03 Alternating Current

Alternating current and Voltage

Alternating Quantity
An alternating quantity (current  or voltage V) is one whose magnitude changes continuously with time
between zero and a maximum value and whose direction reverses periodically.
Comparison of AC and DC

Alternating Current Direct Current

AC DC
i = i0sint
i0

O + O
T/2 T t t
–

Changes direction periodically Flows only in one direction

Can be Generated by using AC Generator. Can be Generated by using DC Generator, Battery,
solar panels.
Inverter converts AC into DC. Rectifier converts AC into DC.
Can be controlled using Transformer. Cannot be controlled using Transformer.

Types of current
Examples of AC :
i i
i0 i0
(1) t (2) t
Sinusoidal AC
–i0 –i0 Square AC

i i
i0 i0
(3) t (4) t
–i0 Triangular AC
–i0 Saw-tooth AC
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Equation for I and V
Alternating current or voltage varying as sine function can be written as
I = I0 sin t or I = I0 cos t
where I = Instantaneous value of current at time t,
I0 = Amplitude or peak value
 
0 0
3T T
4 2 T
T T T t T 3T t
4 2 4
4
–I0 –0

 as a sine function of t  as a cosine function of t

Standard definitions
1. Amplitude of AC : The maximum value of current in either direction is called peak value or the
amplitude of current. It is represented by 0
2. Time Period : The time taken by alternating current to complete one cycle of variation is called
periodic time or time period of the current.
3. Frequency : The number of cycle completed by an alternating current in one second is called the
frequency of the current.
UNIT : (cycle/s) or (Hz)
In India : f = 50 Hz , supply voltage = 220 volt
In USA : f = 60 Hz , supply voltage = 110 volt
Important values of alternating quantities
 Instantaneous Values  Peak Values
 Average Values  Root Mean Square (RMS) Values
• Instantaneous Values
The instantaneous value is "the value of an alternating quantity at a particular instant of time in the
cycle."
Illustration 1:
T
Find out instantaneous current value for I = I0 sint at t =
8
Solution:
As I = I0 sint
T  2  T   I
At t =  I = I0 sin    = I0 sin  I = 0
8  T  8  4 2
Illustration 2:
1
Find out instantaneous voltage for V = 200 sin (400 t) at t = sec
800
Solution:
As V = 200 sin 400 t
1 1
At t = sec  V = 200sin 400  V = 200 volt
800 800
Alternating Current
Illustration 3:
  T
Find out instantaneous value for I = I0 sin  t −  at t =
 6 2
Solution:
 2 T    I
I = I0 sin   −  = I0 sin = 0
 T 2 6 6 2
• Peak values/Maximum value
The maximum value of alternating quantity (I or V) is defined as peak value. It may or may not be
equal to amplitude.
Some common examples:
1.  = 0 sint peak value = 0 Amplitude = 0
2.  = 0 cost peak value = 0 Amplitude = 0
3.  = 0 sin(t+) peak value = 0 Amplitude = 0
4.  = 1 + 0 sint peak value =1+0 Amplitude = 0
5.
 = 1 sint + 2 cost
peak value = I12 + I22 ( )
Amplitude = I12 + I22

6.  = 1 + 2 sint + 3 cost peak value = I0 + I22 + I32 Amplitude = I22 + I32

 = 0 sint cost I0 I0
7. peak value = Amplitude =
2 2
Illustration 4:
Find the time taken by the current to reach half of its maximum value.
Solution:
I0 1 
= I0 sin t  sin t =  t =
2 2 6
2  T
 t =  t =
T 6 12
Illustration 5:
I
Find the time taken by current to reach 0 , if the frequency of current is 50Hz.
2
Solution:
At I = 0,  = 0°
I 
At I= 0 , =
2 4
T  T
As t =  =
2 4 8
1 1
or t = = = 2.5ms
8f 8  50
• Average Value
The mean value of A.C. over any half cycle (either positive or negative) is that value of DC which
would send same amount of charge through a circuit as is sent by the AC through same circuit in
the same time.
t2
t Idt
Area under I − t graph
Iavg = I = I = 1
=
t2 time interval
t 1
dt
 NEET : Physics
Important formulae :
1. <sin> =<cos> = 0 (for full cycle)
2
2. <sin> = <cos> = (for half cycle)

1
3. <sin2> = <cos2> = (for full / half cycle)
2
Average value of sinusoidal AC 
I0
Let I = I0 sin t
 For one complete cycle +
T t
<I> = <I0 sin t> = I0 <sin t> T –
2
<I> = 0

Note:
(a) Since average value of AC over complete cycle is zero therefore, batteries cannot be charged by
using ac.
(b) Electrolysis and electroplating cannot be done by using ac.

 For positive half cycle : For negative half cycle :

2I0
<I> = <I0 sin t> = I0 <sin t> I = −

2I0
I =

 
I0
+
t t
–

 For Quarter cycle :

 A1 
 2
  
A1  2  A 1 A/2
0
 I = 4
= = 2
t1  t1  t1
4
 2 2
  A/4 A/4
 2  t
  T/4 T/2
2I0
Hence  I =

Alternating Current
 Average value for full wave rectifier 
2A 1 A 1 0
A 2
 I = = = 2
T 2T1 T1 0 t
T
2 2

2I0
Hence  I full cycle = I Half cycle =

 Average value for half wave rectifier :

A1 + 0 A1
A 1 2 1 0
 I = = 2 = =  I 1
t 2t 1 2 t1 2 0 t
2
2 2 T/2 T

1  2I  I
Hence  I  =  0  = 0
2   

Physical significance of Average Current

t
 i.dt
iav = 0t
0 dt
t
iav  t =  i.dt  Charge flown by DC of value iav = Charge flown by AC of value i
0

Illustration 6:
If an A.C. main supply is given to be 220 V. What would be the average e.m.f. during a positive half cycle?
Solution:
2V0 2 2Vrms 2 2  220
Vavg = = = = 198 V
  3.14

• Root Mean Square (RMS) value of current

It is value of DC which would produce same heat in given resistance in given time as is done by the
alternating current when passed through the same resistance for the same time.
t2 2
t I dt
Irms = 1

t2
or I2rms = I2 
t 1
dt

1. RMS value of sinusoidal ac 
1 T
I2rms =  I2 =  I02 sin2 t  = I20  sin2 t  = I20  0 t
2
I0 –
Hence Irms = or rms = 0.707I0
2
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2. RMS value for full wave rectifier
 T  T 
 2   2 
( rms ) T 
I + ( rms ) T 
I
0
 0−  2  −T  2
I2rms =  2  2 
t
T T 0
+ T/2 T
2 2
2 2
 I0  T  I0  T I20 T
  +   + 2 I2 I
2  2 2  2 2 2 2
Irms = = = 0 . Hence Irms = 0
T T 2 2
3. RMS value for half wave rectifier
 T  T
 2   2  
( Irms ) T  + ( Irms ) T 
 0−  2  −T  2 0
I2rms =  2  2 
T T 0 t
+ T/2 T
2 2
2
 I0  T 2T
  2 + (0) 2 I2 I
2
I2rms =  = 0 . Hence Irms =
T 4 2
4. RMS value for a square wave AC 
    0
 2 T  2 T
( rms ) T 
I + ( rms ) T 
I T T
 0−  2  −T  2 I20 + I20 0 t
I2rms = 
2  2  = 2 2 = I2 T T
0
T T T
+ 2
2 2
Hence rms = 0

    
 2 T  2 T
( rms ) T 
I + ( rms ) T 
I T T 0
 0−  2  −T  2 I20 + (0)2 2
5. I2rms = 
2  2  = 2 2 = I0
T T T 2 0 t
+ T T
2 2 2
I0
Hence Irms =
2
6. As y = mx 
 2I  0
I =  0 t
 T  0 t
T T
T 2
 2I0  –0 2
2
0  T
t  dt
 2 4I2
T
I2rms = =  20  2 t 2dt
T T T 0
2
8I 1  T   8I2 T3 I20
2 3
I2rms = 30     = 03  =
T  3  2   3T 8 3
I
Hence Irms = 0
3
Alternating Current
Significance of RMS value
T 2

i2rms
 i dt
= 0
T
T
i2rms  T =  i2dt
0

T
i2rms  R  T =  i2Rdt  Heat produced by DC = Heat produced by AC
0

Important Note :
(i) The r.m.s. value of alternating current is also called virtual value or effective value.
(ii) In general when values of voltage or current for alternating circuits are given, these are r.m.s. value.
(iii) AC ammeter and voltmeter always measure r.m.s. value. Values printed on ac circuits are r.m.s. values.
(iv) In our houses ac is supplied at 220 V, which is the r.m.s. value of voltage. It's peak value is
2 × 220=311 V.

Advantages of AC
• A.C. is cheaper than D.C
• It can be easily converted into D.C. (by rectifier).
• It can be controlled easily (by choke coil).
• It can be transmitted over long distance at low power loss.
• It can be stepped up or stepped down with the help of transformer.

Measurement of AC
Alternating current and voltages are measured by a.c. ammeter and a.c. voltmeter respectively. Working of
these instruments is based on heating effect of current, hence they are also called hot wire instruments

D.C. meter A.C. meter

Name Moving coil instrument Hot wire instrument

Based on Magnetic effect of current Heating effect of current

Reads Average value r.m.s. value

A.C. circuit then they reads zero A.C. or D.C. then meter works properly
If used in
because average value of A.C is zero as it measures rms value

Deflection ∝ current Deflection ∝ heat

Deflection
 ∝ I (linear)  ∝ I2rms (Non Linear)

Scale Uniform Separation Non-Uniform Separation

 NEET : Physics
Illustration 7:

Find RMS value of I = 3 + 4 sin (t+ ).
3
Solution:

i = 3 + 4 sin (t + )
3

i2 = 9 + 16 sin2 (t + /3) + 24 sin (t + )
3
1 
<i2> = 9 + 16   + 24 [0]
2
1
<i2> = 9 + 16  
2
<i2> = 17

 r.m.s value = 17
Illustration 8:
Find out RMS value of following currents
(i) I = a + b sin t
(ii) I = a sin t + b cos t
Solution:
(i) I = a + b sin t
I2rms = <I2> = <(a + b sint)2>

= <a2 + b2 sin2 t + 2absint>

= < a2 > +b2 < sin2 t > +2ab < sint >

1 b2
= a2 + b2 × + 2ab × 0 = a2 +
2 2

b2
Hence Irms = a2 +
2
(ii) I = a sin t + b cos t

Irms = a2 + b2

< I > = < a sin t + b cos t > = a < sin t > + b < cos t >
<I>=0
a2 b2
I2rms = I2  = a2 < sin2 t > +b2 < cos2 t > +ab < sin2t > = + +0
2 2

a2 b2
 Irms = +
2 2
Alternating Current

BEGINNER’S BOX-1
1. Explain why A.C. is more dangerous than D.C.?
2. Show that average heat produced during a cycle of AC is same as produced by DC with I = Irms.
3. An ordinary moving coil ammeter used for d.c., cannot be used to measure a.c. even if its
frequency is low why?

