onrT-I @ A.C Civeuits Alteynating Quantity: " Se Simating Quanity + A quowtity eahich changes periodtcally its magnitude and divecten vofth respect to Hime’ ts Known as "Alternading quantity: Alternating Current SCA.C) tf "the current which changes periodically fs magnitude ond diveelton with vespect +o dime is called as " Altewnating Current : oxy va) > has magnitude & phase angle 3 it has fine Frequency 4s dependent of the time 2 Ve held. 4 i > T+ chomges divechon in Ve Direct Current (n-c) The Current which maintains Re Constant magnitide & only me divectivn = > Tis andeperdend of the dime 2 fregueny is "er (0) 3 Magnitude is omnsiorCycle : A set of posilve @negalive tastantaneous Volue of the alternading quanitly . 1 Cycle = 2M vedtans (eo) 360°. Frequency 1(£) ! Freguency is *no-of cycle per & sezond* dor on altewseling quomlily. 4 = + unis ™ Hz" (Herts) “Time _pevied tT the time required by the alternating quantity +e complete one cycle " ye, BoA i . “ Maximum Volue 2~ The maximum value is the“ Value reached by alienating quently in total Sine 4 eV Peak Valuet— Tits dhe maaimum value of the wave [eames duving eithed positive negative half cycle@ Tt is metimum difference behoeen peak so peak volues of 4Ve amd -Ve cycles , Peak to Peak volue -— ey Tnstantanesus Valy Value t= the Value of alternating guamlity at a particular instant ime iS Knwwn as fastanteneous Value. . where Vis Ty of wave ab t h \. vis Tv of wove ab t, Angulon | Frequency. Cts) | ~ atts the freguency expressed in dlechteal radians per Seeend, Ibis expressed as = QT x CycleZ.,, foe art | ved jfec eo wt Tl vedf, © Tesot [rd wl o= aan t] ad, Equaction of of Aternehing 5 guamlily | | Fu AC- “panel iG) = Im Sin wt eo 1G) = TnSin 6. whee Ten 7 eronttmumt Comet ws 7 amgular frequontyRM.S Value (Root Mean Square Value) * etfeckve Value The RMS value cf an alternating Curent ts equolent to Steady Current CD.c-durvewt) , which produces the Same amount of heat as thet produced by am alternating Guvvent when Tt passing through a Same circuit For a Scrme time co Specified dime, (or) The RMS —Value of am altemuting gquankity means thet Square rool of average of the squares of its instanteneous Values over o° ane - Complete cycle. > Fer omy alternating quently FCU the time povied ae then was value is Arvea Covered by towne art y= Cact qwswt + a, ws 204+. + Cb, Sinet + by a he — ) then — For Altevnating Cunmenf RMS value cam be coleulrbed dox Complete ome wyele.® Average Value t- nas De The Average Value Can be defined as the street Steady Current (D-¢) which transfed change across ony Urwit , the same ormourt of charge transfered by thet altering Current during the same time for dhe Sovme me (ood “the Average Value of am alterneting guantily is defined as-thad value ehich is obtained averaging all the instantenenus values over 4 period of hal? cycle hey - a avg 7 (de de af TMT 1p - Avea under cave dr hal cle o 9 Length of base over hal? cycle (oo taf toe = dththyt bn 5 4 n LNGe Average Value Bw AC-Signal is sero, fer that we havedo cabletate cwerge value for hal#-eycle, Form Fado !- Fom-Lekr is the vefio of ems & Average Valu | ie Fen faotov CEE) = ky = RMS Value Averge. value.Peak factor 09 Crest factor Peak factor it if the radio of Peak Value cr) marimum value to the pms Value | tas pe = Manic Bast He Rms value. Problem !