CHAPTER 03: MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE TC What is a particle? A particle is a point mass of negligible volume. When is a body said to be at rest? h body is said to be at rest when it does not change its position with respect to time and surrounding. (a reference point) E.g. Book on a table w.r.t room. when is a body said to be in motion? W body is said to be in motion when it changes its position with respect to time and surrounding. (a reference point) E.g. Speeding car w.r.t electric pole. can a body be at rest as well as in motion simultaneously? fos. A body at rest with respect to one observer may be in motion with respect to another observer. Bg. Driver of a moving bus is at rest w.r.t a passenger in the bus, where as the driver is in motion w.r.t a stationary observer outside the bus. When will a cyclist appear to be at rest w.r.t another moving cyclist? When cyclists move along same direction with same velocity they appear to be at rest w.r.t each other. What is one dimensional motion? Give example. Motion of a body along a straight line is called one dimensional motion. (Rectilinear motion or translational motion) Eg. 1. Acar moving along a straight line. 2. A freely falling body. What is mechanics? Branch of physics which di called mechanics. eals with study of motion of a body and the cause of motion is What is kinematics? Branch of mechanics which deals wit! cause of motion is called kinematics. h study of motion of a body without considering the 2 What is dynamii Branch of mechanics which deals with study of cause of motion is called dynamics. What are scalars and vectors? A physical quantity having only magnitude is called a scalar. e.g. mass, length, time, temperature, current, work etc A physical quantity having both magnitude ‘and direction is called a vector. e.g. displacement, velocity, acceleration, momentum, force etc. Define displacement. The change of position of a body in a particular direction ; called displacement,Note: L, Displacement is a ve 2. It SL unit is metre (™). 3 Dimensional formula is (tI) 4. It is also equal to the shortest distance be ector quantity: erween initial position and final position placement: DISPLACEMENT range ition of a body In 2 The change of postt b direction is called displacement. jantily Q. Distinguish between distance and dis ‘particular DISTANCE Length of the path covered by the dody is called distance. “itis a scalar quantity: = It depends on the path. independent OF — ther posit ight line. Ic is always positive. __ | ent when a body moves along strai Note: Distance is equal to the displacem © Cen d nce to direction is called speed * Rate of distance travellet * Distance travelled by a bod: If s is the total distance travel _ distance travelled _ $ time taken t body without refere called speed. d speed. then its speed iS fF position of a .d by a body is yin one second is calle led by a body in time t, Note: 1. Speed is a scalar, quantity: 2. Its SI unit isms”. 3 Dimensional formula (LT 4. It is always positive. Define average speed. : Leper Ta baal the ratio of its total distance travelled f° total time taken. If s is the total distancé e travelled by the body in a time t, then average speed iS Vav = Q. Define velocity. aeeie ate of change of position of a body in a particular direction is called velocity. * Rate of displacement of a body is called velocity. 7 Be scement of a body in one second is called velocity. __ displacement tf is the total displacement of a body in a time t then its velocity v = ““"~ time Note: {. Velocity is a vector quantity. 2. Its ST unit is ms”. 3. Dimensional formula [LT oy) 4. Velocity of a body can be positive, negative or zero. Q. Distinguish between speed and velocity. The rate of change of position of a bo _______VELOCITY without ay Srection of a body | The rate of change of position of a body “speed. is called | in a particular direction is called velocity ,] iG is 9 scalar quantity. It is a vector quantity. His always positive, — _ [It can be either positive, negative or zero. pies @ moving body cannot be | Average velocity of a moving body can be zero. @ Define uniform velocity. @ body undergoes e i i 1 qual displacements in equal intervals of time however small the intervals may be then its velocity