4. Find the time required for a 50Hz alternating current to change its value from zero to rms value.

5. The current and voltage in a circuit is given by

i = 3.5 sin (628t + 30°) A, V = 28 sin (628t–30°) volt. Find
(a) time period of current
(b) phase difference between voltage and current.
314
6. The figure given below shows the variation of an alternating emf

e(volt)
0.1
with time. What is the average value of the emf for the shaded t(s)
0.2
part of the graph?
–314

Concept of Phasor
• Phase:
Physical quantity which represents both the instantaneous value and direction of alternating
quantity at any instant is called its phase.
It’s SI unit is radian. It is a dimensionless quantity.
If an alternating quantity is expressed as
 = 0 sin(t + ) then the argument of sine is called it's phase.
Where t = instantaneous phase (changes with time)
 = initial phase or phase constant(constant w.r.t. time)
(1) Phase difference : The difference between the phases of currents and voltage is called phase
difference. If alternating voltage and current are given by V = V0 sin(t + 1) and i = i0 sin(t + 2)
then phase difference  = 1 – 2 (relative to current) or (relative to voltage)
(2) Time difference : If phase difference between alternating current and voltage is  then time
difference between them is given as :-
  t 
=
2  T 
Illustration 9:

If Phase Difference between E and I is and f = 50 Hz then calculate time difference.
4
Solution:
Phase difference time difference  T  T 1
= Time difference =  = = = 2.5ms
2 T 2 4 8 50  8
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• Phasor Diagram
A diagram representing alternating current and voltage (of same frequency) as vectors (phasor)
with the phase angle between them is called phasor diagram.
Let V = V0 sin t and  = 0 sin (t + )
y y
V 0
 V0
0

t  V0
x x
fig (a) fig (b)

In figure (a) two arrows represents phasors. The length of phasors represents the maximum value
of quantity. The projection of a phasor on y-axis represents the instantaneous value of quantity.
In figure (b) two arrows represents phasor. Their length represents maximum value.
Properties :
(1) They rotate anticlockwise
(2) The length of phasors represents the maximum value (amplitude) of quantity.
(3) Vertical component represents its instantaneous value.
y
V0
0
V 

t
x

 = 0sin(t – )
Lagging and leading Concept
t
(a) V leads I or I lags V → It means, V reach maximum before I V,
Let if V = V0 sin t then I = I0 sin (t – )
and if V = V0 sin (t + ) then I = I0 sin t
V = V0sint

(b) V lags I or I leads V → It means V reach maximum after I  = 0sin(t + )

Let if V = V0 sin t then I = I0 sin (t + ) t

V,
and if V = V0 sin (t – ) then I = I0 sin t

Illustration 10: V=V0sint

 
If V1 = V0sint and V2 = V0sin  t +  than find resultant of the two
 3 V2 = V0
voltages.
Solution:
R
R = 3V0
 
Resultant voltage equation = R = 3V0 sin  t + 
 6 V1 = V0
Alternating Current
Illustration 11:
Find resultant of 1 = I01 sint & 2 = I02 cost
Solution: 2 =
 I0 
tan  =  2 
 I0 
 1 
  I0 
Final equation of current = I02 + I0 2 sin t + tan −1  2 
1 2
  I0 
 1 

1 =
Simple AC circuits
In order to study the behaviour of A.C. circuits we classify them into two categories :
(a) Simple circuits containing only one basic element i.e. resistor (R) or inductor (L) or capacitor (C)
only.
(b) Complicated circuit containing any two of the three circuit elements R, L and C or all of the three
elements. R
AC circuit containing pure Resistor
V = R
Let at any instant t, the current in the circuit is I.
Potential difference across the resistance = I R
with the help of Kirchhoff's circuital law E – I R = 0  E0 sin t = R ~
E=E0sint
E0 E
= sin t = 0 sin t ( 0 = 0 = peak or maximum value of current)
R R
Alternating current developed in a pure resistance is also of the sinusoidal nature. In a.c. circuits containing
pure resistance, the voltage and current are in the same phase. The vector or phasor diagram which
represents the phase relationship between alternating current and alternating e.m.f. are as shown in figure.
E = E0 sint
E and  Y
I = I0 sint
P
E E0
 3/2 t t
O X
/2 2  0

t
O X
In the a.c. circuit having R only, as current and voltage are in the same phase, hence in fig. both phasors E0
and I0 are in the same direction, making an angle t with OX. Their projections on Y-axis represent the
instantaneous values of alternating current and voltage.
i.e. I = I0 sint and E = E0 sint.
E0  E E
Since 0 = , hence 0 = 0   rms = rms
R 2 R 2 R
 NEET : Physics
AC circuit containing pure Inductor
A circuit containing a pure inductance L (having zero ohmic resistance)
connected with a source of alternating emf. Let the alternating e.m.f. E = E0 sint
d
When a.c. flows through the circuit, emf induced across inductance = −L
dt
L

~
E=E0sint
Note : Negative sign indicates that induced emf acts in opposite direction to that of applied emf.
Because there is no other circuit element present in the circuit other than inductance so with the help of
 d  d E  
Kirchhoff's circuital law E +  −L  = 0  E = L so we get  = 0 sin  t − 
 dt  dt  L  2 
E0 E  
Maximum current 0 =  1 = 0 , Hence,  = 0 sin  t − 
L L  2

In a pure inductive circuit current always lags behind the emf by or alternating emf leads the a. c. by a
2

phase angle of .
2
E = E0 sint
Y PE
E and  E 0

/2  3/2 t
O t
2 O X
/2–t

 0
 = 0 sin(t-/2) Q
E0 E
Expression 0 = resembles the expression = R .
L 
This non-resistive opposition to the flow of A.C. in a circuit is called the inductive reactance (X L) of the
circuit.
XL = L = 2 f L where f = frequency of A.C.
Unit of XL : ohm
(L) = Unit of L × Unit of ( = 2f) = henry × sec–1
volt volt
=  sec−1 = = ohm
ampere / sec ampere
X
Inductive reactance XL  f
Higher the frequency of A.C. higher is the inductive reactance offered by an
inductor in an A.C. circuit.
For d.c. circuit, f = 0  XL = L = 2fL = 0 f
Hence, inductor offers no opposition to the flow of d.c. whereas a resistive path to a.c.
Alternating Current
AC circuit containing pure Capacitor C
A circuit containing an ideal capacitor of capacitance C connected with a source of
alternating emf as shown in fig. The alternating e.m.f. in the circuit E = E0 sin t.
When alternating e.m.f. is applied across the capacitor a similarly varying alternating
~
current flows in the circuit. E=E0sint
The two plates of the capacitor become alternately positively and negatively charged and the magnitude
of the charge on the plates of the capacitor varies sinusoidally with time. Also the electric field between
the plates of the capacitor varies sinusoidally with time. Let at any instant t charge on the capacitor = q
Instantaneous potential difference across the capacitor E = q/C
q = C E  q = CE0 sin t
dq d
The instantaneous value of current  = = ( CE0 sin t ) = CE0 cos t
dt dt
 
 = 0 sin  t +  where I0 = CE0
 2
In a pure capacitive circuit, the current always leads the e.m.f. by a phase angle of /2. The alternating
emf lags behinds the alternating current by a phase angle of /2.

E = E0 sint
E and  Y PE
E 0

/2  3/2 O
O 
2 t 0
90°
t X
 = 0 sin(t+/2) O

Important Points
E/I is the resistance R when both E and I are in phase, in present case they differ
f
 1
in phase by , hence is not the resistance of the capacitor, the capacitor offer
2 C XC
opposition to the flow of A.C. This non-resistive opposition to the flow of A.C. in a
1 1
pure capacitive circuit is known as capacitive reactance XC. XC = =
C 2fC
Unit of XC : ohm
Capacitive reactance XC is inversely proportional to frequency of A.C. XC decreases as the frequency
increases.
1
For d.c. circuit f = 0  XC = =  but has a very small value for a.c.
2fC
This shows that capacitor blocks the flow of d.c. but provides an easy path for a.c. individual Components
(R or L or C)
 NEET : Physics
TERM R L C
R L C

Circuit

~ ~ ~

Supply Voltage V = V0sin t V = V0 sin t V = V0 sin t

 
Current I = I0 sin t I = I0 sin (t – ) I = I0 sin (t + )
2 2

V0 V0 V0
Peak Current I0 = I0 = I0 = =V0C
R L 1 C

V0 V0 V0 1
Impedance () =R = L = X L = = XC
I0 I0 I0 C

V0 Vrms
Z= = R = Resistance XL = Inductive reactance. XC = Capacitive reactance.
I0 Irms

zero  
Phase difference + (V leads I) − (V lags I)
(in same phase) 2 2

V 

Phasor diagram
V
 V

f
R XL
Variation of Z
XLf
with f
f f
XC

G,SL,SC SL = 1/XL SC = 1/XC

G=1/R conductance.
(mho, seiman) Inductive susceptance Capacitive susceptance
C - blocks DC
L passes DC easily
(because XC =) while
Behaviour of (because XL = 0) while
Same in provides an easy path
device gives a high impedance
A C and D C for the A.C. of high
in D.C. and A.C for the A.C. of high
 1
frequency (XL  f) frequency  X C  
 f

Ohm's law VR = IR VL = IXL VC = IXC

Alternating Current
Resistance and inductance in series (R-L circuit)
A circuit containing a series combination of a resistance R and an inductance L, connected with a source of
alternating e.m.f. E as shown in figure.
R L

~
E=E0 sint

• Phasor diagram For L-R circuit

Let in a L-R series circuit, applied alternating emf is E = E0 sint. As R and L are joined in series,
hence current flowing through both will be same at each instant. Let I be the current in the circuit
at any instant and VL and VR the potential differences across L and R respectively at that instant.
Then VL = IXL and VR = IR
 Y
Now, VR is in phase with the current while VL leads the current by . R
2 Q
So VR and VL are mutually perpendicular (Note : E  VR + VL)
E
The vector OP represents VR (which is in phase with I), while OQ VL
represents VL (which leads I by 90°).
 
The resultant of VR and VL = the magnitude of vector OR E = VR2 + VL2 O X
VR P
E
Thus E2 = VR2 + VL2 = I2(R2 + X2L )   =
R2 + X2L

XL

 R

The phasor diagram shown in fig. also shows that in L-R circuit the applied emf E leads the current
I or conversely the current I lags behind the e.m.f. E by a phase angle 
VL X L X L L  L 
tan  = = = =   = tan −1  
VR R R R  R 
• Inductive Impedance ZL :
E0
In L-R circuit the maximum value of current 0 = Here R 2 + 2L2 represents the
R 2 + 2L2
effective opposition offered by L-R circuit to the flow of a.c. through it. It is known as impedance of
L-R circuit and is represented by ZL. ZL = R2 + 2L2 = R 2 + (2fL)2
1 1
The reciprocal of impedance is called admittance YL = =
ZL R 2 + 2L2
 NEET : Physics
Resistance and capacitor in series (R-C circuit)
A circuit containing a series combination of a resistance R and a capacitor C, connected with a source of
e.m.f. of peak value E0 as shown in fig.
C R

~
E=E0 sint

• phasor diagram For R-C circuit VR P

O X
Current through both the resistance and capacitor will be same at 
E=
every instant and the instantaneous potential differences across C
VC V2
R +
and R are V2
C
VC = I XC and VR = I R
Q S
where XC = capacitive reactance and I = instantaneous current.
E (applied emf)
Now, VR is in phase with I, while VC lags behind I by 90°.
The vector OP represents VR (which is in phase with I)

and the vector OQ represents VC (which lags behind I by ).
2
The vector OS represents the resultant of VR and
VC = the applied e.m.f. E.
E
Hence VR2 + VC2 = E2  E = VR2 + VC2  E2 = I2(R 2 + X2C )   =
R2 + X2C

The term (R 2 + X C2 ) represents the effective resistance of the R-C circuit and called the capacitive
impedance ZC of the circuit.
2
2  1 
Hence, in C-R circuit ZC = R + X2C = R + 2