- Determine RMS Value ‘for given Signal 9) Derive the relation behoeen RMs Value & matinum talue, ctor qven Si | tea signal, Solution!~ . ~~ For given Signal is Sieusoida) Alterdiag voltage , its mathemodival epction is Vo = Vin Sint — usidh time penievd T= ATT i Then RMS -Value iS t Vins = fat fv" deo a0, = Var gf Cm Sivat)” Let) - yt T © Sse] ew all 3[ ot ~ | lopeepee pers enpaesrsenccansmeenman ee ee Ratlen = Determine © derive dhe “reledion behoeen Average ee ee gren_ Altecneding valtoge ber "Abd Heneperiad is Reo so let halftime period N, “g \, lowe, = Am 2 2 Average Value fox gwen wave fourm Value & morimun Value VeVi sina rove dum fiverage Value ve Ww " u T= TW dhen * al f Vv dtct) = ° \ 1 Tr 5 Ven Sintest) dot) Me [- weel)y Xm Ebest - cs 6)} 1! Vm. f- -1—1) ve. C-C1n 9) a) ze T= Vaug = Tt S| Vag = 0.634 ViqFor Sinuscidal Signa Form fector & Peak Putor are Forrarlactor = BMS Value 0-762 Von Avg Vee Besa Vg MM Manimumvalue Pea aston Ime © osmig he Prcbler > ot ermine Rms & Avg Values iferm-foeter & Peak feuctes of periedic funedion a) Sete e ayn Given debe poe have fo GatePe rnsten equation with indhe Limits of o ingts 9 Ve Form Fauter = Weng a) Peak fodder = VE. HS =I EE Find Averye RMS , Voltage conve form which is having 20V matimum ot o» We have phase difference behceen MRV,£s 30° we have phase di Herewce bebe And if ue take’ Vi" is veference phasor ther Vo is Gags by Vy 730° Va iS lead by vy 460, en VW BVa Is 68@ Phasov representation cfon Altexnating Quantity The graphical veprecention of sinuscidally Vorying alternating quantity by a shraight line with an avroeo , Msuch tine 2s called ap "phasor " to! Vector” The diagram which represents dhe diferent ntifies by individual phasors gohtch gives alternaking que the exact phasor taterrelefionships 1s Known aS phaser diagram. Let phasors are assumed to be related 1 anticlockotse divection gol. constant Speed , as Shown below then A = Ay, SnCtot 9) NE > consider o phaser totading in anticlockwise divectio Foor dhe phaser angle 0° +o 30° , then alternasing quantity imereases frum © to upto 30° on yoni) > And From 30 to 60° A phasor rotates then agen allematioy quohly fincion will cheng? xy le AW= Am Sin @as (ike dhat at 90° tS A= Am SB EZ go? Tey AG) =O % go goauo ibis AG) =—-Am .._ Band S0 on, , athe alferacing quel can be cheenged- Uke Aig dtns type of retafing Vector is called Phascy | amd dhis diagram 18 Called as” phasor diagran | T- operator on je notedion S— aaa Peano Th is a quantity when it ass on any phaser then phaser will tums into 0? ‘in ant} cleckatse direction iL ts called as” feoperater "eo j= notstion” « By using Ih we can Seve the complex” phasoy Coheatatins of altering quanlities Lek a Veter eo phasor having rnagnithile A & phase emgle O° then fH shown af FE coe app ' eed Alo* t+ yehdes to Jreper ae? anf lockwie divecting ie ALISty S=F =I Loot ALad Oo o ks je-t =1 L190 | _— jpe- = 1370 LI70° Met =I Repreentstion of Altenating Quadilies!— ray by two forms, | 1 Rectergilore rom © Polar fon THs the

