UNIT~A ELECTRICAL MACHINES. @ Construction of twee phase Thducttn motor 4-0 RThe three phase induction motor consists of oo matn Parts, namely, Yethe part carrying three ple usindings, which 5 Stationary | Called Stator: | a) The part which rotate ond fs connected cto the mechanical load | Avwough Shalt called setor: 1s skaters the stator has a laminated type of Construction made up of stampings which ave O14 40 o-Smm fhick | H he stampings one slotted on Tks peri phoy to Corry the Stator | winding The stampings ave insulated trom each other. Such a consbruction esentially Keeps the ton losses to a minimum Value Khe number of stampings ave stamped toqether 40 build the Stator Cove. ¥ “he slots on the periphery of the skater core Carries a three phase winding, connected Cither in Skar or delta. This three phase wiv 4s Called skater Winding . tis wound for FeHiatte onions ot poles. the radial duks ave provided for the cooling purpase . the pig &. 86:1 Shows a stator lamination: | Fig 8-8S+| Stator laminati 2) Rotor!- The motor 1s placed Inside Ahe stator Khe aly gap between Stator and the yolor is0.4mm 40 dinm. ¥ The two types of olor Consk auctions which ove wed toy Anducton motor ave, a. Squivrel Cage aotoy and b. Slip ving | | ov phase wound reto~ J= kt eS 0) Squivrel cage -yoter? $ The aotor cove fs cylindrical and slotted on its pevipheny: F the ator consists of uninsulated coppey (or aluminium baae Called color conductors: The bors ave placed in the Slots H These bors one permanently Shorted at each end with the help of conducting Copper ing Called end ering the bars ave usually brated to the end rings to prouide goed mechanical Skrength. the entive slruckurre looks ke a cage, Forming a closed electrical Crcubt. So the aotor is catted Squinrel cage rotor the Constucton ts TO Shown im the pig. A-3S-3. Coppey ov y alumni rium loons fra tng tb) Symbol crepresertotig CA) Cage type structure of wotor PSlip Ring Rotor tor phase wound Reor- [PR Gn Abts type of Construction, ootor winding fs enactly Similar to the stator: H The wokor Comics a Abee phase star or» delta connected » disbuibutd winding, Wound for Same number of pols at ‘that s€ Stator. ¥ The voter Construction ts laminated ond slotted the Slots Contain the motor winding: Hrhe three ends of Moree phase winding, available atter Connecting the winding in sav (ov delta, ave permonently connected 4o the Sip wings: % with the helps of Slip ofngs, the enkernal vuistances con be added tn serves wlth tach phase of the votor winding thtsapa —_____9 arrangement is Shown in the , hf fae te (4 | { IB <— Brush sholt i $4 trlewal stow = | connect d Theostat | | show Connected fotor pig 36-3. sl | ctor Fig 8-385 3 Slip afings ov wound ator: ees motor winding Iraie FT the running Condition, the slip vfings owe shorted Working principle of three phase inducton metoy- hewting Ehaselt qb Mat Plate nek ee |Grduetion motor works onthe principle of eleckremagnel¥e Snduction %& When a three: phase Supply %s given ta the thee phase Stator | winding 1a aototing magneie Held of Constant magnitude fs produced “The speed of Alis rotating magnetic Hud fs Synchronous Speed, Ns pom Ais = BOF speed of aotating rnngnelic Held # Wis votating Betd producu an ctteck of rotating Poles around 0 yokor: Ak WSS Instant arolor Te stationary and skokow Jum Rortp, 4s ootakiing. so ks obvious that Aheve enists a vdlatve motion vehween the RMF and aotor Conductors: Ie. Wthenerey conductor Cubs of Plum emek gels induced nik: 80 emd aes Anduced (n the moter Conductors called votey Snduced er met x AS erotor dorms Closed circuits induced ems} Civculat through_—_—_ —te _— gotoy Current rotor called ment carrying Conduckor produces tts con Fluy go ¥ Any Cur | | qokor produc: TH Slut called voor Hum: X jhe too flan, stator tuum and the rotor flux Inkwack wilh | tach other Such that on one side of votor Conductor, two Funes ave in same aivecHon hence add up to get high Flux area while on other side, too Hum cancel tach other to produce low flan