CERTIFICATE 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 3 AIM 5 INTRODUCTION 68 PREPARATION OF SOAP 910 EXPERIMENT u THEORY & MATERIALS a REQUIRED PROCEDURE OBSERVATION RESULT BIBLIOGRAPHYPREFACE Soaps and detergents remove dirt and grease from skin and clothes. But all soaps are not equally effective either cleaning action. Soaps are the Na and K salts of higher fatty acids such as Palmitic acid, Stearic acid and Oleic acid. The cleansing action of soaps depends on the solubility of the long alkyl chain in grease and that of the -COONa or the COOK part in water. Whenever soap is applied on a dirty wet cloth, the non polar alkyl group dissolves in grease while the polar - COONa part dissolves in water. In this manner, an emulsion is formed between grease and water which appears as foam. The washing ability of soap depends on foaming capacity, as well as the water used in cleaning. This project aims at preparation of soap and finding the foaming capacity of various soapsNTRODUCTION Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of higher fatty acids like stearic, palmitic and oleic acids can be either saturated or unsaturated. They contain a long hydrocarbon chain of about group. A soap molecule a tadpole shaped structure, whose ends have different polarities. At one end is the long hydrocarbon chain that is non-polar and hydrophobic, i.e., insoluble in water but oil soluble. At the other end is the short polar carboxylate ion which is hydrophilic i.e., water soluble but insoluble in oil and grease. Soap molecule , —Na* Long hydrocarbon chain Short ionic part (water repelling end) (water attracting end)hen soap is shaken with water it becomes a soap solution that is colloidal in nature. itating it tends to concentrate the olution on the surface and causes foaming. This helps the soap molecules make a unimolecular film on the surface of water and to penetrate the fabric. The long non-polar end of a soap molecule that are hydrophobic, gravitate towards and surround the dirt (fat or oil with dust absorbed in it). The short polar end the carboxylate ion, face the water away from the dirt. A number of soap molecules surround or encircle dirt and grease in a clustered structure called ‘micelles’, which encircles such particles and emulsify them. @ Sctves complete ® CleaningCOMMERCIAL PRODUCTION OF SOAP @ most popular soap making process today is the cold process method, where fats such as olive oil react with strong alkaline solution, while some soapers use the historical hot process. Handmade soap differs from industrial soap in that, usually, an excess of fat is sometimes used to consume the alkali (super fatting), and in that the glycerin is not removed, leaving a naturally detergent. soap and not pure moisturizing Often, emollients such as jojoba oil or Shea butter are added ‘at trace’ (the point at which the saponification process is sufficiently advanced that the soap has begun to thicken), after most of the oils have saponified, so that they remain unreacted in the finished soap. FAT IN SOAP Soap is derived from either vegetable or animal fats. Sodium Tallowate, a common ingredient in much soap, is derived from Vg rendered beef fat. Soap can also be, made of ~getable oils, such as palm oil, and the product is typically softer. An array of ponifiable oils and fats are used in the cess such as olive, coconut, palm, coco butter to provide different qualities. For example, olive oil provides mildness in soa coconut oil provides lots of lather; while coconut and palm oils provide hardness. Sometimes castor oil can also be used as an ebullient. Smaller amounts of unsaponifiable oils and fats that do not yield soap are sometimes added for furthe benefits. PREPARATION OF SOAP In cold-process and hot-process soap making, heat may be required for saponification. Cold-process soap making takes place at a sufficient temperature to ensure the liquification of the fat being used. Unlike cold-processed soap, hot-processed soap can be used right away because the alkali and fat saponify more quickly at the higher temperatures | 4 used in hot-process soap making.process soap making was used when he purity of alkali was unreliable. Cold- rocess soap making requires exact easurements of alkali and fat amounts and computing their ratio, using saponification charts to ensure that the finished product is mild and skin-friendly HOT PROCESS: In the hot-process method, alkali and fat are boiled together at 80-100 °C until saponification occurs, which the soap maker can determine by tast or by eye. After saponification has occurred, the soap is sometimes precipitated from the solution by adding salt, and the excess liquid drained off. The hot, soft soap is then spooned into a mold. COLD PROCESS: A cold-process soap maker first looks up the saponification value of the fats being used on a saponification chart, which is then used to calculate the appropriate