TH usebdl dy > Tt is usell dx mubliplayins & dividing adding & Substadion of Aes Add > (RRs) +5 (Ht) malty > vite Lee { Sub > CR\-Ry) tO devidin —y De JOP i) 5 Reckeryulley to polar conversion is Polow is Rectangle dovn z-atib 2 vO yle => azaatyb Yn LYS eo Va CEREZD % ene by , bev 1M © = ton'( 7)Basic debtmdims | impedence (2) % This the otal epposikon offered by am ACHCireeat for the iso of Current through it 15 Called“ Tmpedonce" cask the ratio of phasor voltage (vy) to the phasor Cuwent (x) is Called ” Pmpedarce * he z= ReIx ) 2-4 ere, 3 TY wognihde valued 2 Units ert 0" Renstamce CX) © The opposition offered by reactive components 1-@ indueter eo capacity in an AC Gredd dey the flow of Cwntut thercugh it is called "Reactance(x) te imojineny portod impedence z= REIX oy dor nduabor iis"%L* a ter capoetter IS Xe XL= inductive veactante Xc= Capacilive yeactane ck Hi 4 onitg are@_ Admaitiance «-C¥) othe vectprocal of impedamee fs called as Adwnittance CY), > units are Ur Combo) ! ice -te Y= 2 pa rater weget by Ratimalising the denn RIK Y<-xn—7 Ff Rx> Rx R VUhere G conductance = jaye Bo Susceptonce =F SX ; Rae Susceptance (8) + the imajinary powt—of admit.ttance js Called 05 — Susceptemce (8) > Units ore “"Mho(t>) @a Siemens =X _, Gnduhve Susceptance 2 & ix toh —* nr axe ak ~ Capacthiw Susceptan +x? | Conductance Ca) \- has the veal poof admittance 2 ' a= oni one “ur Y BaxReal Power eo Active Pocoer © True Power ao Average AN © Watt Posed CP) The productof tums Values of Voltage and Current with the cosine of angle behoeen them ts called “Ackve Powe! 7 Units are Weds. co, The pot produt-of the ¥m-s valuee of Voltage amd Cascent lb the Stee ch chide béloven Hote dv cllect acbrve component ek the Cumert 35 called “ Achve. pocoet in ac cireeat Com be defined as the Reackve Powed Go Wattles Power (0 euadrahuie Poses ( @) the produst-of -ymg Values of voltage & conven with the sine of angle behveer thom is called“ Reaokve powet" ke Q= VE Sing > Units are VAR ~ Volts Ampere et Faion Reastance eo The pucer in ac Circuit Gan be debined as dhe podudef yng value of Voltase ond —veartive compre of the Curret§s Glled ° Rosse Power &"‘appecieileant CP The product of vims Values of Voltage & current 1 ts called “ Apparent Power" in ac Grew ie 8 = Ves X Lams g- (Phe @ S= PrjQ Power factor 2 Power factor is the “cosine of the angle between Voltoge phasor to arent phasor in ae cireutt. the term "Cos" is called powcr footer. Example fox Resistive Load _, ws¢ =! —_— Cxnfhase) mM Trduckve bead _, Current lags v Sg =z Copasi tive foad 3 Curent Leads g Q aay Powsed Tri te ee rrfangle 2 Power triangle *s the geomenhical seprecentadion of the apparent power , ackive power g veaakive pours. be wWe have poostr “Fong sean Capacitive Qood.Posen Triangle fen Induskive food '— For Wnduehive Load Current Leggs by Vo Hage Le vo Es @ E se > LSing I Toasp = active compurent Zsing= veashve comporert dhe power tame iv vz cos¢ (P) \ ie sof pet VESing(@) S= Qrase) HOE Sing S=VE Power Triangle fon Gpasitive forad Far Capatthve Cond Cument Beads by voltage T % Tsing x. 6 my Tess Powe+ Friangle v wv i a VE Sing = = pret SVL. Vz cost =?Come! ex Power « oT Complet power is dhe produc of vellnge to the Conjugate Current component (09 product of Conjugate Voltage compment td anrrentt CP = vi™ wo vr vi =V ef”. rao" -yre# simillarly fer indwtive: ge VE = p+i8| te Bee trdualive GrailAnalysis of Single-phase ac-cireuits HC aim Pee See’ wor Based Sinesoidal vespmse of Pure Resistive Creult Consider a Simple cecuit consisting of a pure vesistance 'R' emanested usith Sinusoidal yolaye V = Vin Sinwot , as Shown beloxs R > Acearding to ohmis wae Ihe Cument in Circuit ts teu Vn Sint ve Hesinet Fe R ive i= (ia) sinwe —O > Compare e9(7) usith Standard Current eguadiod ta Iq Sin (wt +P hee Tyee geo ve n > the motimum Crrenf Valuel is Ine > geo veprecent Voltage Qumrods one Pnphase So j= Tm Sin wt tpi® > The ‘instantaneous power is producto tstantaneous Values of Voltage ond current R=vxi Ys = VimSinwt x Tn Sineat ; w& = Suid sivteot Tn phase = Vmim Cl-cs2ut) oD i p= Yadn_ Yon grat) —O inst =z as dreguienty Za eg® she term Vintim gpg wt) 1S having double om So +s Value becomes 20%, 7 The average power Value is equal do tah instantaneous poses of constant power coraponent mem _ Vn Ten Fag eal 2 = Va, Sm favs = ee yews power is [P= ve [atsAC - Xhvough Pure Tnductance pistes Consider q Simple Greuk consisting of a pure {nduefance’ | ten connected with Sinuscida) . voltage V=VmsSineot as shown below. For pure inductive Cradt current 0998 by Voltage 90°, it cam be _VeVqsinwt proved as Voltage utes ndafor Is Ve Ld S Vm Sinwt = L gu di = Nm sin et L Ve fare (YM sincat -wswt = va. a7 tot stovndod cred { = Vm sin(wt-3 ) Bees. Fon Sinket = £9) wb = Ty Siniot-E) where sci & g=L Above equation gues thed Current Lags by voltye 40° NL Veetoy Hagram i we TL® >The fnstuntanesus Power Phage SE VRE = Ve Sint x Vn sin (wt-§) = —Ven Tm Sineat ta wot <2 Sind = 2 SINA GSA ne = oe sinQut) > The Average” vale dex pune Sndustive Is zero, why because we have double frequenuy term (Sin 20t ) So | Ruy = © / Pure tnduefamce never consumes power Ace tong Pare Capacitance consider © Simple Cirat consisting of a pure Gpaciin C Farad) Connected silt sinusoid voltae Ve Vp Sinst- ¢. For pure capositive Cutt Gumed leods by Veliage 90=% tt-tan be yeusnust proved aS = The fnstarttancous charge in capacitor is Z= CV = C UmSinat - 5 Curent BRIS vate of charge Se Pe Bs. fi Stamdent Corned {= gE vmsinat) bar Ope ink 19) _ c. Va. eo swt) © i= Cn.) sin (wt +1) > Tm SinCot+ E) . the eguastion give thot Current feads by voltape 90 = "7 AF Bee Tr le ao Gg = a 8 Cl _syyp — The %nStamtaneroys powes Past = NX Ex VSinat x Em Sin at 1%) Res Yate SinQ@est)), ? he average power Value i geo fv pure Gpasitive Chautt , because Ht has double Ereyuency termCSin2st] [Pa=e/ Pure Capactey never Consumes the Pas6y. Note d= Fer pure inductive R capacitive Crrudtts nevey oonsumes ‘the powers , because thuige are energy Sleved Component reat.Analysis of Series RL- Circuit t- : concider a genes RL-Cireadt+ commented sith alternabag Voltage 9 = VmSinwst as shewn below ep ok Tn a gwen Groat .the LS lament! devaaot by RL ithen x UH causes two vollye dps » > Voltage 1p auress pure vesistane Va= ER w> Voltuge drop Te we will take voltages should be a ph according te KVL, the add?tten of phasor Is auess pure an dustonce VL= TX asors ,then Je ytw = FR 4 TX by above equation dhetr phasor diagronn & Volteyge hicmgle yu om vase NS phasov deste voltage Wramgle Fem phaser dhorptonn Fon OAB Vp > is tophase «sth T v = Weave vn bg by 3 v= (eae vet. fen =LtTmpedunce & Fmpedemee Triewgle a The impedance dv RU= Great 4s %= RAIXL (Redmudy) there X= QMFL Z = 121 LO (Polar dorny damn ZOAB ~ton g = AE sing -£ @sy =%& => TH Gn be Seem thet Gorret (age by volhye by gp” Se UG = Ven Sinat fay = Tm Sint) > The Instovtencous Pow Py = Uxi = Vn sivert x Lm Sivfat-@) = VinIm Sint sinner = Mindy (Cosy ~ cosewt-t)) 2b = Vint Minn = Wain tos f— NmIn cosCrwt-4) > Tm abwe egurton the Sesond term cos(2ut-g) has dcuble freguenty & cwerye value or cycle is Kew Pas = a cosh = Wa Ta eh wie OFPovs ws¢ wsdl The