 C 
R P
O X

Z
c =
XC R2
+X 2
c

Q S

• Capacitive Impedance ZC :
In R-C circuit the term R 2 + X2C effective opposition offered by R-C circuit to the flow of a.c.
through it. It is known as impedance of R-C circuit and is represented by ZC. The phasor diagram
also shows that in R-C circuit the applied e.m.f. lags behind the current I (or the current I leads the
emf E) by a phase angle  given by
V X 1/ C 1 X 1  1 
tan  = C = C = = , tan  = C =   = tan −1  
VR R R CR R CR  CR 
Alternating Current
Combination of components (R-L or R-C or L-C)
TERM R-L R-C L-C

R L R C L C

Circuit
~ ~ ~
I is same in R & L I is same in R & C I is same in L & C
VL VR VL
 
V

Phasor diagram
VR VC VC

V2 = VR2 + VL2 V2 = VR2 + VC2 V = VL – VC (VL>VC)

V = VC – VL (VC>VL)

V lags I ( = − , if XC>XL)
2
Phase difference  
V leads I ( = 0 to ) V lags I ( = – to 0) 
in between V & I 2 2 V leads I ( = + ,if
2
X L > XC )
Impedance Z = R 2 + X2L Z = R 2 + ( XC )
2 Z = XL − XC

as f , Z  as f , Z  as f , Z first  then 
Z Z Z
Variation of Z
With f
R R
f f f

At very low f Z R (XL → 0) Z XC

At very high f Z XL Z R (XC → 0) Z XL
Illustration 12:
What is the inductive reactance of a coil if the current through it is 20 mA and voltage across it is 100 V.
Solution:
VL = IXL
V 100
 XL = L = = 5 k
I 20  10−3
Illustration 13:
The reactance of capacitor is 20 ohm. What does it mean? What will be its reactance if frequency of AC is
doubled? What will be its, reactance when connected in DC circuit? What is its consequence?
Solution:
The reactance of capacitor is 20 ohm. It means that the hinderance offered by it to the flow of AC at a
1 1
specific frequency is equivalent to a resistance of 20 ohm. The reactance of capacitance XC = =
C 2fC
Therefore, by doubling frequency, the reactance is halved i.e., it becomes 10 ohm. In DC circuit f = 0.
Therefore, reactance of capacitor =  (infinite). Hence the capacitor can not be used to control DC.
 NEET : Physics
Illustration 14:
A capacitor of 50 pF is connected to an a.c. source of frequency 1kHz. Calculate its reactance.
Solution:
1 1 107
XC = = = 
C 2 103  50  10−12 
Illustration 15:
In given circuit applied voltage V = 50 2 sin (100t) volt and ammeter reading is 2A then calculate value
of L?
L
Solution:
Vrms = Irms XL Reading of ammeter = Irms
V V0 50 2 X 25 1 A
XL = rms = = = 25   L = L = = H
Irms 2 Irms 2 2  100 4
~
Illustration 16: V
Calculate the impedance of the circuit shown in the figure.
30 40

~
Solution:
z= R 2 + (X c )2 = (30)2 + (40)2 = 2500 = 50 
Illustration 17:
When 10V, dc is applied across a coil current through it is 2.5 A, if 10V, 50 Hz A.C. is applied current reduces
to 2 A. Calculate reactance of the coil.
Solution:
For 10 V D.C. V = IR
10
 Resistance of coil R = = 4
2.5
V 10
For 10 V A.C. V = I Z  Z = = = 5
I 2
Z = R 2 + X 2L = 5  R2 + X2L = 25  X2L = 52 – 42  XL = 3
Illustration 18:
When an alternating voltage of 220V is applied across a device X, a current of 0.5 A flows through the circuit
and is in phase with the applied voltage. When the same voltage is applied across another device Y, the
same current again flows through the circuit but it leads the applied voltage by /2 radians.
(a) Name the devices X and Y.
(b) Calculate the current flowing in the circuit when same voltage is applied across the series
combination of X and Y.
Solution:
(a) X is resistor and Y is a capacitor
(b) Since the current in the two devices is the same (0.5A at 220 volt)
When R and C are in series across the same voltage then
220 Vrms 220 220
R = XC = = 440   Irms = = = = 0.35A
0.5 R 2 + X2 (440)2 + (440)2 440 2
C
Alternating Current
Illustration 19:
Find out the required inductance to put in series of bulb (10W, 60V) to run it safely across an alternating
supply of 100V, 60Hz.
Solution:
For LR-circuit
V = VR2 + VL2
10W
VL = (100)2 − (60)2 = 80V
VR = 60V VL
P = VI
P 10W 1
I= = = A(in bulb) ~
V 60V 6
100V, 60Hz
V 80
XL = L = = 480
I 1
6
X 480 4
 L= L = = H
 2(60) 
Illustration 20:
For the RL-circuit calculate the following : R=3 XL=4
(i) Impedance of circuit
(ii) Phase difference between V & 
~
(iii) rms V=100 sint
Solution:
(i) Impedance of circuit : Z = R2 + X2L = 9 + 16 = 5
XL 4
(ii) tan  = =   = 53
R 3
 100 
V  
2
(iii) Irms = rms =  10 2A
Z 5
Illustration 21:
10
An Inductor mH is connected across an ac-source of 50 V, 50 Hz. Find out.

(i) Impendence (ii) rms (iii) 0 (iv) Equation of current
Solution:
10
Given L = mH , f = 50 Hz

10
(i) Z = L = 2 50   10−3 = 1

V 50
(ii) Irms = rms = = 50A
Z 1
(iii) I0 = Irms 2 = 50 2A
 
(iv) I = 50 2 sin  100t −  = −50 2 cos(100)t
 2
 NEET : Physics
Illustration 22:
Across two different inductors same alternating source is connected. For this Z v/s  graph is given. Find
L
out 1 ?
L2
Solution:
Z
Z L
As tan  = = =L 1
 
2
L1 tan60 3 30°
So = = =3 30°
L2 tan30 1 O 
3

BEGINNER’S BOX-2
1. A voltage V = 60 sin t volt is applied across a 20  resistor. What will an ac ammeter in series
with the resistor read?
2. An alternating current source E = 100 sin (1000t) volt is connected through a inductor of 10 H
then write down the equation of current.
3. An alternating voltage E = 200 2 sin (100t) volt is applied to 2H inductor through an a.c.
ammeter. What will be reading of the ammeter?
4. A 15.0 F capacitor is connected to a 220 V, 50 Hz source. Find the capacitive reactance and the
current (rms and peak) in the circuit. If the frequency is doubled, what happens to the capacitive
reactance and the current?
5. A 60 F capacitor is connected to a 110 V. 60 Hz a.c. supply. Determine the rms value of the
current in the circuit.
6. The given graphs (a) and (b) represent the variation of the opposition offered by the circuit
element to the flow of alternating current, with frequency of the applied emf. Identify the circuit
element corresponding to each graph.
Opposition
to current Opposition
to current

O Frequency O Frequency
(a) (b)
7. When a series combination of inductance and resistance are connected with a 10V, 50 Hz a.c.
source, a current of 1A flows in the circuit. The voltage leads the current by a phase angle of

radian. Calculate the values of resistance and inductive reactance.
3
 
8. The current in the shown circuit is found to be 4sin  314t −  A.
 4

L 314

V=V0sin314t
Find the value of inductance.
Alternating Current
9. A current of 4A flows in a coil when connected to a 12V dc source. If the same coil is connected to a
12V, 50 rad/s a.c. source, a current of 2.4A flows in the circuit. Determine the inductance of the coil.
10. An alternating voltage E=200 sin (300t) volt is applied across a series combination of R=10
and inductance of 800mH. Calculate the impedance of the circuit.
11. A coil of reactance 100  and resistance 100  is connected to a 240 V, 50 Hz a.c. supply.
(a) What is the maximum current in the coil?
(b) What is the time lag between the voltage maximum and the current maximum?
12. An inductance has a resistance of 100 . When a.c. signal of frequency 1000 Hz is applied to the
coil, the applied voltage leads the current by 45°. Calculate the self inductance of the coil.
13. Match the following options –
Circuit component across Phase difference between
an ac source ( = 200 rad/sec) current and source voltage

(A) 10 500µF (p)
2

(B) 5 (q)
6
H

(C) 500µF (r)
4


(D) 4H 3F (s)
3

(E) 1k 5H (t) None of the above

L C R
Series LCR Circuit
A circuit containing a series combination of an resistance R, a coil of
inductance L and a capacitor of capacitance C, connected with a source of
A.C. source
alternating e.m.f. of peak value E0, as shown in figure.
~
E=E0sint
Phasor Diagram For Series L-C-R circuit
Let in series LCR circuit applied alternating emf is E = E0 sint. As L, C and R are joined in series, therefore,
current at any instant through the three elements has the same amplitude and phase.
However voltage across each element bears a different phase relationship with the current.
Let at any instant of time t the current in the circuit is I. Y
Let at this time t the potential differences across L, C, and R
VL Q
VL = I XL, VC = I XC and VR = I R
Now, VR is in phase with current I but VL leads I by 90°
While VC lags behind I by 90°.
The vector OP represents VR (which is in phase with I) the vector OQ O  VR
X
represent VL (which leads I by 90°) P
and the vector OS represents VC (which legs behind I by 90°) VL and VC are VC
opposite to each other.
 NEET : Physics
Y

VL Q
T K

(VL-VC)
O 
X
VR P
VC
S

If VL > VC (as shown in figure) then their resultant will be (VL – VC) which is Y
represented by OT. Finally, the vector OK represents the resultant of VR and XL Q
(VL – VC), that is, the resultant of all the three applied e.m.f. T K

Thus E = VR2 + (VL − VC )2 = I R 2 + (X L − XC )2

(XL-XC)
E
 =
R2 + (XL − XC )2
 R
2 O X
2 2  2 1  P
Impedance Z = R + (X L − X C ) = R +  L − XC
 C 
The phasor diagram also shown that in LCR circuit the applied e.m.f. leads the current I by a phase angle 
X − XC
tan = L
R
SERIES L-C-R CIRCUIT
1. Circuit diagram
R L C

 same for R, L & C

2. Phasor diagram
VL


VR
VC

VL-VC I
(i) If VL > VC then
VR

(ii) If VC > VL then VC-VL VR I

Alternating Current

(iii) V= VR2 + (VL − VC )2

Impedance Z = R 2 + (X L − XC )2
X L − XC VL − VC
tan = =
R VR

Z
(iv) Impedance triangle X=XL–XC
 R

Illustration 23: 40V 50V 20V

For the given LCR-series circuit. Find out applied source voltage of ac.
Solution:
V = VR2 + (VL − VC )2 = (40)2 + (50 − 20)2 = 50V V
~
Illustration 24:
A capacitor, a resistor and a inductor are connected in series to an ac-source of 110 V and frequency 60Hz.
Find reading of voltmeter V3 and ammeter in the given LCR-series circuit.
R=220

V1 V2 V3
A 300V 300V

~
110V, 60Hz
Solution:
V 1 = V2
V 110
therefore V3 = VR = 110 volt and I = = = 0.5A
R 220
Illustration 25: 4 9 6
Find out the impedance of given circuit.
Solution:
Z = R2 + (XL − XC )2 = 42 + (9 − 6)2 = 42 + 32 = 25 = 5 ~
∵ XL > XC  Inductive
Illustration 26:
Find out reading of A.C. ammeter and also calculate the potential difference across, resistance and
capacitor.
Solution:
10 20 10
V 100 10
Z = R2 + (XL − XC )2 = 10 2   I0 = 0 = = A
Z 10 2 2
A
10
ammeter reads RMS value, so its reading = = 5A
2 2 ~
E = 100sint100t volt
So, VR = 5 × 10 = 50 V and VC = 5 × 10 = 50 V
 NEET : Physics
Illustration 27:
In LCR circuit with an AC source R = 300 , C = 20 µF, L = 1.0 H, Erms = 50V and f = 50/ Hz. Find RMS
current in the circuit.
Solution:
Erms Erms 50
Irms = = =
Z 2 2
2  1   2 50 1 
R + L − 300 + 2  1 −
 C   50 
 20  10−6  2 
  