area ¥ Ast Une act as stretched vubber band, high dun olen sity Orta exerts a push on rotor conductor toward Low $lax density arta. So votor conductor cmperfences a forces duc to Inkeraction of the two fuones: OR AS atl the voter Conductors emperfences a force , the overall olor expetences a torque and starts aotating: * According to Lena's law the direction of Induced current in | the wokor ts so as to Oppase the Cause producing ft ¥ The cause of votor Current 4s the Induced emf. wlhichts Induced because of relative molion present between the rotolig | mognetic Held and the rotor conductors: UF tence to oppose the relative motion trey to reduce the relative! Speed, “the eotoy enpenfencys a torque fn the Same Arectfon a4 | that of RMP. and 4Xe to cokch up the Speed Ao votating mogneKie HeldSip of Beacon neler OD tthe ditlerentebckwecn the Speed of rotating magnetic Held and the actuol rotor Speed Is catted Slip Speed ive. Ng-Ne slip | | Speed of the motor. os Skip Speed = Ng -Nt L® Slip of the induction motor 45 defined as the ditlerence | bekween the Synchronous Speed (Nts) ond actuol Speed of sotoy ie. motor (Kt) entpressed as a Byacton of the syrchvonous Speed (Nts) This is also called absolute Slip (ov) fractional Slip and is denoted as *s', “hus, Teme eaugtion of three phate inductor mgtort Tthe torque developed by the avtoy is divectly proportional 4o Uy olor Current thy motor Eomed Wy Power tactor of the rotor ciycutt Tk £54, tos py Rotor curvent 9, ~ SE SE: ee Vere (set tospy 2 = = Bt KS8iR Ver a(n) ives prt (se) Starting Torque ies ot 821 (sttp) SE. = 1» SX =X So skorting Torque 4s given dy Ts sleBaL, Cos by fe fe. = = * Tsk Tee" Wiha| Ts . KER. (Re xr) | Grenerally te stavtor supply Voltage 18 constant (Vv), 80 that | Fun sek up by the stator also fined , This in tumn means that [the Emf induced ‘in the Rotor will be Constant , So. | Teh e | (RY exe) | Te = Whe (* ‘i ckey) | a Get HP ter maviumm starking Texquc r Torque tquation ‘s Te = Ei @s = (1), (ar axe) DiHlerentiating O we-7 Q and Equate to revo dts SS 25 Soa (eraxt) - Re Cae) (er axe Brad -a Re 20 QP ae caRy of exe Wis fs the Condition for mami mum Skarting Torque Mente, the Starting Torque will be manimum when goter esis tonce / phase = Stand still Rotor@ @ Chaves ches set i 4@® vthe torque Slip chowackevisles ave divided mainly inte three region wy Low sli SEP Region ie, tightly toaded Conditions) Herve Rotor Speed (Ny) 4s almost Equal to synchwonous Speed of Rotating magnetic field Cats) | 3 , Slip ie Ns -N. 2Ns, So a $e Mohr = ah con skeble s able a yt plaa_oie eat, Szo So, Skee py Ts > FSE*D, (Ski> py, trom Torque Equation fncreases in sip (S) > Torque Varies Non-Linear ire decreases with = cals Tu Application of Im 3, Squberel cage Induction motors have “moderate starting Torque ‘ and Constant Speed chonaclersties preterved tov Driving tans Avilting machines water pumps , grinders, dalle machine , Printing machinu ,a y ’ 5 . i Aislip ving Tnduckion motors have "high starting Torque, hence | they ave preferred for HGS, hoists , elevators, Cranes, Siapcesoly Aplications of Aber phase Induction mnstor:- | Ws Squivret cage type of motors having moderate Starting torque and constant speed chowactenistics pretewed for dviving fans, Wlowers, water pumps , gvinders, lathe machina, Printing machine, | Avitting machine Sh slip ning ‘duction motors can have high Stenting torque as | Wigh 95 moximum torque Hence they are preferred for ELS, hoists , Clavators, cranes, com prtssovs- Losses in three phase t- SED LUE Poets The Vorfous losses taking place ‘in three phase induction motor | are, 1) Skaker losses: hese nelude topper losses ond tron lossu- 2) Loker lossest- Sn wunning Copper Condition, rotor tre quency Gs very Small hence tron losses ane negligible --Hence only rotor Copper losses ave considered: 3) Mechanical lossest- These include RvicKon and ufindage losses: mance Week Pout = Pm- Mechanical losses Types of single phase Dnduction raptors’. Name -the sharking methods fow single