[MOTION ALONG & STRAIGHT LINE CHAPTER 3 MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE Mechanics: Mechanics is the oldest and fundamental branch of physics and it is the study of the state of rest as well as the state of motion of object under the action of force. The study of mechanics is broadly classified in to (i) Statics and (ii) Dynamics Statics: It deals with bodies at rest under the action of system of force. Dynamics: It deals with motion of a body under the action of force. Dynamics is again divided into (a) Kinematics and (b) Kinetics Kinematics: It deals with the description of motion without reference to the cause of motion. Kinetics: It deals with what moves and what causes motion. Some of the terms used in describing motion are given below. Particle: A particle is ideally just a piece or quantity of matter, having no linear dimensions but only position and mass. Event: An event is a physical process that occurs at a point in space and at an instant of time. Observer: A person or equipment which can locate, record, measure and interpret an event is called an observer. Frame of reference: It is the reference in which an observer sits and makes the observations. In order to specify the position, we need to use a reference point and set of axes. The choice of set of axes in a frame of reference depends on the situation. m is change in position of an object with time, Rectilinear motion: Motion of objects along a straight line. Ex: Acar moving along a straight road, A freely falling body. Rest: A body is said to be at rest when it does not changes its position with time. Path length: It is the actual distance covered by a body in time t. Itis also called as distance travelled. * Path length is a scalar quantity. * SI unit of path length is "metre" (m). Dimensions are M°LT®° * Path length depends on the actual path, * Path length is always positive. Displacement: It is the shortest distance between the initial point and final point. + Itis vector quantity. * SI unit of displacement is "metre"(m). Dimensions are M°LT® * Displacement may be positive, negative and zero. * Magnitude of the displacement can never be greater than path length. When a body moves in straight line displacement is equal to path length. * tis independent of the actual path travelled and it denoted by AxMOTION ALONG A STRAIGHT UNE Difference between path length and displacement Path length Displacement | Ttis the actual distance covered by a body in _/ It is the shortest distance between the initial point timet. It is also called as distance travelled and final point Path length is a scalar quantity It is vector quantity | | Path length is always positive Displacement may be positive, negative and zero | Path length is always greater than or equal to_| Displacement is always less than or equal to path | displacement length Speed: Speed is defined as rate of change of position of a particle. pathlength x time taken € * Speed is a scalar quantity. © Its SI unit is metre per second (ms~*). Dimensions are M°LT~! Speed + Itisalways positive. + Speed gives no indication about the direction of motion of the particle. Average speed: The average speed of a particle in motion is defined as the ratio of the total path length to the total time taken. total path length A d = Pecnec ate total time taken Instantaneous speed (speed): It is defined as the limit of average speed as the time interval is infinitesimally small. Velocity: Velocity is defined as the rate of change of displacement of a body. displacement Veloci —_—— Y= “time taken ox Ei s * Velocity is a vector quantity. * Slunitis per second (ms~) . Dimensions are M°LT~* + Velocity may be positive, negative or zero. Average velocity: The average velocity of a particle in motion is defined as the ratio of total displacement to the total time taken. total displacement Average velocit es = “total time taken woh 2 Ax at is defined as the limit of average velocity as the time interval At Instantaneous velocity: Velocit