up as the fun ctio nal group. A soa p molecule a tad
with one carbox non- polar
pol arit ies . At one end is the lon g hydrocarbon chain that is
whose ends have different end is the short polar
ic, i.e. , inso lub le in wa ter but oil soluble. At the other
and hydrophob . Long
rop hili c i.e. , wat er solu ble but insoluble in oil and grease
carboxylate ion which is hyd shaken with water it
in con tain Hy dro pho bic and Hydrophilic end. When soap is
Hydrocarbon Cha
to concentrate the solution on
a soa p sol utio n tha t is col loid al in nature . Agitating it tends
becomes lecular film on the
ses foa min g. Thi s help s the soap molecules make a unimo
the .surface and cau
of a soap molecule that are
wa ter and to pen etra te the fabric . The long non-polar end
surface of it). The short
ard s and sur rou nd the dirt (fat or oil with dust absorbed in
hydrophobic, gravitate tow
the dirt. A number of soap
con tain ing the car box yla te ion , face the water away from
polar end elle s', which
enc ircl e dirt and gre ase in a clustered structure called ' mic
molec ules surround or reases in hard water. Hard
h par ticl es and em uls ify the m. Cleansing action of soaps dec
encircles suc ate to produce
m and ma gne sium ion s wh ich r~act with sodium carbon
water contains Calciu
be removed by addition of
carbon ate s of hig her fatt y acids. This hardness can
insoluble
sodiumcarbonate
1
ION OF SOAPS
COMMERCIAL PREPARAT
such as olive
kin g pro ces s tod ay is the col d process method, where fats
The most populnr soap ma cal hot process. Handmade
strong alkalin e so lution , wh ile some soa pers use the histori
oil react wit h used to consume
rial soa p in tha t, usu ally , an excess of fat is sometimes
soap differs from indust a naturally moisturizing
fatting ) , and in tha t the gly cerine is not removed, leaving
the alkali (super ed 'at trace'
. Oft en, em olli ent s suc h as jojoba oil or Shea butter are add
soap and not pure detergent
that the soap has begun to
ich the sap oni fica tion pro cess is sufficiently advanced
(th e point at wh shed soap.
hav e sap oni fied , so tha t they remain unreacted in the fini
thicken), after most of the oils
soap + glycerol
Oil/fat + Sodium hydroxide
-+
-E -- Sodium hydroxide
~
Iron ta n k -- -
Glycerol - - - , _I ---.I
Steam
2
FAT IN SOAP
on ingredient in
le or an im al fat s. So dium Ta llowate, a co mm
either vegetab oi ls, such as
So ap is derived from n also be made of vege tabl e
fat. So ap ca
fro m rendered beef
much soap , is deriv ed of spec ifiabl e oil s and fat
s are used in the
so fte r. An arr ay
ct is typica lly
pal m oil. and the produ vid e different qu ali ties.
Fo r example, oli ve
lm , co co a bu tter to pro
co conu t, pa d palm oi ls
pro cess such as olive, lots of lath er; while coco nut an
pro v ide s
in soap; coco nut oil all er amounts of
oil provi des mildness us ed as an ebullient. Sm
r oil ca n als o be
metim es casto
pro vide hardn ess . So ther benefit s
do no t yie ld so ap are so metimes added for fur
d fats that
un sa ponifiab le oi ls an
SOAPS
PREPARATION OF
ro cess
he at ma y be req uir ed for saponifi cation. Coldp
t-process soap making, fat being used .
In co ld-pro ce ss and ho en su re the liquification of the
tem pe rat ure to
ce at a sufficient e the alkali and fat
soap makin g takes pla be used right away becaus
roce sse d soap can
soap , hot-p
Unlik e co ld-pro cessed d in ho t-process soap makin g. Ho
t-process
rature s use
at the higher tempe
sap onify more quickly iable. Cold-pro cess so
ap makin g requires
y of alkali wa s un rel
when the purit ca tio n
so ap ma kin g was used co mp uti ng their ratio , using sap onifi
nts an d
of alkali and fat amou
exac t meas urements
skin-fri endly.
en su re that the finished product is mild and
charts to
I
\
\
Ill/ID
3
HOT PROCESS
until saponification
alk ali and fat are bo iled together at 80 - 100 °C
In the hot-process method, ation has occurred,
ke r can de termi ne by taste or by eye . After saponific
occurs, which the soap ma excess liquid drained
cipitated fro m the solution by adding salt, and the
the soap is so metimes pre
n spooned into a mould
of f The hot, soft soa p is the
I.
. \.
COLD PROCESS
s being used on a
r firs t loo ks up the sap onification value of the fat
A cold-process soap make nt of alkali. Excess
is the n use d to cal cu late the appropriate amou
saponification chart, which tate skin. Not enough
p wi ll result in a ver y high pH and can burn or irri
unreacted alkali in the soa Then oils are heated, or melte
d if
is dis sol ve d in water.
asy. The alkali
alkali and the soap are gre I00- l l 0°F
ce bo th sub stanc es have cooled to approximately
perature. On
they are solid at room tem mbined.
no mo re tha n 10°F (~5 .5°C) apart, they may be co
(37-43°C), and are
4
stirring,
There are va ry ing levels of trace . After much
/'hi5 fll kn li-f.11 mixture is stirred 11ntil "trac e".
puddin g.
the mixture turns to the cons isten cy of a thin
light trace .