Gia wovedurms fr V, TB power’ Analysis ob Seies RC-Greuit + malysis of Sees RC—Creutt ; Consider a Somes RC-Chand Umneited with a Source = Vm Sintot , as shown below c Q The give Giver drones i Ss’ causes the the current two voltage dvops Vevinsiet ++ Voltage dvop aurvss pure rvesislanne Va = IR 3 voltage drop Aes pure Capiitance Ve =F Xe For a given Grout , apply KVL then by addttrm of diwe phasey SFron the above epustion their phasor diagram gwoltye hieryle is Va eT NQ > We=EXe From LOAR ve (ge “Veer! freze’] Zmpeloonce & Tmpedorve Fromgle i — ped j Cred » ZT RAK (Cooter The impedence for RC-Cireail Pr aliew 3 Tt cm be seen dhe Curent SBP by voltye ‘p teads se uct) = Vin Sint W)= Tm (Sinst +6) > The Instantencous Paes Pind = Wxt = VyqSintat ¥ Im Sin (at +B) =\mEm (Smot- sin otto ). Pink = Vine Vine inst i =a cos( matt 9) Tr chove Gustion dhe cosine tern “eastot "has dowble frequents phence ts avenge powey Value is ger, So -v - fag = nin cos — Ym, Sm cosy TO oS p / wal > Devefoms for V,T & Power J fine, Analysis of Sefes RLC Cirait ¢— Analye RR Gangided a dreett eonSishing of vesistance R chms pure Industance L Henries amd Capacttance ¢ -ferads Connected in senes with Supply = Vin Sineot , as Chown bebo , When Supply is connected Shen Currend ‘zr’ dou ams tt Causes 3 - Voltage drops+ pasts Vo Vy Sirol ueto Curent “' Z' there oe diflerent voltage Gvops ass RL @ C with ome given by Ris WwetR 7 Drop acnss YeSistance A Rrep CTS tndustonee Lis YEH = Brog across Copastteme ck Vv, = FX By Aceording KVL de RiLC~chraiit . Fa Wet vet e is phaser adat Ken hy dea Consider wwe have For 88% droning phaser diagram B- Cases OF cased + KF Ke case2: XL<%e Case 3: Xr cased = XL>%e , so vesultant of (irve) is towards ‘VY ive foadtag Fs Ny, ‘ When XL>X_ ‘then VL> Ve nfo othe arcu} behaves ag {ndurtive nature Ne® case 8t X,< Xe When %L< Xe then V In Inverters © Mave taping Brey, Resewwance trequency Cf) ter Series RLC-Chrenit ee ~S OO OOS Ta ag 2 RLC- veut} at hich Be Prepuency the resonamce occurves , that Fregueney Called as "Resonance Prequensy ch) te 4 = anvee Let fy be the frequency ad-wohich ‘resonance occurs in Semes RLC ~crw)At = a =? vesoamt Fregueney, fy the veattomce 15 Zero be XLS Xe Meh O- end = aie - | 4 ~ amie Angular Yesmnone breany then Circuit iS Capasihve nade fo cf then CuerHis Inductive radier hed is powe ve sishve rots => steenbe shown Zz capaitiive he tnduatve 5 At Yesoncmce Cummentis Mandmum > The power at resmane p = 722 m ‘Band width omd Quality fercter (s) fer Resonance Cfreuxt Tn a Sones RIC-Cradt | ab vesomance tordthion toe have dhe two half puser freguentes which dor are due +o veottive compments , as (o- de) = +e Consider hoo hal? paoer dreguenctes oS (oL- ae x4+R —O =<-R —@O Grade AM Gg D4QO., Hen (w+) L-(ded, + =o (tw) L = (tee) 1 ww, JC { WW, = te —@ wort : > Substrot egD-eD , thew (@,-w,) 4 (or) 1 ag rng ET wr ie o on both Side, (Uo, -W,)+(to, wy) = rip(Wo, ) = & 4,-4, =f Band width = BW= = & ~ 4A = on at= & arid we have Upper cat-ot Presueny 4= 4, + At Lower cuatro tree, d,=4y7 af Ig, Qualiby fector!