becomes infinitesimally small. Ax dx v= MN ae deMOTION ALONG & STRAIGHT UNE + Instantaneous velocity is also called velocity. + In position-time graph, instantaneous velocity at a point is the slope to the tangent drawn to the curve at that point. + Instantaneous speed or speed is the magnitude of velocity. Uniform velocity: If equal changes of displacement take place in equal intervals of time is called uniform velocity. Note: When a body moves with uniform velocity, neither the magnitude nor the direction of the velocity changes. Difference between speed and velocity pees l ‘elocity It is defined as the ratio of the path length | It is defined as the ratio of displacement to to the time taken. | the time taken. Speed is a scalar quantity. | Velocity is a vector quantity. | It is always positive | Velocity may be positive, negative or zero. Acceleration: It is defined as rate change of velocity of a particle. change in velocity Acceleration = time taken a= * Acceleration is a vector quantity. * SlLunit is metre per square of second (ms~*) and dimensions are M°LT~? + Since velocity is a quantity having both magnitude and direction, Acceleration may result from a change in magnitude or a change in direction or changes in both. + Acceleration can be positive, negative or zero. + The negative acceleration is called retardation or deceleration. Average acceleration: It is defined as the total change in velocity divided by the total time taken. v,—v,_ Av Boh ae a Instantaneous acceleration: It is defined as the limit of the average acceleration as the time interval ‘At becomes infinitesimally small. psoas o> Mab ae ae Uniform acceleration: If the velocity of a body changes by equal amount in equal intervals of time, however small these time intervals may be, is called uniform acceleration. Graphical representation of motion: Graph: A diagrammatical representation of variation of one quantity with respect to another quantity is called a graph. Position-time graph: It is a graph obtained by plotting instantaneous positions of a particle versus time. * The slope of the position time graph gives the velocity of the particle.Gon MOTION ALONG A STRAIGHT UNE Position-time graphs: Sino Positive a 3 | Motion with positive acceleration | | \_ \ | Ee & a | | | Negati 4 | Motion with negative acceleration = |. vo ive e Velocity time-graph: A graph of velocity versus time is called velocity-time graph. + The area under v-t graph with time axis gives the value of displacement covered in given time. + The slope of tangent drawn on graph gives instantaneous acceleration. Uses of velocity-time (v-t) graph / Significance of velocity-time (v-t) graph: * Tt is used to study the nature of the motion. * It is used to find the velocity of the particle at any instant of time. * It is used to derive the equations of motion. * It is used to find displacement and acceleration.MOTION ALONG & STRAIGHT UNE Velocity time-graphs Sino ‘Type of motion v-t graph Motion in positive direction with | positive acceleration or uniform | acceleration having some initial | velocity, 1 Motion in positive direction with 2 | negative acceleration having some initial velocity. Motion in negative direction with | negative acceleration having some initial velocity. | Motion of an object with negative | acceleration that changes direction at time t, having some initial | velocity, Kinematic equation for uniformly accelerated motion: For uniformly accelerated motion, we can derive some simple equations that relate displacement (x), time taken (t), initial velocity (v9), final velocity (v), and acceleration (a). These equations are called Kinematic equations for uniformly accelerated motion. The Equations are, (i) v = vp +at i) x = vot + Zat? (ii) v? = v9? + 2ax Derivation of equation of motion by graphical method (i) v= v9 +at Consider a particle in motion witl acceleration a. Let v be the final velocity of the body at time t. ial velocity vp and constant[MOTION ALONG & STRAIGHT UNE From graph, Jone = BC BD = cD ere AG sac) But, CD = 0A and AC = 0D BD-0A_v-w% — But, slope of v-t graph gives the acceleration, v-% ae t at=v—v% v—v) =at pave tat (i) x = vot + fat? Consider a particle in motion with initial velocity vg and constant acceleration a. Let v be the final velocity of the body at time ¢ From graph, Displacement = Area under v —t graph x = Area of trapezium OABD x = area of A'°ABC + area of rectangle OACD 1 x= [jx 4c x 8c] +100 x 04] 1 x= 5t(v— vp) + tv But, v—vy =at 1 x= 5t(at) + vt 1 = sat? + rot agar? 1 x= vot +Sat® (iii) v? = v8 + 20x Consider a particle in motion with initial velocity vp and constant acceleration a Let v be the final velocity of the body at time t From graph, Displacement = Area under vt graph x = Area of trapezium OABD 1 7 (0A + BD)AC 1 7+ ve v= But, v—vp=at and t= @ oo M9) @ $0 +09(MOTION ALONG & STRAIGHT UNE ‘Note: The set above equations were obtained by assuming that at ¢ = 0, the position of the Particle x is 0 (zero), When at ¢ @ ), If the position of the particle is at x9(non zero), then the equations are, 1 vytat (li)x—xo = vot+ zat? (lil) v? 19° + 2a(x — x0) Free fall: An object released near the surface of the earth is accelerated downward under the influence of the force of gravity. If the air resistance is neglected, then the motion of the body is known as free fall. Acceleration due to gravity: The acceleration produced in object due to gravity is called acceleration due to gravity, denoted by g. Free fall is an example for motion along a straight line under constant acceleration. * Acceleration due to gravity is always a downward vector directed towards the centre of the earth. + The magnitude of g is approximately 9 - 8ms? near the surface of the earth. + Acceleration due to gravity is the same for all freely falling bodies irrespective of their size, shape and mass. + The distance traversed by a body falling freely from rest during equal intervals of time are in the ratio 1:3:5:7:.« «this is known as Galileo's law of ODD numbers. Equations of motion under gravity: The motion of a freely falling body is in Y-direction. If we take vertically upward as positive Y-axis, acceleration is along the negative Y-axis, therefore a=~g.Then, (i) v = v9 —gt 1 Gi) y = vet 598 (iii) v? = vo? -2gy For freely falling body the initial velocity, vy = 0. Then, The a~t graph, v ~t graph and y ~t graph toa body released from rest at y = 0 are as shown. ae to 0 1 2 10): . “5 = 10 : 7 ' -9.8 m/s 2 a, ve (mis’) oO. at graph t graph y—t graph Note: (i) Stopping distance: When breaks are applies to a moving vehicle, the distance travelled before travelled before stopping is called stopping distance.MOTION ALONG A STRAIGHT UNE Itis an important factor for road safety and it depends on initial velocity and deceleration (a). (ii) Reaction time: When a situation demands our immediate action, it takes some time before we really respond this time is called reaction time. Relative velocity: The relative velocity of body A with respect to body B is defined as the time rate of change of displacement of A with respect to B. Explanation: Consider two bodies A and B moving with constant velocity v, and vp respectively, along positive X-axis. Let x4(t) and xp (t) be the position of A and B at any given instant of time t, then x4(O) = x4(0) + vat xp(t) = xp(0) + vet Separation between A and B at time tis, xp(t) — xa(t) = xp (0) — x4(0) + (vp — vat Here, x»(0) — x4(0) is the separation between A and B at ¢ = 0 and (vg — v4) is the time rate of change of relative velocity of B with respect to A, denoted by vp. Hence, Von =Va-Va Similarly velocity of A with respect to Bis Yap =Va— Vp and it can be shown that vag = ~Vpq x(a) eS 40+ A Case(1): When two bodies move with the same velocity in same direction, then v4 =v, and v4—vg=0 and : ‘Vag = Vga = 0, ‘Then two bodies appear at rest with respect to each other. In this case relative velocity is minimum. | y XC) 49 B Case(2): When two bodies move in the same direction 49 with different velocities, cy If v4 > vg then vga = negative and vag = positive. o 2» ° Case(3): When two bodies move in different velocities or ] in same velocities in opposite direction. xe ‘The magnitude of the relative velocity of either of them with respect to the other is equal to the sum of the magnitude of their velocities. pa = Vag = Yat Up In this case relative velocity is maximum.