50 50 1
 Irms = = = = 0.1A
2 100 9 + 16 10
2
 103 
(300) + 100 − 
 2 

Impedance vs Frequency Graph

Z
Graph
1. LR circuit
Z = (R)2 + (X L )2 = (R)2 + (2fL)2
R
At low frequency Z  R
O f
At High frequency Z  2fL  XL
2. RC circuit
Z
2
 1 
Z = (R)2 + (XC )2 = (R)2 +  
 2fC 
R
At low frequency Z  X𝐶
f
At High frequency Z  R
3. LC Circuit
Z
Z = (X L − XC )2 =| X L − XC |
1
Z = 2fL −
2fC
1 1 X L = XC f
At XL = XC → L = →=
C LC
4. LCR circuit Z
Z = (R)2 + (X L − XC )2

2
 1  R
Z = (R)2 +  2fL −
 2fC 
O
Series LCR Resonance Circuit X L = XC f
Resonance
A circuit is said to be resonant when the natural frequency of circuit is equal to frequency of the applied
voltage.
For resonance both L and C must be present in circuit.
Alternating Current
Series Resonance
(a) At Resonance
(i) XL = XC (ii) VL = VC
(iii)  = 0 (V and I in same phase) (iv) Zmin = R (impedance minimum)
V
(v) Imax = (current maximum)
R
(b) Resonance frequency
1 1 1 1
XL = XC  r L =  2r =  r =  fr =
rC LC LC 2 LC
(c) Variation of Z with f
(i) If f < fr then XL < XC  circuit nature capacitive,  (negative)
(ii) At f = fr then XL = XC  circuit nature, Resistive,  = zero
(iii) If f > fr then XL > XC  circuit nature is inductive,  (positive)
Z

R
fr f

(d) Variation of I with f

as f increase, Z first decreases then increase
max
as f increase, I first increase then decreases
At resonance, impedance of the series resonant circuit is
minimum so it is called 'acceptor circuit' as it most readily
accepts that current out of many currents whose frequency is f

equal to its natural frequency. In radio or TV tuning we receive
the desired station by making the frequency of the circuit equal
O f1 fr f2 f
to that of the desired station.
Illustration 28:
In a series resonant R-L-C circuit, if L is increased by 25% and C is decreased by 20%, then the resonant
frequency will :
Solution:
1
f=
2 LC
L 5L
Now L' = L + =
4 4
C 4C 1 1
C' = C + =  f'= =
5 5 2 L'C' 5L 4C
2 
4 5
1
f'= = f  frequency will remains unchanged
2 LC
 NEET : Physics
Half Power Frequency and Quality Factor
Half power frequency
There are two such frequencies of applied ac-source in LCR-series circuit where power consumption is
exactly half of the maximum at resonance such frequencies are called half power frequencies.
Hence 1 & 2 are called half power frequencies where 
Pmax
1 = 0 –  max
2 = 0 + 
2 – 1 = 2 = Bandwidth
P 2
At 1 & 2  P = max
2 Band width
I2max R Imax
I2R =  I=
2 2 
O 1 0 2
Imax
So, at 1 & 2  I =
2
V 1 V
Now, I = =
Z 2R
Z = 2R
Z2 = 2R2
R2 + (XL – XC)2 = 2R2
XL – XC = ±R
For  > 0 XL > XC   = 2
For  < 0 XL < XC   = 1
1
So, 2L − =R …(i)
2C
1
1L − = −R …(ii)
1C
Adding (i) & (ii),
1
12 =  0 = 12
LC
Subtracting (i) & (ii)
R R
2 − 1 =  2 =
L L
Quality factor or Q-factor
This factor gives relative information about stored energy and lost energy per cycle. Hence
 Maximum energy stored per cycle  0 
Q = 2   = = 0
 Maximum energy los t per cycle  Bandwidth 2
R L 1
Since  = then Q = 0 =
2L R 0RC

1 L 1 L
Q=  Q=
LC R R C
Alternating Current
Magnification
At resonance VL or VC = Q × (supplied voltage)
Hence at resonance magnification factor is the Q-factor
Q - factor  Magnification factor  Sharpness
According to figure, if 'R' is decreasing means Q-factor or sharpness will increase in the circuit.

R1

R2

R3

O 

Illustration 29:
The graph shows variation of  with f for a series R-L-C network. Keeping L and C constant. If R decreases.
What is its effect on : (a) Maximum Current (b) Sharpness of graph (c) Quality factor.


m

O frequency
fr
Solution:
(a) Maximum current (m) increases (b) Sharpness of the graph increases
(c) Quality factor increases

BEGINNER’S BOX-3
1. In given circuit find the reading of ammeter and voltmeter.
10 20 10

V
A

E=50 sin100t volt

2. For the circuit shown in figure, write down the instantaneous current through each element.

V=V0sint R C L
 NEET : Physics
3. A variable frequency 230V alternating voltage source is connected across a series combination
of L = 5.0H C = 80F and R = 40. Calculate
(a) The angular frequency of the source at resonance.
(b) Amplitude of current at resonance frequency
4. A coil of resistance R and inductance L is connected in series with a capacitor C and complete
combination is connected to a.c.
Voltage, Circuit resonates when angular frequency of supply is  = 0.
Find out relation between 0, L and C
L,R C

V=V0 sint(volt)

5. Find the phase difference between voltage and current in series LCR circuit at half power
frequencies.
6. A series LCR circuit with L = 0.12H, C = 480 nF, R = 23 is connected to a 230 V variable
frequency supply Find –
(a) Source frequency for which current is maximum.
(b) Q–factor of the given circuit.

Power in AC
Power in ac-circuit
The rate of doing work or the amount of energy transferred by a circuit per unit time is known as power
in AC circuits. It is used to calculate the total power required to supply a load.
Instantaneous power
As Pinst = VI
= (V0 sin t)[(I0 sin (t + )]
VI
= V0I0 sin t sin(t + ) = 0 0 [2sin t sin(t + )]
2
VI
Hence Pinst = 0 0 [cos – cos(2t + )] {Since 2sinA sinB = cos(A – B) –cos(A + B)}
2
Note : Therefore frequency of power fluctuation is twice the frequency of applied ac-source.
Average power :
T
 (V0 sin t)(I0 sin(t + ))dt = V0I0 cos  T sin2 tdt + sin  T sin2 tdt 
Pav = 0
T T  0 2 0 

0 dt
 T 2 T
sin2 t dt 

Pav = V0 I0 cos 
0
sin  t dt
+
sin  0  1 
= V0 I0 cos  + 0
T 2 T   2 
 
1
Pav = V0 I0 cos  or Pav = Vrms Irms cos
2
R
Note : Hence cos  = = Power factor of ac-circuit.
Z
Alternating Current
Average power in capacitive circuit C
I = I0 cost
Pav = Vrmsrmscos90°
Pav = 0 ~
V=V0sint
Average power in Inductive circuit
I = I0 cost L

Pav = Vrmsrmscos90°
Pav = 0
RMS Power: ~
V=V0sint
Prms = Vrms rms
Wattless current : That component of current in ac-circuit which is not active. V
cos
Hence, cos is the activity component of current because it is in phase with
applied voltage. 

But sin is the component which is inactive, called as wattless current because
 sin
it is in phase with applied voltage.
2
Power factor
Average power P = VrmsIrms cos = rms power × cos
Average power R
Power factor (cos) = and cos  =
r.m.s. Power Z
1. Watt full Power:
Average power is also known as watt full power
Pav = Vrmsrmscos
2. Wattless Power:
That component of current in ac-circuit which is not active.
Pav = Vrmsrmssin
Illustration 30:
In an A.C. circuit V and I are given by V = 100 sin(100 t) V and I = 100 sin(100t + /3) mA
Find power dissipated in the circuit?
Solution:
100 100 
Vrms = V;Irms =  10−3 A;  =
2 2 3
Pav = Vrms Irms cos
100 100 
Pav =   10−3  cos
2 2 3
10 1
Pav =  = 2.5W
2 2
 NEET : Physics
Illustration 31:
A series R - L - C (R =10Ω, XL= 20Ω, XC = 20Ω) circuit is supplied by V=10 sint V.
Find power dissipation in circuit.
Solution:
10 V
Vrms = V → Irms = rms  Z = (R)2 + (X L − XC )2
2 Z
10
V 1 1
Irms = rms = 2 = A  Pav = I2rmsR =  10 = 5W
Z 10 2 2
Illustration 32:
1
A voltage of 10 V and frequency 103 Hz is applied to µF capacitor in series with a resistor of 500. Find

the power factor of the circuit and the power dissipated.
Solution:
1 1
XC = = −6
= 500
2 f C 3 10
2 10 

 Z = R 2 + X2C = (500)2 + (500)2 = 500 2 
R 500 1
Power factor cos = = =
Z 500 2 2
2
Vrms (10)2 1 1
Power dissipated = Vrms rms cos = cos =  = W
Z 500 2 2 10
Illustration 33:

If V = 100 sin 100 t volt and I = 100 sin (100 t + ) mA for an A.C. circuit then find out
3
(a) phase difference between V and I
(b) total impedance, reactance, resistance
(c) power factor and power dissipated
(d) components contain by circuits
Solution:

(a) Phase difference  = − (I leads V)
3
V 100 1
(b) Total impedance Z= 0 = −3
= 1k Now resistance R = Zcos60 = 1000  = 500
I0 100  10 2
3 R
reactance X = Zsin60 = 1000  = 500 3
2 60°
(c)  = – 60°  Power factor = cos = cos (–60°) = 0.5 (leading) X
Z
100 0.1 1
Power dissipated P = Vrms Irms cos  =   = 2.5 W
2 2 2

(d) Circuit must contain R as   and as  is negative so C must be there,
2
(L may exist but XC > XL)
Alternating Current
Illustration 34:
1
If power factor of a R-L series circuit is when applied voltage is V = 100 sin 100t volt and resistance of
2
circuit is 200 then calculate the inductance of the circuit.
Solution:
R 1 R
cos  =  =  z = 2R  R 2 + X2L = 2R
Z 2 Z
 XL = 3R
3R 3  200 2 3
L = 3R  L= = = H
 100 
Illustration 35:
A circuit consisting of an inductance and a resistance joined to a 200 volt supply (A.C.). It draws a current
of 10 ampere. If the power used in the circuit is 1500 watt. Calculate the wattless current
Solution:
Apparent power = 200 × 10 = 2000 W
True power 1500 3
 Power factor : cos  = = =
Apparent power 2000 4
2
3 10 7
Wattless current = rms sin  = 10 1 −   = A
4 4

Choke Coil

A choke coil is an inductance of very small resistance used for controlling current in an a.c. circuit in a direct
current circuit, current is reduced with the help of a resistance. Hence there is a loss of electrical energy 2R per
second in the form of heat in the resistance. But in an AC circuit the current can be reduced by choke coil which
involves very small amount of loss of energy. Choke coil is a copper coil would over a soft iron laminated core.
This coil is put in series with the circuit in which current is to be reduced.
tube light rod