amount of alkali. Excess unreacted alkali in the soap will result in a very high pH and can burn or irritate skin. Not enough alkali and the soap are greasy.are heated, or melted if they are solid at 20m temperature. Once both substances ave cooled to approximately |00-110°F (37-43°C), and are no more than 10°F (~5.5°C) apart, they may be combined. This alkali-fat mixture is stirred until “trace". There are varying levels of trace. After much stirring, the mixture turns to the consistency of a thin pudding. “Trace corresponds roughly to viscosity. Essential and fragrance oils are added at light trace CHEMICALS REQUIRED The washing soap is prepared from the following chemicals: ~COCONUT OIL=100G ~CAUSTIC SODA=25G ~STARCH=25G ~WATER=15OML\.Dissolve caustic soda in 150 ml of water. This solution is called lye. Let this soda lye cool. 2.Warm the oil on flame and mix 50 g starch with it. Remove the flame and allow the oil to cool. 3.When the oil and soda lye are at about the same temperature (which can be tested by putting a finger in each of them at the same time), add soda lye to the oil in a thin stream, stirring the mass constantly well with a weeden rod till the whole lye has been added. A creamy pasty mass is obtained. 4.Stir the mass more till a semi-solid mass is obtained. Transfer it into an iron mold or a wooden frame. Cover the mold or frame with a wooden 4 board or a gunny bag and leave it for a few hours.5.Remove the flame and take out the soda lab. Cut it with the help of a wire int cakes of desired size. Soaps from groundnut oil as well as coconut oil are prapared 6) same procedure. * Caustic soda is very corrosive ona should not, therefore, be touched with yy hands.THEORY There is no quantitative method for the determination of foaming capacity of soap. The foaming capacity of soap depends upon concentration of soap in the sample. Solutions of different soap are prepared by dissolving their equal weights in equal volumes of distilled water. These solutions are shaken vigorously to produce foam and then they are allowed to stand, Times taken for the disappearance of foam are measured for different samples. Longer the time taken for the disappearance of foam in a given sample of soap, greater is its foaming capacity. —_ -MATERIALS REQUIRED 3.14APPARATUS (a) Five 100m1 conical flasks. (b) Five 20m! test tubes. (c) Bunsen Burner. (d) Test tube stand. {e) Stop watch. 3.2CHEMICALS (a) Five different samples of soap. (b) Distilled water.PROCEDURE . Five conical flasks (100 mi each) are taken and numbered 1 to 5. In each of these flasks equal amounts (say 5 ml) of the given samples of soap shavings or granules are taken and 50 mi of distilled water is added. Each conical flask is heated few minutes to dissolve all the soap completely. In a test-tube stand, five big clean and dry test tubes are taken and numbered 1 to 5 1mI of the five soap solution is then poured in the test tubes of corresponding number. 10 ml. of distilled water is then added to each test tube. Test tube no 1 is then shaken vigorously 5 times. The foam would be formed in the ‘empty space above the container. Stop watch is started immediately and the time taken for the disappearance of foam is noted. Similarly the other test tubes are shaken vigorously for equal number of times (i.e., 5 times) with approximately with the same force and the time taken for the disappearance of foam in each case is recorded. 10.The lesser the time taken for the disappearance of foam, the lower is the foaming capacity.OBSERVATION Amount of each soap sample taken Amount of distilled water taken “volume of each soap sample taken | volume of distilled water taken Soap ATT | Ol ls Time taken for FT) el) soap CIES CPE Teer lee kell ETT Cela} water added Usa) ce UCT) Brand-1 1.00m| Brand-2 1,00ml Brand- 3 100m! |RESULT The cleansing capacity of the soaps taken is in the order: Brand 1 >Brand 3> Brand 2 From this experiment, we can infer that Santoor has the highest foaming capacity, in other words, highest cleaning capacity. Lux, on the other hand is found to have taken the least amount of time for the disappearance of foam produced and thus is said to be having the least foaming capacity and cleansing capacity. Test for hardness in water Test for Ca** and Mg** salts in the water supplied Test for Ca in water HO + NH,CI + NH,OH + (NH,).CO, (No precipitate) Test for Mg** in water H,O + NH,Cl + NH,OH + (NH,),PO4, (No precipitate) The tests show negative results for the presence of the salts causing hardness in water. The water used does not contain salts of Ca** and Mg?* . The tap water provided is soft and thus, the experimental results and values hold good for distilled water and tap water.Bibliography. Books: Lab Manual Chemistry XI Comprehensive Chemistry 1 Internet sources: www.wikipedia.org www.google.com www.yahoo.com https://www.icbse.com « ‘oe " fel ToLede WixireDiA 1¢ Free Encyclopedia