is said to be uniform. @ Define variable velocity. the velocity of a body chan i e C If the velocity of @ body, changes either In its magnitude or direction or both then its Q. Define average veloc The average velocity of a body is defined as the ratio of its total displacement to the total ry time taken. If sis the total displacement of a body in a time t, then average velocity is Vay = : Note: Vay Ak X= ory, = $2781 at tt toh where x, (or 51) and x2 (or s2) are the positions of a body at time ty and ts respectively Q. Define instantaneous velocity. Velocity of a body at a particular instant of time is called its instantaneous velocity. Instantaneous velocity v = $$ where ds is the displacement in a time dt Q. Define accelerat Rate of change of velocity of a body is called acceleration. If the velocity of a body changes from u to v in time t then acceleration a x “| Note: 1. Acceleration is a vector quantity. 2. SI Unit is ms” 3, Dimensional formula [LT 7]. 4. Acceleration may be positive, negative or zero. ©. [the velocity of a body increases then acceleration is positive. If the velocity of a body decreases then acceleration is negative A negative acceleration is called retardation or deceleration Acceleration of a body moving with uniform velocity is zero. 6. Body is said to have acceleration if its velocity changes either in magnitude or direction or both. 2) For a freely falling particle acceleration is caused due to change in magnitude of its velocity. leration is caused due to b) For a particle moving with uniform speed in a circle, accel the change in the direction of motion of the particle. ©) For a particle executing simple harmonic motion (SHM), acceleration is caused due to change in magnitude and direction of its velocity. Q. Define uniform acceleration. Pee ecty of a body changes by equal amounts in equal interval of time, however et the interval may be then its acceleration is said to be uniform. Q. Define average acceleration Average acceleration of a body is defined a interval during which change occurs. EEE 5 the ratio of change in velocity to the timeAv. Ya=M at t= ty where v; and v2 are the velocities of the be Aav ody at time ty and t, respectively Note: Acceleration of a body at a particular instant acceleration. of time is called its instanta Instantaneous acceleration a = SY 4 . Q. Write a note on velocity-time graph. A graph obtained by plotting velocity along y-axis and time along x-axis is called ve ere ) aineioreet, (v-t graph) a Nid sel Ques yoo h " t t oer eleration Fig (1) Fig(2)' Fig (3) © Fig 4) t Fig (5) Inovel Fig (1): v-t graph of a body moving with uniform velocity. a Fig (2): v-t graph of a body starting from rest and moving with uniform acceleration. fh uniform acceleratio Proo vrdes Fig (3): v-t graph of a body having initial velocity and moving wit dh y-t gt Fig (4): v-t graph of a body moving with uniform retardation. Pres Fig (5): v-t graph of a body having variable acceleration. g ag) Uses of velocity-time graph: v-t graph is used is Pe 1. To find the nature of the motion of a body. |, Jeno ge 2. To determine the velocity of @ body at any instant, Tine 3. To find displacement of the body in a given time 4. To find the acceleration of the body. 4 ees under the v-t graph gives the displacement of the body in a given time and s | of v-t graph gives the acceleration of the body. Q. Derive v =u +at using v-t graph. Consider a body moving with uniform acceleration a. Let u be its initial velocity and \ its velocity after time t. Let AB represent v-t graph. cc c time Acceleration a = Slope of v-t graph BD BC-DC_v-u 3 AD AD at=Vv-u at+u=v v=u+atorv =v +atDerive s= ut + Ya at? using v-t graph. Consider a body moving with uniform acceleration a, Let y be its initial velocity and.v be its velocity after time t. Let 5 be the displacement of the body in same interval of time t. Let AB represent v-t graph. velocit B a ' OA = CD =u | Bee iD AD#OCet |____.