Starter

~
choke coil

Circuit with a choke coil is a series L-R circuit. If resistance of choke coil = r (very small)
E
The current in the circuit I = with Z = (R + r)2 + (L)2
Z
 NEET : Physics
So due to large inductance L of the coil, the current in the circuit is decreased appreciably. However, due
to small resistance of the coil r,
The power loss in the choke Pav = Vrms rms cos → 0
r r r
cos  = =  →0
Z r2 + 2L2 L

Pure/Ideal V Power factor = cos  Average power

R V,  same Phase 1 (maximum) Vrms. rms

L V leads  by 0, lagging 0
2
 0, leading
C V lags  by 0
2

Chock Coil V leads  by 0, lagging 0
2
Note: A capacitor of suitable capacitance replace a choke coil in an AC circuit, the average power
consumed in a capacitor is also zero. Hence, like a choke coil, a capacitor can reduce current in AC
circuit without power dissipation.
Cost of capacitor is much more than the cost of inductance of same reactance that's why choke coil
is used.
Illustration 36:
An electric lamp which runs at 80V DC consumes 10 A current. The lamp is connected to
100 V – 50 Hz ac source compute the inductance of the choke required.
Solution:
V 80
Resistance of lamp R = = = 8
I 10
Let Z be the impedance which would maintain a current of 10 A through the Lamp when it is run on
V 100
100 Volt a.c. then. Z= = = 10  but Z = R 2 + (L)2
I 10
6 6
 (L)2 = Z2 – R2  (10)2 – (8)2 = 36  L = 6  L = = = 0.02H
 2 50
Illustration 37:
Calculate the resistance or inductance required to operate a lamp (60V, 10W) from a source of
(100 V, 50 Hz)?
Solution:
R
(a) Maximum voltage across lamp = 60V
VLamp + VR = 100
 VR = 40V
Power 10 1 ~
Now current through Lamp is = = = A 100V, 50Hz
voltage 60 6
1 L
But, VR= R  40 = (R)  R = 240 
6
(b) Now in this case (VLamp)2 + (VL)2 = (V)2
(60)2 + (VL)2 = (100)2  VL = 80 V ~
1 100V, 50Hz
Also VL = XL = XL so XL = 80 × 6 = 480  = L (2f)  L = 1.5 H
6
Alternating Current
Illustration 38:
A choke coil of resistance R and inductance L is connected in series with a capacitor L,R C
C and complete combination is connected to a.c. voltage, Circuit resonates when
angular frequency of supply is  = 0.
(a) Find out relation between 0, L and C. ~
(b) What is phase difference between V and  at resonance, does it changes V=V0 sint(volt)
when resistance of choke coil is zero.
Solution:
1 1
(a) At resonance condition XL = XC  0L =  0 =
0C LC
R R
(b) cos = = = 1   = 0° No, It is always zero.
Z R

BEGINNER’S BOX-4
1. What is the power factor of a circuit that draws 5A at 160 V and whose power consumption is
600W? R=4 XC=4
XL=7
2. In a series LCR circuit as shown in fig.
(a) Find heat developed in 80 seconds
(b) Find wattless current
3. For a series LCR circuit E=25 sin (100t) volt
I = 100sin (100t – /3)mA and V = 100sin (100t)volt, then
(a) Calculate resistance and reactance of circuit.
(b) Find average power loss.
4. The source voltage and current in the circuit are represented by the following equations –
 
E = 110 sin (t + ) volt, I = 5 sin (t – ) ampere
6 6
Find :–
(a) Impedance of circuit.
(b) Power factor with nature
5. In given circuit R = 100. If voltage leads current by 60° then find – R L C
(a) Current supply by source.
(b) Average power
6. An inductor of reactance 4 and a resistor of resistance 3 are V=200 sin 100t volt
connected in series with 100V ac supply, calculate wattless current in
circuit.
7. A 100  resistor is connected to a 220 V, 50 Hz a.c. supply.
(a) What is the rms value of current in the circuit?
(b) What is the net power consumed over a full cycle?
8. A choke coil and a resistance are connected in series in an a.c. circuit and a potential of 130 volt
is applied to the circuit. If the potential across the resistance is 50V. What would be the potential
difference across the choke coil.
 NEET : Physics
LC Oscillations
The oscillation of energy between capacitor (electric field energy) and inductor (magnetic field energy) is
called LC Oscillation.
Undamped oscillation : When the circuit has no resistance, the energy taken once from the source and
given to capacitor keeps on oscillating between C and L then the oscillation produced will be of constant
amplitude. These are called undamped oscillation.


C L O
t

After switch is closed

Q di Q d2Q d2Q 1
+ L = 0 + L 2 = 0 2 + Q = 0
C dt C dt dt LC
 d2x 
By comparing with standard equation of free oscillation  2 + 2x = 0
 dt 
1 1
2 = ; Frequency of oscillation f =
LC 2 LC
Charge varies sinusoidally with time q = qm cos t
dq  
current also varies periodically with t I = = qm  cos  t + 
dt  2
1 q2m
If initial charge on capacitor is qm then electrical energy stored in capacitor is UE =
2 C
At t = 0 switch is closed, capacitor starts to discharge.
As the capacitor is fully discharged, the total electrical energy is stored in the inductor in the form of
magnetic energy.
1
UB = LI2m where m = max. current
2
1 q2m 1 2
(Umax)EPE = (Umax)MPE  = LIm
2 C 2
Illustration 39:
A 60 µF capacitor is charged to 100 volts. This charged capacitor is connected across a 1.5 mH coil, so that
LC oscillations occur. The maximum current in the coil is?
Solution:
 = Q sin t
60  10−6  100
Imax = Q = = 20A
3  10−4
Illustration 40:
An LC circuit is in the state of resonance. If C = 0.1 µF and L = 0.25 H. Neglecting ohmic resistance of circuit
what is the frequency of oscillations?
Solution:
1 1 105
f= = = = 1007Hz
2 LC 2 0.1  10−6  0.25 99.29
Alternating Current
Illustration 41:
Show that in the free oscillations of an LC circuit, the sum of energies stored in the capacitor and the
inductor is constant in time.
Solution:
Let q0 be the initial charge on a capacitor. Let the charged capacitor be connected to an inductor of
inductance L. This LC circuit will sustain an oscillation with frequency.
1
=
LC
At an instant t, charge q on the capacitor and the current i are given by:
q (t) = q0 cos t, i (t) = – q0 ω sin t
Energy stored in the capacitor at time t is
1 1 q2 q20
UE = C V 2 = = cos2(t)
2 2 C 2C
Energy stored in the inductor at time t is
1 1 q2  1 
UM = L i2 = Lq202 sin2 (t) = 0 sin2 (t)   =
2

2 2 2C  LC 
Sum of energies
q20 q2
UE + U M = [cos2 t + sin2 t] = 0
2C 2C
This sum is constant in time as qo and C, both are time-independent.

BEGINNER’S BOX-5
1. Initially key was placed on (1) till the capacitor got fully charged. Key is placed on (2) at t=0. The
minimum time when the energy in both capacitor and inductor will be same-
(1 (2)
)
L
E
C

2. An inductor of inductance 2.0 mH is connected across a charged capacitor of capacitance 5.0 µF

and the resulting L–C circuit is set oscillating at its natural frequency. Let Q denote the
instantaneous charge on the capacitor and I the current in the circuit. It is found that the
maximum value of Q is 200 µC. [IIT-JEE 2006]
(i) Find the maximum value of I.
(ii) When Q = 200 µC, what is the value of I?
(iii) When Q = 100 µC, what is the value of |dI/dt|?
(iv) When I is equal to one–half its maximum value, what is the value of |Q|?
 NEET : Physics

BEGINNER’S BOX ANSWERS KEY

BEGINNER'S BOX-1
1. There are two reasons for it :
E +E0= 311.08

t
O 0.01 sec

–E –E0= –311.08
2. For AC, I = I0 sint, the instantaneous value of heat
produced (per second) in a resistance R is,
H = I2R = I02sin2t × R the average value of heat
produced during a cycle is :
T T 2 2
 Hdt = 0 (I0 sin t  R)dt
Hav = 0 T
1
= I20 R
T 2
0 dt 0 dt
 T 2 2 1 
 0 I0 sin t dt = I20T 
 2 
2
I 
 Hav =  0  R = I2rms R ...(i)
 2
However, in case of DC, HDC = I2 R ...(ii)
 I = Irms so from equation (i) and (ii) HDC = Hav

AC produces same heating effects as DC of value Based on heating effect

I = Irms. This is also why AC instruments which are based on heating effect of current give rms value.
3. The average value of a.c. for a cycle is zero. So a d.c. ammeter will always read zero in a.c. circuit.
4. 2.5 m s 5. (a) 0.01 s, (b) 60° 6. 200 V

BEGINNER'S BOX-2

 
1. 2.1 A 2. 10000 sin  1000t −  A 3. 1A
 2

4. The capacitive reactance XC = 212 

Irms = 1.03 A
The peak current I0 = 1.46 A
If the frequency is doubled the capacitive reactances is halved, the consequently, the current is
doubled.
5. 2.49 A 6. (a) resistor (b) inductor 7. R = 5 and XL = 5 3 
8. 1H 9. 0.08 henry 10. 240.2  11. (a) 2.4 A (b) 2.5 ms
12. 15.9 mH 13. (A) – r, (B) – p, (C) – p, (D) – p, (E) – r
Alternating Current
BEGINNER'S BOX-3
1. Reading of ammeter = 2·5A
Reading of voltmeter = 25V
2. The three current equations are,
di dV 1
V = iRR, V = L L and = iC
dt dt C
V
so iR = 0 sin t ,
R
V
iL = – 0 cost and iC = V0C cost
L
3. (a) angular frequency at resonance r = 50 rad/s
(b) amplitude of current at resonance Im = 8.13 A
1
4. (a) 0 = , (b)  = 0° No, It is always zero.
LC

5. =
4
6. (a) 6.63 × 102 Hz (b) Quality factor Q = 21.7
BEGINNER'S BOX-4
1. 0.75 2. (a) 4000 joule (b) 2.12 A
3. (a) R = 500 ohm, X = 500 3 ohm
(b) 2.5 watts
4. (a) Impedance Z = 22
1
(b) Power factor = (lagging)
2
1
5. (a) A, (b) 50W 6. Wattless current = 16A
2
7. (a) 2.2 A (b) 484 watt 8. 120V
BEGINNER'S BOX-5
 LC
1. t=
4
2. (i) 2.0 A, (ii) Zero, (iii) 104 A/s, (iv) 1.732 × 10–4 C
 NEET : Physics