phase Induction motors. arti fey Depending upon the methods of Producing wokating statoy magnetic Lux, the Single phase induckon motors ave Classified as, \) Spb phase induction motoroe @ 8) Capacitor start induction motor O 3) Capacitor stant capacitor wun Induction motor * [4) Shaded pole induction motor: [Sip split phase Anduction motors- Its type of motor has single phase Stator winding called main winding: fn addition to ‘kis, stator carviv ont more Winding | Called aumi ory winding tor) Skovting winding: F The auatliony estnding carries a series wesistance such that its ‘mapedance is highly wesishive in nature: The matn winding ts inductive in nature det ond Bm =cuvvent through main winding: Tek = Current through auntiiony winding: FAs main winding is Inductive, current Sin lags voltage v by @ lange angle Bm while Me ts almost in phase in V as autiliany winding is Wighly resistive: F thus there enists a phase difference of & bekween the two Gowvents and hence beboeen the 400 Bums produced Ley the hoo Currents This bs Shown in the Pig O-SS-1CC). cenksttugal b) kaki Ww Ki © dnt Bagram UW) Representation Phosoy diagram i[athe srebulont of ue too Huma ts 0 wokating wagnelie baa. | Sue tots, the Stomting tmque which acks only fn one divection ts | Produced 40 make the motor selt storting: Kthe auriliary winding has a centifugal susitch fin Series with tt} when motor gathers a speed upte 35 4 tod: of the synchvonous | Speed, Contidugal switch gets opened mechartically ond ‘im sunning! Condition auxitiony winding vemeins out of the caveat So motor nuns only on stator winding: he torque-speed charactenistics of Split phase motor 4s shown in the Pig. Q-S8-3. que A Bull od dey. 100 Nes Neo Applicgtonss- these motors have tow starting current and moderate Hing tovque These ave wied foy castly started loads tite fans, grinders, Contritugal pumps, washing machines, ofl skow' blowers , burners, office equipments ct: Capacitor staxt single phase Tpduction moter He construction of Capacitor start motor is shown in Pig 8-861 wr ACapacitoy 1s connected in serie with the aut tomy winding: Hothe wwrrent Gm tags the Volkage by angle Hm eohile due 49 Copacits he current Jey leasks the wottage by angle Gse- Hence “Were enists a large phase difference between tne two Currents whieh 4s almost a6, which is an ideal case sthe phasor diagram is shanFin the fq. @-S6:1 | showing — rain winding Tauber) cage srolor le-the stanting torque fe por eopetional ore! ond lence such mplors Produce very high starting borat: | % kthen speed approaches to tC to sor of the syn chwon ous speed, the Skorting winding qets Aistonnected duc to operation of the centrifugal Switch the capacitor cremains in the civcutt onty ak Skowt, hence Skis Called Capacitor start motors. | ¥ In case of capacitor slant capac! tor van motor, there 44 ne centviduga gusitch ond Capacitor remain pawmenently in the Covcutt Wis Fenprovel he power Jactor- \ The Stowking torque available fn such type of motor 48 alooukS0-t01007- of full toad torque the torque -slip chowacteriskict 13 shown Sn the Fig: Osea t ——|— capacitor sort Capacitor Start Capacitor ai Paci tor un 3 7. fll lod tongue ° * Lehim = Las SegApplications thee motors have high starting torque cand hence ave Fused for hard starting loads. thee ove used for compressors, conveyor, grinders, tans, blowers , ore beigevators, ol conditions eke Thad are most Commonly wed motors. The Capacitors start copacitor ran motors awe used in ceiling fans, blowers and atv circulators: Shaded. Pelel DF This type of motor consists of a squirrel Cage votoy and stator Consisting of salient poles ie. projected poles: “the pols are shaded its cach pole comia a copper band on one of its umequatty divided pant Called shading band. solient Pole Shading hong () Salfent pole with shading band. (0) 4-pole Shoded pole conshuctfon A The pig: B-SAfa) shows 4 pole shaded polt construction while Fig. ASIN shows a single pole consisting of copper shading band. ¥ The Current corvied ley the