[MOTION ALONG A STRAIGHT UNE Problems: 1) A car is moving along a straight line. It moves O to P in 18 second covering a distance of 360m and returns from P to Q in 6second by covering a distance of 120m, Calculate average velocity and average speed of a car in going (a) from O to P (b) from O to P and back to Q. Given OP = 360m (ee QP = 120m ; 360m" 0Q = OP — QP = 360 ~ 120 = 240m _ displacement _ displacement (@) Avgwvelocity = SPA (b) ) Avg. velocity = SPS pera. One adie ets oe eee fe 4 = distance : 4 — distance _ 360+ 120 eee tina cere tina 24 A d= 3 = 20ms-* A d= Bo 20s wg-speed => = 20ms wg.speed = > = 20ms 2) A car moving along a straight line takes 5 second to increase its velocity from 15ms“* to 30ms~, What is the acceleration of the car? Also calculate the distance travelled by the car in 5 second. Given t = 55, v9 = 15ms“!, v= 30ms“!,a=?,x=7 v= v9 tat ue X= vot +5at" 1S+ax5 ae 1 = 30-15 x= 1SX54+5x3x5? 15 2 3ms* 3) A car moving along a straight road increases its velocity from 10ms~* to 30ms~* in 4 second. Calculate (a) the acceleration of the car and (b) the distance travelled by the car in 4 second. Given vp = 10ms"1, v = 30ms"1, t = 48,4 =7,x =? e+} 2 pom bar cae a 3 10+ax4 ® 1Ox44+5x5x4? i ee 40 +22 a= = Sms? a 2 x= 40440 = 80m 4) A truck moving along a straight highway with a speed of 20ms~? is brought to rest in 10s. What is the retardation of the truck? How far will the truck travel before it comes to rest? Given v9 = 20ms“, v = Oms“', t = 10s,a=?,x =? = 1 eae x= vot +5at? 0=20+ax10 2 1 10a = —20 = 20x 10-45 x (—2) x 10 a) a=Fy = ams? x= 200-100 x = 100mMOTION ALONG A STRAIGHT UNE 5) A player throws a ball upwards with an initial speed of 29.4ms~! (a) What is the direction of acceleration during the upward motion of the ball? (b) What is the velocity and acceleration at the highest point of its path? (©) To what height does the ball rise and after how long does the ball returns to the player's hand? Given v9 = 29.4ms“ (a) The ball is moving under the gravity, so the direction of acceleration is vertically downwards and towards the centre of the earth. (b) At the highest point, v = Oms™ and acceleration is equal to acceleration due to gravity, a= 9.8ms"? © v? = vi +2ax 0= (29.4)? 42x (9.8) xx _ 9a? | => cH 7 thin 0 = 294+ (-9.8) xt 29.4 98 3s Total time = time of ascent + time of decent = 3s +3s = 68 6) A caris moving along a straight highway with a speed of 126kmph is brought to stop with ina distance of 200m. What is the retardation of stop? Given v9 = 126kmph 126 x 1000 ri acd x= 200m v= Oms? Two trains A and B of length 300m each are the car and how long does it take for the car to v§ + 2ax 5? +2 x ax 200 400a = -35 x 35 0 =35 + (-3.06) xt 35, a gyga aes moving on two parallel tracks with an uniform speed of 54kmph in the same direction, with the train A ahead of B. The driver of train B decides to overtake A and accelerates by 2ms’ 2, If after 255, the guard of train B just brushes, past the driver of A. What original distance between them? Given |, = 300m ly = 300m v4 = S4kmph = 15ms~? vg = 15ms“ ay = Oms~? Gy = 2ms~* t= 25s Original distance, =? Distance travelled by A in 25s, Da Xa vat 5 at x4 = 15x 25 +0 X4 = 375m Distance travelled by B in 25s, Xp = Vet +5090? ip = Vet +5 an 1 Xp = 15x 25 + 5X 2%25 x 25 Xp = 375 + 625 = 1000 Distance travelled by B in 25s, Xp slp tltxytla 1000 = 300 +1 +375 + 300 1000 = 975 +1 1000 - 975 25m.MOTION ALONG ASTRAIGHT UNE 8) The displacement (in metre) of a particle moving along x-axis is given by x = 2t? +3. Calculate (i) Average velocity between ¢ = 3s and t = 5s. (ii) Instantaneous velocity at ¢ = 5.s and (iii) Instantaneous