Exercise - I
PEAK, AVERAGE AND RMS VALUE 7. The relation between an A.C. voltage source
1. What is the r.m.s. value of an alternating and time in SI units is :
current which when passed through a V = 120 sin (100 t) cos (100 t) volt
resistor produces heat which is thrice of that value of peak voltage and frequency will be
produced by a direct current of 2 amperes in respectively :–
the same resistor :- (1) 120 volt and 100 Hz
(1) 6 amp (2) 2 amp 120
(2) volt and 100 Hz
(3) 3.46 amp (4) 0.66 amp 2
2. The peak value of an alternating e.m.f. which (3) 60 volt and 200 Hz
is given by E = E0 cost is 10 volts and its (4) 60 volt and 100 Hz
1 8. If an A.C. main supply is given to be 220 V.
frequency is 50 Hz. At time t = s, the
600 What would be the average e.m.f. during a
instantaneous e.m.f. is positive half cycle :-
(1) 10 V (2) 5 3 V (1) 198 V (2) 386 V
(3) 5 V (4) 1V (3) 256 V (4) None of these
3. The phase difference between current and 9. The hot wire ammeter measures :-
 (1) D.C. current
voltage in an AC circuit is radian. If the
4 (2) A.C. current
frequency of AC is 50 Hz, then the phase (3) None of above
difference is equivalent to the time difference:- (4) both (1) & (2)
(1) 0.78 s (2) 15.7 ms 10. Frequency of A.C. in India is –
(3) 2.5 s (4) 2.5 ms (1) 45 Hz
4. A current in circuit is given by i = 3 + 4 sin t. (2) 60 Hz
Then the effective value of current is : (3) 50 Hz
(4) None of the above
(1) 5 (2) 7
11. For an alternating current I = I0 cos t, the
(3) 17 (4) 10
rms value and peak value of current is :-
5. Incorrect statement are : I I
(a) A.C. meters can measure D.C also (1) I0 , 0 (2) 0 , I0
2 2
(b) If A.C. meter measures D.C. there scale
I0 I0
must be linear and uniform (3) I0 , (4) 2I0 ,
2 2
(c) A.C. and D.C. meters are based on heating
effect of current 12. If a step-up transformer have turn ratio 5,
(d) A.C. meter reads rms value of current frequency 50 Hz root mean square value of
(1) a, b (2) b, c (3) c, d (4) d, a potential difference on primary 100 volts and
6. The r.m.s. value of current for a variable the resistance of the secondary winding is
current i = i1 cos t + i2 sin t :– 500  then the peak value of voltage in
1 1 secondary winding will be (the efficiency of
(1) (i1 + i2 ) (2) (i1 + i2 )2 the transformer is hundred percent)
2 2
1 (1) 500 2 (2) 10 2
1
(3) (i12 + i22 )1 2 (4) (i12 + i22 )1/2
2 2 (3) 50 2 (4) 20 2
Alternating Current
SIMPLE AC CIRCUIT 18. The resistance that must be connected in
13. A resonant A.C. circuit contains a capacitor of series with inductance of 0.2 H in order that
capacitance 10–6 F and an inductor of 10–4 H. the phase difference between current and
The frequency of electrical oscillations will be :- e.m.f. may be 45° when the frequency is
(1) 105 Hz (2) 10 Hz 50 Hz, is:-
105 10 (1) 6.28 ohm. (2) 62.8 ohm.
(3) Hz (4) Hz
2 2 (3) 628 ohm. (4) 31.4 ohm.
1 19. A student connects a long air cored - coil of
14. A resistance of 300 and an inductance of
 manganin wire to a 100 V D.C. supply and
henry are connected in series to a A.C. voltage
records a current of 25 amp. When the same
of 20 volts and 200 Hz frequency. The phase
coil is connected across 100 V. 50 Hz a.c. the
angle between the voltage and current is :-
current reduces to 20 A , the reactance of the
4 3
(1) tan–1   (2) tan–1   coil is :-
3 4
(1) 4  (2) 3 
3 2
(3) tan–1   (4) tan–1 3 (3) 5  (4) None
2  
20. The graph shows variation of I with f for a
15. The graphs given below depict the
series R-L-C network. Keeping L and C constant,
dependence of two reactive impedances X1
if R decreases :
and X2 on the frequency of the alternating
e.m.f. applied individually to them. We can Im
(current) I

then say that :

X2
Impedance
Impedance

X1
fr (freq.)

(a) Maximum current (Im) increases

Frequency Frequency
(b) Sharpness of the graph increases
(1) X1 is an inductor and X2 is a capacitor (c) Quality factor increases
(2) X1 is a resistor and X2 is a capacitor (d) Band width increases
(3) X1 is a capacitor and X2 is an inductor
(1) a, b, c (2) b, c, d
(4) X1 is an inductor and X2 is a resistor
(3) c, d, a (4) All
16. A 12 ohm resistor and a 0.21 henry inductor
21. Alternating current is flowing in inductance L
are connected in series to an AC source
and resistance R. The frequency of source is
operating at 20 volts, 50 cycle/second. The
phase angle between the current and the /2. Which of the following statement is
source voltage is: correct :
(1) 30° (2) 40° (1) For low frequency the limiting value of
(3) 80° (4) 90° impedance is L.
17. A 110 V, 60 W lamp is run from a 220 V AC (2) For high frequency the limiting value of
mains using a capacitor in series with the impedance is L.
lamp, instead of a resistor then the voltage (3) For high frequency the limiting value of
across the capacitor is about:- impedance is R.
(1) 110 V (2) 190 V (4) For low frequency the limiting value of
(3) 220 V (4) 311 V
impedance is L.
 NEET : Physics
22. A bulb and a capacitor are connected in series 26. The impedence of a circuit, when a resistance
to a source of alternating current. If its R and an inductor of inductance L are
frequency is increased, while keeping the connected in series in an A.C. circuit of
frequency (f) is :-
voltage of the source constant, then
(1) Bulb will give more intense light. (1) R + 4fL2 (2) R + 42f 2L2
(2) Bulb will give less intense light. (3) R 2 + 42f 2L2 (4) R 2 + 22f 2L2
(3) Bulb will give light of same intensity as before 27. A capacitor of capacity C and reactance X if
(4) Bulb will stop radiating light. capacitance and frequency become double
23. In an A.C. circuit resistance and inductance then reactance will be :–
X
are connected in series. The potential and (1) 4X (2)
2
current in inductance is:
X
V0 (3) (4) 2X
(1) V0 sin t, sint 4
L 28. The coil of choke in a circuit :
V0 (1) increases the current
(2) V0 sin t, sin(t + /2)
L (2) controls the current
V0 (3) has high resistance to d.c. circuit
(3) V0 sin (t+ /2), sint (4) does not change the current
L
29. The inductive reactance of an inductive coil
V0
(4) V0 sin(t + /2), sin(t–/2) 1
L with henry and 50 Hz :–

24. An a.c. source of voltage V and of frequency
50 
50 Hz is connected to an inductor of 2H and (1) ohm (2) ohm
 50
negligible resistance. A current of r.m.s value I (3) 100 ohm (4) 50 ohm
flows in the coil. When the frequency of the 30. In the L–R circuit R = 10 and L = 2H. If
voltage is changed to 400 Hz keeping the 120V, 60Hz alternating voltage is applied
magnitude of V the same, the current is now :- then the flowing current in this circuit will be :-
(1) 0.32 A (2) 0.16 A
(1) 8I in phase with V
(3) 0.48 A (4) 0.80 A
(2) 4I and leading by 90° from V 31. An inductance of 0.4 Henry and a resistance
I of 100 ohm are connected to a A.C. voltage
(3) and lagging by 90° from V
4 source of 220 V and 50 Hz. Then find out the
I phase difference between the voltage and
(4) and lagging by 90° from V
8 current flowing in the circuit :
25. A capacitor of capacity C is connected in A.C. (1) tan–1 (2.25 ) (2) tan–1 (0.4 )
(3) tan–1 (1.5 ) (4) tan–1 (0.5 )
circuit. The applied emf is V=V0 sint, then
32. A capacitor of capacitance 100 F & a
the current is :
resistance of 100 is connected in series with
V0 AC supply of 220V, 50Hz. The current leads
(1) I = sint
L the voltage by
V0  1  1
(2) I = sin(t + /2) (1) tan–1   (2) tan–1  
L  2  
(3) I = V0 C sint 2 4
(3) tan–1   (4) tan–1  
(4) I = V0 C sin (t + /2)  
Alternating Current
33. If the current through an inductor of 38. In the figure shown, find VR :
inductance L is given by I = I0 sint, then the VR=? VL=176V
voltage across inductor will be :-
(1) I0 L sin (t – /2)
(2) I0 L sin (t + /2)
(3) I0 L sin (t – ) 220V
(4) None of these (1) 132V (2) 396V
34. There is a 5  resistance in an A.C. circuit.
(3) 185 V (4) 220  176V
Inductance of 0.1 H is connected with it in
39. If alternating current of 60 Hz frequency is
series. If equation of A.C. e.m.f. is V = 5 sin50t
flowing through inductance of L = 1 mH and
then the phase difference between current
drop in VL is 0.6 V then alternating current :-
and e.m.f. is :-
1 5 50 20
   (1) A (2) A (3) A (4) A
(1) (2) (3) (4) 0    
2 6 4
LCR SERIES CIRCUIT, RESONANCE
35. A 50 Hz a.c. source of 20V is connected across
40. An inductance of 1mH, a condenser of 10F
R and C as shown in figure below. The voltage
and a resistance of 50 are connected in
across R is 12V. The voltage across C is
series. The reactance of inductor and
R C
condensers are same. The reactance of either
of them will be :-
V (1) 100  (2) 30 

(1) 8 V (3) 3.2  (4) 10 

(2) 16V 41. L, C and R represent physical quantities
(3) 10 V inductance, capacitance and resistance
(4) Not possible to determine unless values respectively. The combination representing

of R and C are given dimension of frequency is

(1) LC (2) (LC)–1/2
36. 200  resistance and 1H inductance is
−1/2
connected in series with an A.C. circuit. The L C
(3)   (4)
200 C L
frequency of the source is Hz. Then
2 42. A circuit contains R, L and C connected in
phase difference in between V and I will be :- series with an A. C. source. The values of the
(1) 30° (2) 60° (3) 45° (4) 90° reactance for inductor and capacitor are
37. Impedance of the following circuit will be : 200 and 600 respectively and the
200 150 impedance of the circuit is Z1. What happens
to the impedance of the same circuit if the
values of the reactance are interchanged:-
(1) The impedance will remain unchanged
(2) The impedance will increase
(1) 150 (2) 200 (3) The impedance will decrease
(3) 250 (4) 340 (4) Information insufficient
 NEET : Physics
43. When V = 100 sint is applied across a series 49. In a series resonant R-L-C circuit, if L is
(R-L-C) circuit, at resonance the current in increased by 25% and C is decreased by 20%,
resistance (R = 100 ) is i = i0 sint, then then the resonant frequency will :
power dissipation in circuit is:- (1) Increases by 10%
(2) Decreases by 10%
(1) 50 W
(3) Remain unchanged
(2) 100 W
(4) Increases by 2.5%
(3) 25 W
50. The value of quality factor is :-
(4) Can't be calculated
(0 : resonating frequency)
44. At resonance in a series LCR circuit, which of  L 
the following statements is true: - (1) 0 (2) 0 (3) LC (4) L/R
R RC
(1) Current in the circuit is maximum and 51. If value of R is changed, then :-
phase difference between E and I is /2 10V 10V R
(2) Current in the circuit is maximum and
phase difference between E and I is zero
(3) Voltage is maximum and phase difference
between E and I is /2 Supply
(4) Current is minimum and phase difference (1) Voltage across L remains same
between E and I is zero (2) Voltage across C remains same
45. An alternating voltage is connected in series (3) Voltage across LC combination remains same
with a resistance R and an inductance L. If the (4) Voltage across LC combination changes
potential drop across the resistance is 200 52. In a series LCR circuit voltage across resistor,
inductor and capacitor are 1V, 3V and 2V
volt and across the inductance is 150 volt, the
respectively. At the instant t when the source
applied voltage:
voltage is given by :
(1) 350 volt (2) 250 volt
V = V0 cos t, the current in the circuit will be :
(3) 500 volt (4) 300 volt
   
46. For a series R-L-C circuit :- (1) I = I0 cos  t +  (2) I = I0 cos  t − 
 4   4 
(a) Voltage across L and C are differ by 
   