- a of Voltage auress L on) C cath Supply voltege cestion 1S Crest - tt Yahou ye Voltage msg I is _ Me % QR oy @ Bek (dic RL eget. AOR DCRR 0 OB RE NE a —Poralled RLC Chratts —— &- gn senes—perall Circuit A & 8 one in perallel amd im Series with C’, Baz Urj3 Pye WIS xf the current Tez (Q5t50) 5 CG) Broruh éenevoltaje Resmance ae In bebomes to 2°) we (Br-Be) =O m¥e SOLO Civ) Phaser dianran. in ecole a PF es awralte) Cert shen Men Civcut > Power ~fate is unity. > TRS 1 Complex om Consider A Po semes of mi Tuned Gras of civatt’s are Xt used in R&L Oscillotrd untiechon 5 coven is Glled 4. x4 impedence Ze & Xe amd veewtangy T the Gy Branch salleD Chroust uohidr ts an puxaltel with ‘e’ ass The impedances orve C Eee 2ti8an, caledbe ured (it) Toh power eres to suscesptance os fb is Sad to be 0 Z wrrrentis minimum. cave & Filey. having hon below,ot vesonamce we howe veleHion BLE KM xe 2 2 R’+ (anf) = Cand) x ot R*+ (angty = & @nf,U= be Re andy= t £ =ip* Th iS Same ay BBY ENe! VESonoy = Qualify fecter js Current rnantrift tinyCrauits + Three— phase bela balanced Creults Three phase Ciresit ‘69 System 3 The system which fs having thee voltages uith same magnitude & Same Frequency bam and having each one with a phase datference 120° . As fallouas vp Ve = Vimy Sin wt S Wy = Vin Sin @E-!26) 20° BYp Ve = Ve Sin(ot-240) © Veq Sin cert +12d) i " stay Connerted System = we have 2-types of 3-f Systeme Ths tonnetted Systern Advatnges of * of 3+ an System t By using 3f System output powsed fnaveases , it iS Us times of 1-6 Ssterm power > Ta 3d System anppix designing of Hramsmission and dfstribulton tt veguive less coppey as comnporsed uth I-g System. —> By using 3-6 system we Gm produce rctading rmegaedic deld. > tq 3G Syslern instankeneous power is conto <5 Tree phase System give steady ouput.> The 3-¢ system having © betes vegulaKon ,wasith tf Sek, > 3-6 cam be used +o Supply dhe I-f Load Syébm > 3-H canbe veekhel into DC~ Supply with tow vigple faker > PoralleD operadion ts easy in 3-9 System, Phase Seguence = The time arder eo the Seguence in which the Voltages in “thyee—phases veoch dhety merimum values is Known as phase Seguence ” > Generally ve have R-Y-B is phase Fepuew Va Yy Vi Phase voltage Usb tine voltage which is MeaSured behocen a line amd neubral cabled os phase voltage Cate Ven ~ Vw on Voy Line voltage *&)-The Voltage measured bebween ary two lines in q S-phase Sy Stern ee Vay 1 We , “eR Vey = Ve-W \ Yya= Wy -%@ Voltage & Caurerd yelattons in 3- Star Conneckd Systern - ena oe The civeuld diagrem fer a 3-¢ balanced Star Gomnected circu! widh phase Sequence RYB as Shaun below For a given 3-f Stor connecter! System has — Phase voltages Veh = Van =\y = Von & Phase Gureds Iph= Irn=Ty = Ie Vey = VaVy Wa = W-¥%y 5 Une volleges VLE Vey = Yve = Men Ver =Ve-Ve_ bline Gured Ips IZg = Ty tg. <5 Fhe phaser diagram fer line Ephase voltae iaaa Vey From AOA =-fc, \ HY o¢ ORB 60S 30 ae by B Sa So Vph 1 To Stat Umnerted Systern have voltuy Thuse line Voltuge'¢ YQ times ft San Conrestion = Power p =3Vn, Gi wsg dor B+ System Ss “ lp aR VX se > The 3-6 phasor diagram doy Star emnerted Jnductve Load is® Voltage R cumend veloffons in 3-¢ Della connetted Syéter !- The ctreuit diagram for q 3-¢ Delta connetat System vaith phase Seyuence RY-B as Shown below For aqwen Bg deltatonnedted System has > phase Voltages Ve = W = Ve = Vn F phase Cantadt Tph= Try = Typ > Top 7 Une voltages Vv, = Vpy = Ye =Ver Eline Cameds T= Ip Ty =3p > The phasor diagram for line Curent & phaSe emetyFrom Tramh OAB cos = 2 = Y B = Sh. = Iph i delba_eonnested System ees) oot [Mame The Poser in BB Sytem V P, =BVoh Fph OSS pais VE oss woh + The 3-¢ phasoy diagtem fur delta Connetet Indusive ‘ey,