acceleration. Given x = 2t? +3 total displacement (Avg. velocity = OT aken (i) Instantaneous velocity, When t; = 3s, x, = 2(3)7 +3 =21m x=2t?4+3 =2(5)2+3= dx When t= Ss, = 2(5)? +3= 53m va Ha 2@+0=4 Average velocity =—2— dx When t = 5 s,v => = 4(5) = 20 ms“? a jen t= Ss, = = (5) = 20 ms = == dv 5-3 2 i)Instantaneous acceleration, = ae va4t dv aaa = 4ms 9) Obtain equations of motion for constant acceleration using method of calculus. dv By definition, a = @ By definition, a = > dv=adt oe Integrating both sides, J dv= fa ae aa (he, = alt], =v =alt-0] va vp =at v=vo+at dx Gi) Now,wehave v= 7 dx = vt © Integrating both sides, J dx= J vdt 8 | fax Joo +ande a 2] Be, = [votlb +a | f (x9) = yt + Fat? : dv _dv dx (it) wehave, a= = 2. _dv a” a-dx = v-dv Integrating on both sides, J adx = J vdvMOTION ALONG A STRAIGHT LINE v2)" 2 ae x4) = 502-28) 2a(x — x9) = (v2 — v8) v? =v} + 2a(x— x9) lax]z, = Suggested Questions. One mark. 1) When will the magnitude of displacement equal to the path length? 2) Define average speed. 3) Define instantaneous speed. 4) Define instantaneous velocity. 5) Define average velocity. 6) Define acceleration. 7) What is retardation? 8) What is the acceleration of a body moving with uniform velocity? 9) What does the slope of position-time graph represent? 10) What does the slope of velocity-time graph represent? 11) Draw v-t graph for motion in uniform acceleration, Two marks, 1) Distinguish between distance travelled and displacement of a particle. 2) Distinguish between speed and velocity. 3) Define uniform velocity and uniform acceleration. 4) Whatis position time graph? Draw x ~¢ graph for an object at rest. 5) Draw position time graph for (a) a particle at rest,(b) a body moving with uniform velocity. 6) Draw the position time graph of a particle moving with a) Positive acceleration. b) Negative acceleration. 7) Draw v-t graph for body moving in uniform acceleration 8) Define relative velocity. When will the relative velocity of two bodies be zero? 9) Define relative velocity with an example. Three marks. 1) Write the significance of v-t graph. 2) Derive the equation v = vj +at_ with usual notation by using v-t graph, 3). Define relative velocity. When does the relative velocity become maximum and minimum if two particles are moving along a straight line? Five marks. 1) What is v-t graph? Derive the equation v? § + 2ax with usual notation by using v-t graph. 2) Whatis v-t graph? Derive the equation x = vt + Fat? with usual notation by using v-t graph.MOTION ALONG A STRAIGHT LINE ‘Additional Probie 1) The displacement of the particle moving along x-axis is given by x = 3t? — St? +1 where xis in metre and tis in second. Calculate (i) Instantaneous velocity at t = 2s (ii) Instantaneous acceleration at t = 3.5 2) A body is thrown up with velocity of 78.4 ms“. Find how high it will rise and how much time it will take to return to its point of projection. 3) A ball thrown vertically upwards and it reaches a height of 90m. Find the velocity with which it was thrown and the height reached by the ball 7 second after it was thrown? 4) A body travelling with an initial velocity 36 ms~* comes to rest after travelling 90 m. Assuming the retardation to be uniform, find its value. What time does it take to cover that distance? 5) A car is moving along a straight highway with a speed of 108 km hr is brought to stop with a distance 200 m. What is the retardation of the car? And how long does it take for the car to stop? 6) Acar travels distance from A to Bat a speed of 40 km hr~ and returns to A at the speed of 30 km hr-1, What is the average speed for the whole journey? 7) The breaks are applied to a car travelling at 30 ms~*, Its velocity reduced to 20 ms“ in 5s. Calculate the distance covered in those 5 seconds. 8) The position of an object moving along x — axis is given by x= a + bt® where a= 8.5m, b= 2.5ms~ and tis measured in seconds. What is its velocity at_¢= 0s and t= 20s. Whatis the average velocity between t = 2.0s and = 4.05?