(b) Current through L and R are in same phase (3) I = I0 cos  t +  (4) I = I0 cos  t − 
 3  3
(c) Voltage across R and L differ by /2
53. In an AC Circuit decrease in impedance with
(d) Voltage across L and current through C are
increase in frequency indicates that circuit
differ by /2
has/have :-
(1) a, b, c (2) b, c, d
(1) Only resistance
(3) c, d, a (4) All (2) Resistance & inductance.
47. A series R–L–C (R = 10, XL = 20, XC = 20 ) (3) Resistance & capacitance
circuit is supplied by V = 10 sin t volt then (4) Resistance, capacitance & inductance.
power dissipation in circuit is :- 54. In given LCR circuit, the voltage across the
(1) Zero (2) 10 W terminals of a resistance & current will be–
(3) 5 W (4) 2.5 W V
48. The self inductance of the motor of an electric R=50 400V 400V
fan is 10 H. In order to impart maximum A
power at 50Hz. It should be connected to a 100V, 50Hz
capacitance of :
(1) 2 × 10–6 F (2) 3 × 10–6 F (1) 400V, 2A (2) 800V, 2A
(3) 10 F
–4 (4) 10–6 F (3) 100V, 2A (4) 100V, 4A
Alternating Current
55. Phase of current in LCR circuit – 61. In an A.C. circuit inductance, capacitance and
(1) Is in the phase of potential resistance are connected. If the effective
(2) Leading from the phase of potential voltage across inductance is VL, across
(3) Lagging from the phase of potential capacitance is Vc and across resistance is VR,
(4) Before resonance frequency, leading then the total effective value of voltage is :
from the phase of potential and after (1) VR+VL+Vc (2) VR+VL–Vc
resonance frequency, lagging from the 2 2
(3) VR2 + ( VL − VC ) (4) VR2 − ( VL − VC )
phase of potential
62. In an a.c. circuit V and I are given by
56. In LCR circuit, the voltage across the
V = 100 sin (100 t) volts
terminals of a resistance, inductance &
I = 100 sin (100t + /3) mA
capacitance are 40V, 30V & 60V, then the
The power dissipated in the circuit is
voltage across the main source will be –
(1) 104 watt (2) 10 watt
(1) 130 volt (2) 100 volt
(3) 2.5 watt (4) 5.0 watt
(3) 70 volt (4) 50 volt
63. For a series LCR circuit the power loss at
57. For an alternating current of frequency
resonance is :-
500
Hz in L-C-R series circuit with L = 1H,
 V2
(1) (2) I2L
C = 1 F, R = 100, impedance is :-  1 
L − C 
 
(1) 100  (2) 100  
V2
(3) 100 2  (4) 100   (3) I2R (4)
C
POWER IN AC CIRCUIT 64. In an alternating circuit applied voltage and
58. A sinusoidal A.C. current flows through a current are E = E0 sint and I = I0 sin(t+/2)
resistor of resistance R. If the peak current is respectively. Then the power consumed in
IP, then the power dissipated is :- the circuit will be :
1 2 (1) Zero (2) E0I0/2
(1) I2pR cos (2) IpR
2
(3) E0I0/ 2 (4) E0I0/4
4 1
(3) I2pR (4) I2 R
2 p 65. In which of the following case power factor
 
will be negligible :–
59. An AC circuit draws 5A at 160 V and the
(1) Inductance and resistance both high
power consumption is 600 W. Then the
(2) Inductance and resistance both low.
power factor is:-
(3) Low resistance and high inductance
(1) 1 (2) 0.75
(4) High resistance and low inductance
(3) 0.50 (4) Zero
66. If V = 100 sin100t volt, and
60. Which is not correct for average power P at

resonance : I = 100 sin(100t + ) A. then find the watt
6
V I less power in watt :-
(1) P=Irms Vrms (2) P =
2 2
(1) 104 (2) 103
(3) P = VI (4) P=I2rms R (3) 102 (4) 2.5 × 103
 NEET : Physics
67. An A.C. supply gives 30V r.m.s. voltage which 73. The power factor of L-R circuit is :
passes through a 10 resistance. The power L R
(1) (2)
R
dissipated in it is :- ( L )2 + R 2
(1) 90 2 W (2) 90W (3) LR (4) LR
(3) 45 2 W (4) 45 W 74. If alternating current of rms value 'a' flows
68. An inductor of inductance L and resistor of through resistance R then power loss in
resistance R are joined in series and connected resistance is :
(1) Zero (2) a2R
by a source of frequency . Power dissipated in
the circuit is :- a 2R
(3) (4) 2a2R
2

(1)
(R 2
+ 2L2 ) (2)
V 2R 75. Which of the following device in alternating
V (R 2
+ L 2 2
) circuit provides maximum power :-
(1) Only capacitor
V R 2 + 2L2 (2) Capacitor and resistor
(3) (4)
(R 2
+ 2L2 ) V2 (3) Only inductor
(4) Only resistor
69. For given circuit the power factor is :
LC OSCILLATION
R=1100
76. Comparing the L–C oscillations with the
L=3.5H oscillations of a spring–block system (force
constant of spring = k and mass of block = m),
50Hz the physical quantity mk is similar to :–
(1) 0 (2) 1/2 1
(1) CL (2)
CL
(3) 1/ 2 (4) None of these
C L
70. In a purely capacitive circuit average power (3) (4)
L C
dissipated in the circuit is -
77. In an oscillating LC circuit the maximum
(1) Vrms Irms charge on the capacitor is Q. The charge on
(2) Depends on capacitance the capacitor when the energy is stored
(3) Infinite equally between the electric and magnetic
(4) Zero fields is-
71. Energy loss in pure capacitance in A.C. circuit is (1) Q/2 (2) Q/ 3
1
(1) CV2 (2) CV (3) Q/ 2 (4) Q
2
78. A fully charged capacitor C with initial charge
1
(3) CV2 (4) Zero q0 is connected to a coil of self inductance L at
4
t = 0. The time at which the energy is stored
72. Power dissipated in pure inductance will be : equally between the electric and the magnetic
LI2 fields is :-
(1) (2) 2LI2
2 (1) 2 LC (2) LC
2
LI 
(3) (4) Zero (3)  LC (4) LC
4 4
Alternating Current
79. A LC circuit is in the state of resonance. if 80. A 60 µF capacitor is charged to 100 volts. This
C = 0.1 F and L = 0.25 henry. Neglecting charged capacitor is connected across a
ohmic resistance of circuit what is the 1.5 mH coil, so that LC oscillations occur. The
frequency of oscillations maximum current in the coil is :-
(1) 1007 Hz (2) 100 Hz (1) 1.5 A (2) 2 A
(3) 109 Hz (4) 500 Hz (3) 15 A (4) 20 A

EXERCISE-I (Conceptual Questions) ANSWER KEY

Question 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Answer 3 2 4 3 2 3 4 1 4 3 2 1 3 1 3
Question 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Answer 3 2 2 2 1 2 1 3 4 4 3 3 2 3 2
Question 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45
Answer 2 2 2 3 2 3 3 1 2 4 2 1 1 2 2
Question 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
Answer 4 3 4 3 1 3 2 3 3 4 4 1 2 2 3
Question 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75
Answer 3 3 3 1 3 4 2 2 3 4 4 4 2 2 4
Question 76 77 78 79 80
Answer 4 3 4 1 4
 NEET : Physics

Exercise - II (Previous Year Questions) AIPMT/NEET

AIPMT 2006  1  
2

1. A transistor-oscillator using a resonant circuit (3) 2 R 2 +  L−   R
  C  
with an inductor L (of negligible resistance)
and a capacitor C in series produce oscillations   1  
2
2 R 2 +  L−  
of frequency f. If L is doubled and C is changed   C  
(4)
to 4C, then frequency will be :- R
f AIPMT Pre. 2010
(1) (2) 8 f
4 6. In the given circuit the reading of voltmeter
f f V1 and V2 are 300 volts each. The reading of
(3) (4) the voltmeter V3 and ammeter A are
2 2 2
respectively :
2. A coil of inductive reactance 31 has a C
L R=100
resistance of 8. It is placed in series with a
condenser of capacitive reactance 25. The V1 V2 V3
combination is connected to an a.c. source of A
110 volt. The power factor of the circuit is :-
(1) 0.56 (2) 0.64
220V, 50Hz
(3) 0.80 (4) 0.33
AIPMT 2007 (1) 100 V, 2.0 A (2) 150 V, 2.2 A
3. What is the value of inductance L for which (3) 220 V, 2.2 A (4) 220 V, 2.0 A
the current is a maximum in a series LCR AIPMT Mains 2010
circuit with C = 10 µF and  = 1000 rad/s ? 7. A condenser of capacity C is charged to a
(1) 10mH potential difference of V1. The plates of the
condenser are then connected to an ideal
(2) 100mH
inductor of inductance L. The current through
(3) 1mH
the inductor when the potential difference
(4) cannot be calculated unless R is known
across the condenser reduces to V2 is?
AIPMT 2008
4. In an a.c. circuit the e.m.f. (e) and the current
(1)
(
C V12 − V22 ) (2)
(
C V12 + V22 )
(i) at any instant are given by :- L L

( )
e = E0 sint i = I0 sin (t –) 1/2 1/2
 C V2 − V2   C ( V − V )2 
1 2
The average power in the circuit over one (3)  
 (4)  1 2 