stator winding is altemating and Produces altemating Munthe ware form of the Stun {¢ shown fn “the Fig -O-+59-9 (a)6. $2-2. Waveform of Stator 4 lun. A Abingtank t= tiprake of rise of Cuvvent and hence the flux fs Mery Wigh. Due to the tyansfovmer action, large cmb gets induced fn the Copper Shading band: his etrculokes Current through shading {ks own Aluk. According to F band as it ts short dradibed , Producing 4o oppose the Jends law, the diveetion of 4M6 Curvent is SO as atee in current Hence there 15 Crowding of 4uue In lun In Shaded part » overall won in the fig 59H) Couse fey non Shaded park while weakening o! 4 Hs in nonshaded part as shor magnetic anis shi stant tzti,wake of vise of Current and henc veay little Gnduced 2 the vale ¥ Ak in | of change of flu ts almost Zero Hence there is fn the shading cing. Hence dhe shading ving lua fs also | erm Hence the main flux distyt bution i uniform and magnelic negligible - athe centre of the pole face as shown tn ig. @SI-AC0 omnis lia ot K he torque Speed Chavercteristfes ig shown tm the gig 0-593 maagnette ovis mogneke on &) Abate 1) Ab be hyApplicatfons:. Wel naseweics low eich for the small Jans, toy ook a me i tia ted Tetord players, qramoph ‘s a wee ee 1 phone; haiy dryers, Photocopying machin ueke.. Conskrsiion of synshvonous qeneratert- * Sn Synchronous generators i-e, alkernators he shakionory windtng 44 called ‘Stator! while ste rotating winding 1s Colled ‘Rotor! ) Statgyi he stator 14 0 statlonany ovmatuore: “This constts wnt inal wile up | | | of a cove and the slokt to hold the arma hy | | Fhe skator cove uses a laminated Construction THis OF Special steel stampings insulated trom cach other wi [Mow nish wry paper ‘the laminated constrelfon fs basically to | \eeep down eddy current loses: |X the enkive Cove 48 dabrtcated in a brame mode of steel plata. she Cove has slots on tts periphery tor housing the ermakure Conductors « Ak enlation [1 maintoined with the help of holes castea fn the | drome He section of an alkernatoy stator fe shown fn the Pig-O-6l]-a ® [8 Bolor- "here ove too type of votows used fo alkenators, «O| | galt ke ee eed Me [¥ This (4 alse called projected pole type ax all the poles ome Ppaojected out from the surtaca of the rotor. Hrhe pols ore bulk up of AWick skeel lominations he pols awe | | bolted 40 the rotor os shown inthe Pig. Gh? | | | | isd ww 3"9 | Le poke ced | s “FR | Bolt | toot | sees shot | wee S i The pole face has been given a spedhe shape as dtecussed | earlier Cm case of dee: generators the Held winding ts provided | [on the pole shoe | Fthuse soters have large dameters and Small anial lengths. |% AS mechantcal Strength of Salfent pole type fs lus, hte ts | | preferred Jor ow speed alternators ranging Jrom tas vpn te S00. pm | % The prime movers used to drive Such votor ore qenerally, water Auebines and F.C. engines: thy Smgath gytindsicel ov won salient typer- Hews is alto called hon solent Kype ev) non- projected pole type af v0 tor. 1 he Fig: 8-65 shows Smooth tylindrical type of wolor: \ , - :“he voter Consists of Smooth solid steel cylinder, bf sloks te accommadate the Held evils the St lots ave Covered ak having numbers Abe top with the help of Skeel (or) monganue wedges ¥ he unslotted portions of the cylinder Tkselt act as the poly. athe poles are not Projecting ouk and the surface of rotor 7s Smosh which maintains uniforms alr gaps belween Stator ond the rotor: Erhue volors have small dtameters ond lorge omial tengihs: dbis {5 to Weep peripheral speed withio Veni b> H che main advantage OF Huis type Fs That thue ave mechanically Nery Strong ond Abus prehered for high Speed alternators rom ging behween tso0 40 SeOO sT-prras- Such high Speed alternators core talled * turboaltemators'. IF the prime moveas used to dive Such *Ype of motors ore qererally steam juvbinu, electc motors:—_-—h— tM @ [ Woxeins painct ple of Altonaters ©. operation eh syncinonaus qeneraier | erinet ple of prinet ple, Ot H the altematers “of clectromagnelfe induction: Synchronou