—_> a time Slope of v-t graph BD BC-DC_v-u Acceleration a ‘AD AD t at=v-u at+u=v vu +at---- (1) Displacement of the body = area of trapezium OABC. 5 = % x base x sum of parallel sides Ya x OC x (OA + BC) tax t x (u + V) taxt(u+u+at) — from (1) Yo xt (2u + at) § = ut +% at? or X = Vot +¥ at? wud = u? + 2as, using v-t graph. Te uniform acceleration a. Let u be its initial velocity and v be ‘ody in same interval of time Q. Derive v? Let s be the displacement of the b Consider 2 body moving wit its velocity after t seconds. t. Let AB represent v-t graph, velocit oA u Bc a AD io time Acceleration a = Slope of v-t graph "BD _BC-DC_v _ _ a0” AD rar lou? > dt \ ‘area of trapezium OABC. yy» base ~ sum of parallel sides = %y 1 OC % (OA + BC) . = xt x (UF) 1 fy “Jaury) from (1) ys. 2 U satu- 2a Displacernent of the bodyQ. What is position time graph? Explain f A graph obtained by plotting positions of a body along y-axis and time along x-ay Move | called position-time graph (x-t graph). oh jx) Slope of x-t graph gives the velocity of the body. s}t 0) Eg. ; slate giv§. a ve Q. What does area below v-t graph measures? of the body. Area below v-t graph gives displacement Q. What does slope of v-t graph measures? Slope of v-t graph at any Soint gives the acceleration of the body at that point, Note: For body moving with uniform acceleration, average velocity (From 3“ derivation) — Puy * t t Fig (1) Fig (2) Fig (3) Fig (4)' Fig (1): x-t graph of a body at rest. x-t graph of a body moving wi ! x-t graph of a body moving wi x-t graph of a body moving wit! : x-t graph of a body moving with decrea: ith uniform velocity (or zero acceleration). ith uniform negative velocity fh increasing velocity or uniform acceleration. ‘sing velocity or uniform retardation. graph measures? Q. What does slope of x~ instantaneous velocity of the body. Slope of x-t graph gives the it Note: ‘| Acceleration due to gravity: The force of attraction by the earth on bodies is kno as gravitational force or gravity. The acceleration of a body falling freely unde gravity. It is denoted by g. The value of g is 9.8ms?. 2. For motion of the body under gravity: For freely falling body: Initial velocity u = 0 Tittance travelled s = h, height from which the body is dropped Acceleration a = +9 Time taken t = time of descent For body thrown vertically upward: Final velocity v = 0 Distance travelled s = h, maximum height reached by the Acceleration a = - g a Time taken t = time of ascent 3. vase of ascent ime of descent 4. Velocity of projection = velocity with whi ; ch body rea nea) 5. Motion under gravity is independent of Oe &. Cartesian sign convention: - ny vector quantity directed upward wil it be taken as nenative pward will be taken as positive and directed downward a) For a body thrown verticall u, v, and 5 are +ve Meee gravity is known as acceleration due} a constant at a given place and is ablAt the highest point v = 0 b) For a freely falling body: u, v and s are -ve At the initial point u = 0 c) Time tis always +ve 4) g is taken as -ve for both upward and downward motion e) time of flight T = 2t (time of ascent + time of descent) What is relative velocity? Explain. Velocity of one body with respect to another is called relative velocty: ie Relative velocity of a moving body A w.r.t another moving body 8 along equal to difference in their velocities. . ; If two bodies A and B are moving with velocities va and Vp in the same direction then, Va Vo, — —1+ Relative velocity of A w.r.t B is Va. In- Ve Relative velocity of B w.r.t A is Vea ia ~ Va ‘i i If the two bodies A and B are moving with velocities vq and vs in the opposite directions then, ~ —_“ , ea Chae Relative velocity of A w.r.t Bis Vas = Va ~ (-Va) = Va + Vo Relative velocity of B w.r.t A is Vea = - (Va + Va) Q. Derive the expression for relative velocity between two bodies moving along a straight line. . Consider two bodies A and B moving with uniform velocity va and ve respectively. Let xz, and X2o) be their positions at time t = 0. Then displacement between the bodies at t = 0 is = xqa) - Xe(4) IF Xa) aNd Xa) be their position at time t then xq) = Xaqo) + Vat aNd Xecu) = Xe(0) + Vet Displacement between the bodies at time t is Xai ~ Xe) = (Xaco) + Vat) - (Xa¢o) + Vat) Kees) — Xacey = (Xaco) ~ XB(0)) + (Va ~ Va)t --=- (1) From (1) displacement between the two bodies increases by (Va ~ va)t in time t = Relative velocity of A w.r.t B is Vas aisplacement . ees = (Va- Ve) Similarly relative velocity of B w.r-t A is Vea = (Ve ~ Va) Note: Conventionally velocity along +x axis and +y axis is taken as positive and -x and ~y axis is taken as negative. vl