Esse ntial and fragrance oils are added at
rrn cc·· corre sponds ro ughly to viscos ity.
foaming
les of various brands are taken and their
l11tro d11cti on to th e ex perim ent Soap samp
city is
are taken separately and their foam ing capa
cnp:i city is noticed . Various soap samples
obse rved
5
TRODUCTION TO THE EXPERIMENT
IN
ty is noticed. Variou s soap
of var iou s bra nds are taken and their foaming capaci
Soap sn_rnpl es h the maximum
tely and the ir foamin g cap acity is observed. The soap wit
samples are tak en separa The test requires to be done
ac ity is thu s. said to be hav ing the best cleaning capacity.
foamin g cap es the actual
as wit h tap wa ter. The test of soap on distilled water giv
with distilled water as we ll
s the effect of Ca2+ and
ps cleani ng cap aci ty. The second test with tap water test
strength of the soa
capacities.
Mg2+ salts on their foaming
OBJECTIVE
To compare the foaming cap
acity of various soaps.
THEORY
concentration . This may
acity of soa p dep end s upo n the nature of the soap and its
The foaming cap
ing the same
equ al volum es of solutio ns of different samples hav
be compared by shaking are then allowed to stand
h sam e for ce for the sam e amount of time. The solutions
concentration wit foam to
ing sha kin g disapp ear s gradually. The time taken for the
when the foam produced dur appearance of the
ple is det erm ine d. The lon ger the time taken for the dis
disappear in each sam
cleansing action .
given sam ple of soa p, gre ater is its foaming capacity or
foam for the
ENTS
APPARATUS REQUIREM
e stand, weighing
ks, five test tubes, l 00ml measuring cylinder, test tub
Five l 00ml conical flas
machine, stop watch .
6
•
I
ICAL REQUIREMENTS
CHEM
, tap water.
I Fi ve differ ent soap samples. distilled water
PROCEDURES
ater in each flask
m ber them 1,2,3,4,5. Put 16ml of w
and nu
ml conical flasks
• Take five I00
of soap .
and add 8 grams
n.
ents to get a solutio e process for each
• Warm the cont solution to 3m l of water. Repeat th
soap
tubes; add I ml of
• Take five test
fferent test tubes.
soap solution in di
r--:) :-- ' r7
0 _ _; ,q I- -
! p ,_ -
ap solutions
2 Test tubes containing different so
Fig.
r all test
rously for a minute. Do the same fo
ake vigo
the test tube and sh
• Close the mouth of
ual force.
tubes and with eq
7
-
.,
((/"
lest tube \_~ p ~
( . - :,\ \
~- ! -"-:.,.
\__ --- •~" ~
(
\
, \. Movemen lI '
• \ \ o,I the tesl uoe
\ - -r.,. '--.J -•. ..• • :. \
' --\.:._······· ·~· :;:-~
\·· ··
Soap solu tion \: ·:·:·:-::._:_)
\~:;;__:/
Show ing the shaking of test tube
Fig. 3
of 2mm of froth .
rate of disappearance
~) (-) y
ely and notice the
mediat
• Start the timer im
I . 0 1_
,- · p
I
I
~
I~
I
I
p
ferent samples of soa
foaming capacity of dif
Fig, 4 To compare the
ation in tabular form
• Re co rd th e observ
8
O BSER VATI O N
experi ment
re noticed at the end of the
Th e follo wing outcomes we
Volume of Volume of Time taken for
ITest tube no, earance (sec)
soap solution water added disap p
8ml 16ml 1' 42 "
1. Dove
8ml 16 ml 3' 28 "
2. Lux
8ml 16ml 5' 10"
3. Tetmosol
8ml 16 ml 15 ' 32"
4. Santoor
1
8ml 16 ml 9 40"
5. Cinthol
9
RESULT
soaps tak en is in the ord er:
The cleansing cnpac ity of the
mosol > Lux
Santoo r > Dove > Cintho l > Tet
g capacity, in oth er wo rds,
perime nt, we can infe r tha t Santoo r has the hig hes t foa min
From this ex t amo unt of ti me
y. Lux , on th e oth er hand is fo und to have taken the leas
highes t clea ning capacit
the leas t foa min g capacity
ara nce of foa m pro duc ed and thu s is said to be having
for the disa ppe
and clea nsing capacity.
te r
Test for hardness in wa
2 salts in the wa te r su pp lie
d
Test for Ca + and Mg +
2
Test for Ca + in wa te r
2
Ca C03 (s) + 2Na + (aq)
Ca 2
+ (aq) + Na 2 C0 3 (aq) -.
(aq)
-. Mg(OH) 2 (s) + 2Na +
Mg 2+ (aq) + 2N aO H (aq)
in
ati ve result s for the presen ce of the salts causing hardn ess
The tests show neg
+and Mg +. Th e tap wa ter
2 2
do es not con tai n salts of Ca
water. The wa ter use d
d for
t and thu s, the exp erime nta l res ult s and va lues hold goo
provid ed is sof
distill ed wa ter and tap wa ter.
10
BIBLIOGRAP HY
000"-:-:
Lnb Mnrrnnl Chemistry-XII
Comprehensive Chemistry - 12
Internet sources :
www.wikipedia .org
www.google.com www.yahoo.co m
https://www.icbse.com
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