generators work on the principle. Lihen there {5 @ relative motion | bekween the conductors and the Stun, emby gets fnduced ‘in the | conductors: % consider a velaive motion of asin gle Con ductor under the dla Produced bY 480 Sta¥ionoy pelt: The magnets wnagnekc 4 d vy Held fs ver cal, Shown | amis of the two pols produce | dotted tn the Fig Geet al Ls | | eae } | tla TJ 4 | | $ | ee | pevpendicutow a9 tus |g Lek Conductor shorts notating rom position 4. At his ‘instant, | Ake endive veloci by tomponent {5 povallel to the flu nu » Hence | Ahere 1s no Cutting of Hum tines ley The Conductor. Hence induced | Gmdetn the Conductor ts also Zevo | 3 As the Conductor moves trom position 4 towords position 9, the | | Pot ot the velocity component becomes perpendicular to the fun | | Aime and proportional to that ,cmd qeks Induced in the tonduct jhe magnitude of Such an induced emf. ineveas of the | | Conductor moves trom position @ towards a. * AL oo fi ‘ | . ene a 4, “the entire velocity tomponent is per pend’ cular . + Unb Hence there enists manimum cutting of the wae ast om Bnd: And at this instant, the induced Crm in the Conduct= © Fes at its monimum: RAS the pogition of “Conductor changes trom & towards.3, the niclocly component perpendicular {> the Husa sharts decreasing and hence Snduced evm-f: magnitude also Starts deerveasing- ab | YosiHon 3, Again the entire velocity Component is porate! to the | Stun Une and hence ak His instant induced emf. in the | Conductor is vero LE AS ane posifion of Conductor change from 9 towards 3, the velo tity tomponent peypendi culow to the $lun Storts decreasing Fand hence Snduced Cmf. magnitude allo starts decreasing At | | Posikon 3, again the eniive velocity Component Ts poraltel to [the Mat Tru ond hence at Akis Instant induced Crt fin the | Conductoy 1s Bevo. JR AS tne Conductor moves fom position 3 towards 4, the | Netocity Component perpendicular to Ahe fis tines agdin starts | Increasing: But the direction of welocity component now 7s opposite to the divection of veto city tom ponent existing during the movement of the Conductor from posiken 1 to 9. Hence an Amduced emeh in the Conductor Mereases but in the opposite divecton+ KA‘ Position 4, Vt achieves maxima in the opposite direction, at The entive velocity Component ‘loccom perpen dicutar ‘to the fun Una- # Agsin hom position 4 tod, induced ems clecreasys and finally at position 4, again becomes tevo. This cycle continu os Conductor wotates at acertain Specds # Sof we plot the magnitude of the (duced erm-F against Ame Hime, wegok an atkemating nature of the Induced emo-t ag | oy shown in the Fig: O-6a-3.@ + ~ fates Jor a pele attemator, one mechanical revolution Co pend s | ko one clectvical Cycle ie 360 electrical Of ON induced mnt EIn ew & pole alternator, for one vevelution of the Conductor, we get the -heo Clectvical tyelar of the tnduced Cmts due to flax disbrtbution due to 4 pols: * In qereral, one mechanical revolution of voto =£ cycles of erm-b cleck af cally: HAS speed ($f Nap, in one second, rotor will copa) arevolutions. | | F Buk electrical wyeles [see = Prequency =} we prequeney f= (tor of cleckical cycles per revolution) X ae — per Second) fe fe Ext sey $2FE tie" re Cycles per see) K go Avere exists ec fined relationship behween three quantita, | dhe numer of poles p, the Speed of tthe sotor No in 7 pom and 4 the bequency of on in duced emf in He Cher tt) Hthe Speed of the alternator at which TE produces fm duced Gd ak the vated brequenty for P numbers of poles is Called | Syrerrenous Speed Ns Weewhere f= Required rated freq ucnay SE ¥ Aw qole alternator fs coupled +0 an engine running at Soo apm: Ck supplies & 3 phase frduction moter having full load | Speed at 1840 vpm. pind y. slip and number of poles of the motor: AMI for an alternator, P=12, N= 500% Pn. Ng = 80h gig, Pe SOCK _ jaa SSO Fox an Gnduction motor, Nev = 1440%Pm. Se Neavest «My = [spor pn -uet p ~ld0xs 4 = aon olay nf wails | eJeg 2 No | Jes 2 NSOR og - IOO= IMO. Lay, Ns isve