cycle of a.c. is :-  L   L 
E I AIPMT Pre. 2011
(1) 0 0 cos  (2) E0I0 8. An ac voltage is applied to a resistance R and
2
E I E I an inductor L in series. If R and the inductive
(3) 0 0 (4) 0 0 sin  reactance are both equal to 3, the phase
2 2
difference between the applied voltage and
AIPMT 2009
the current in the circuit is :-
5. Power dissipated in an LCR series circuit
(1) /6 (2) /4 (3) /2 (4) Zero
connected to an a.c. source of emf  is :-
9. In an ac circuit an alternating voltage
2
 1  e = 200 2 sin 100 t volts is connected to a
(1) 2R R2 +  L− 
 C  capacitor of capacity 1µF. The r.m.s. value of
 2  the current in the circuit is:-
1  
2
2 (1) 10 mA (2) 100 mA
(2)  R R +  L−  
  C   (3) 200 mA (4)20 mA
Alternating Current
AIPMT Mains 2011 NEET-UG 2013
10. The r.m.s. value of potential difference V 14. A coil of self-inductance L is connected in
shown in the figure is: - series with a bulb B and an AC source.
V Brightness of the bulb decreases when :
V0 (1) an iron rod is inserted in the coil.
(2) frequency of the AC source is decreased.
O t (3) number of turns in the coil is reduced.
T/2 T (4) A capacitance of reactance XC = XL is included
V0 in the same circuit.
(1) (2) V0
3 Re-AIPMT 2015
V0 V0 15. A series R-C circuit is connected to an
(3) (4) alternating voltage source. Consider two
2 2
11. A coil has resistance 30 ohm and inductive situations:
(a) When capacitor is air filled.
reactance 20 ohm at 50 Hz frequency. If an ac
(b) When capacitor is mica filled.
source, of 200 volt, 100 Hz, is connected across
Current through resistor is i and voltage
the coil, the current in the coil will be :-
across capacitor is V then :-
(1) 2.0 A (2) 4.0 A
(1) Va = Vb (2) Va < Vb
20
(3) 8.0 A (4) A (3) Va > Vb (4) ia > ib
13
AIPMT 2015
AIPMT Pre. 2012 16. A resistance 'R' draws power 'P' when
12. In an electrical circuit R, L, C and an a.c. voltage connected to an AC source. If an inductance is
source are all connected in series. When L is now placed in series with the resistance, such
removed from the circuit, the phase difference that the impedance of the circuit becomes 'Z',
between the voltage and the current in the the power drawn will be:
circuit is /3. If instead, C is removed from the R R
circuit the phase difference is again /3. The (1) P (2) P  
Z Z
power factor of the circuit is : 2
R
(1) 1 (2) 3 2 (3) P (4) P  
Z
1 1
(3) (4) NEET-I 2016
2 2
17. An inductor 20 mH, a capacitor 50 µF and a
AIPMT Mains 2012
resistor 40 are connected in series across a
13. The instantaneous values of alternating
source of emf V = 10 sin 340 t. The power loss
current and voltages in a circuit are given as
in A.C. circuit is:-
1
i= sin (100 t) ampere (1) 0.51 W (2) 0.67 W
2
(3) 0.76 W (4) 0.89 W
1 18. A small signal voltage V(t) = V0 sint is
e= sin (100 t + /3) volt
2 applied across an ideal capacitor C :-
The average power in Watts consumed in the (1) Current I(t), lags voltage V(t) by 90°.
circuit is :- (2) Over a full cycle the capacitor C does not
1 1 consume any energy from the voltage
(1) (2)
2 8 source.
1 3 (3) Current I(t) is in phase with voltage V(t).
(3) (4)
4 4 (4) Current I(t) leads voltage V(t) by 180°.
 NEET : Physics
NEET-II 2016 NEET (UG) 2020
19. Which of the following combinations should 24. A 40 µF capacitor is connected to a 200 V,
be selected for better tuning of an L-C-R 50 Hz ac supply. The rms value of the current
circuit used for communication? in the circuit is, nearly :
(1) 25.1 A (2) 1.7 A (3) 2.05 A (4) 2.5 A
(1) R = 15 , L = 3.5 H, C = 30 F
25. A series LCR circuit is connected to an ac
(2) R = 25 , L = 1.5 H, C = 45 F voltage source. When L is removed from the
(3) R = 20 , L = 1.5 H, C = 35 F circuit, the phase difference between current
(4) R = 25 , L = 2.5 H, C = 45 F 
and voltage is . If instead C is removed from
20. The potential differences across the 3
resistance, capacitance and inductance are 
the circuit, the phase difference is again
80 V, 40 V and 100 V respectively in an L-C-R 3
circuit. The power factor of this circuit is :- between current and voltage. The power
(1) 0.8 (2) 1.0 (3) 0.4 (4) 0.5 factor of the circuit is :
(1) –1.0 (2) zero (3) 0.5 (4) 1.0
NEET (UG) 2018
NEET (UG) 2020(Covid-19)
21. An inductor 20 mH, a capacitor 100 µF and a 26. A light bulb and an inductor coil are
resistor 50  are connected in series across a connected to an ac source through a key as
source of emf, V = 10 sin 314 t. The power loss shown in the figure below. The key is closed
in the circuit is and after sometime an iron rod is inserted
(1) 0.79 W (2) 0.43 W into the interior of the inductor. The glow of
(3) 2.74 W (4) 1.13 W the light bulb

NEET (UG) 2019 (Odisha)

22. The variation of EMF with time for four types
of generators are shown in the figures. Which
amongst them can be called AC?
E E (1) decreases (2) remains unchanged
(3) will fluctuate (4) increases
(a) (b)
t t NEET (UG) 2021
27. An inductor of inductance L, a capacitor of
capacitance C and a resistor of resistance 'R'
E E are connected in series to an ac source of
potential difference 'V' volts as shown in
(c) (d)
t figure.
t
Potential difference across L, C and R is 40 V,
10 V and 40 V, respectively. The amplitude of
(1) (a) & (d) (2) (a), (b), (c) & (d) current flowing through LCR series circuit is
(3) (a) & (b) (4) only (a) 10 2 A. The impedance of the circuit is :-
23. A circuit when connected to an AC source of
12 V gives a current of 0.2 A. The same circuit
40V 10V 40V
when connected to a DC source of 12 V, gives
a current of 0.4 A. The circuit is ~
V
(1) series LR (2) series RC (1) 4 2  (2) 5/ 2 
(3) series LC (4) series LCR
(3) 4  (4) 5 
Alternating Current
28. A series LCR circuit containing 5.0 H inductor, 50
(1) o =  = Hz
80 µF capacitor and 40  resistor is 
connected to 230 V variable frequency ac 50
(2) o = Hz,  = 50Hz
source. The angular frequencies of the source 
at which power transferred to the circuit is 100
(3)  = 100 Hz ; o = Hz
half the power at the resonant angular 
frequency are likely to be : (4) o =  = 50 Hz
(1) 25 rad/s and 75 rad/s
(2) 50 rad/s and 25 rad/s RE-NEET (UG) 2022
(3) 46 rad/s and 54 rad/s 31. An inductor of inductance 2 mH is connected
(4) 42 rad/s and 58 rad/s to a 220 V, 50 Hz a.c. source. Let the inductive
reactance in the circuit is X1. If a 220 V dc
NEET (UG) 2022
source replaces the ac source in the circuit,
29. The peak voltage of the ac source is equal to:
then the inductive reactance in the circuit is
(1) the rms value of the ac source
X2. X1 and X2 respectively are :
(2) 2 times the rms value of the ac source
(1) 6.28 , zero (2) 6.28 , infinity
(3) 1/ 2 time the rms value of the ac source
(3) 0.628 , zero (4) 0.628 , infinity
(4) the value of voltage supplied to the circuit. 32. A standard filament lamp consumes 100 W
30. A series LCR circuit with inductance 10H, when connected to 200 V ac mains supply.
capacitance 10 µF, resistance 50  is connected The peak current through the bulb will be :
to an ac source of voltage, V = 200 sin (100 t) (1) 0.707 A (2) 1 A
volt. If the resonant frequency of the LCR circuit (3) 1.414 A (4) 2 A
is o and the frequency of the ac source is , then

EXERCISE-II (Previous Year Questions) ANSWER KEY

Question 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Answer 3 3 2 1 2 3 3 2 4 3 2 1 2 1 3
Question 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Answer 4 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 4 4 1 4 3 2 1
Question 31 32
Answer 3 1
 NEET : Physics

Exercise – III (Analytical Questions) Master Your Understanding

1. Resonance occurs in a series LCR circuit when 4. Match the column :
the frequency of the applied emf is 1000 Hz. In column I, variation of current I with t is given
Then in figures. In column II root mean square
(a) when frequency = 900 Hz, then the current irms, and average current are given.
current through the voltage source will Match the column I with corresponding
be ahead of e.m.f. of the source quantities given in Column II
(b) the impedance of the circuit is minimum Column-I Column-II
at f = 1000 Hz (A) (P) i
irms = 0
(c) at resonance the voltage across L and 2
current in C differ in phase by 180°
(d) If the value of C is doubled resonance
occurs at f = 2000 Hz (B) (Q) Average
(1) only a & b are correct current is i0
(2) a, b, c are correct
(3) c & d are correct
(4) all are correct (C) (R) i0
2. If R, C, and L be the resistance, capacitance, Irms =
3
and inductance in the circuit in which ac of
frequency f is set up, then which of the
following have the dimensions of R? (D) (S) None of
(a) fC (b) fL (c) 1/fC (d) L/f above
(1) only a & b (2) only b & c
(3) only c & d (4) all
3. In an RLC series circuit shown in figure, the
(1) a – S, b – Q, c – Q, d – P
readings of voltmeters V1 and V2 are 100 V
(2) a – P, b – Q, c – S, d – P
and 120 V respectively. The source voltage is
(3) a – Q, b – P, c – R, d – S
130 V. For this situation mark out the correct (4) a – P, b – P,Q, c – P, d – P
statement(s).
5. Match the following :
V2
Column-I Column-II
(A) LCR circuits (P) Resonant curve will
V1 be flattened
~ (B) Inductor (Q) Sharpness indicates
sensitivity
(a) Voltage across resistor, inductor and (C) More (R) Have resonant
capacitor are 50 V, 86.6 V and 206.6 V, resistance 1
respectively frequency  =
LC
(b) Voltage across resistor, inductor and
with maximum
capacitor are 10V,90 V and 30 V,
current
respectively
(D) Radio Tuner's (S) Analogous to mass
5
(c) Power factor of the circuit is characteristic
13 curve (I – f)
(d) The circuit is capacitive in nature
(1) a, c, d (2) b, c, d (1) A-R, B-S, C-Q, D-P (2) A-Q, B-P, C-Q, D-R
(3) c, d (4) None (3) A-S, B-Q, C-R, D-P (4) A-R, B-S, C-P, D-Q
Alternating Current
6. Match the column In the light of the above statements, choose
Column-I Column-II the most appropriate answer from the
(a) In L-R series AC (p) Current lags options given below:
circuit voltage by /2 (1) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the
(b) In R-C series AC (q) Current lags correct explanation of (A).
circuit voltage by an (2) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is NOT
angle less than the correct explanation of (A).
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false.
/2
(4) (A) is false but (R) is true.
(c) In L-C series AC (r) Current leads
9. Given below are two statements: one is
circuit (XL > XC) voltage by an
labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is
angle less than
labelled as Reason (R).
/2
Assertion (A) : In a series LCR circuit at
(d) In purely (s) Current and
resonance, the voltage across the capacitor or
resistive AC voltage are in inductor may be more than the applied
circuit phase voltage.
(1) a-q, b-r, c-p, d-s (2) a-s, b-q, c-p, d-r Reason (R) : At resonance in a series LCR
(3) a-s, b-r, c-q, d-p (4) a-p, b-s, c-r, d-q circuit, the voltages across inductor and
7. Given below are two statements: one is capacitor are equal & 180° out of phase.
labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is In the light of the above statements, choose
labelled as Reason (R). the most appropriate answer from the
Assertion (A) : Smaller the band width, options given below:
sharper the resonance and easier it is to tune (1) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the
an LCR circuit. correct explanation of (A).
Reason (R) : Resonant frequency is (2) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is NOT
arithmetic mean of half power frequencies. the correct explanation of (A).
In the light of the above statements, choose (3) (A) is true but (R) is false.
the most appropriate answer from the (4) (A) is false but (R) is true.
options given below: 10. Given below are two statements: one is
(1) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is
correct explanation of (A). labelled as Reason (R).
Assertion (A) : Average power consumed in
(2) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is NOT
an ac circuit is equal to average power
the correct explanation of (A).
consumed by resistors in the circuit.
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false.
Reason (R) : Average power consumed by
(4) (A) is false but (R) is true.
capacitor and inductor is zero
8. Given below are two statements: one is
In the light of the above statements, choose
labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is
the most appropriate answer from the
labelled as Reason (R). options given below:
Assertion (A) : The impedance of series L-C- (1) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the
R circuit can be greater, equal or less than the correct explanation of (A).
resistance. (2) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is NOT
Reason (R) : The impedance of series LCR the correct explanation of (A).
circuit depends over angular frequency of (3) (A) is true but (R) is false.
applied emf. (4) (A) is false but (R) is true.
 NEET : Physics
11. Given below are two statements: one is Column-I Column-II
labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is Isource
labelled as Reason (R). (A) (P) Box may contain LCR.
Assertion (A) : In an LC oscillation energy is
t
not constant practically.
Reason (R) : Energy is lost in resistance of
inductor and of connecting wires and also in Isource
form of electromagnetic radiations. (B) (Q) Box may contain only LR.
In the light of the above statements, choose t
the most appropriate answer from the
options given below:
Isource
(1) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the
(C) (R) Power factor of box is zero.
correct explanation of (A).
(2) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is NOT t
the correct explanation of (A).
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false. Isource
(4) (A) is false but (R) is true. (D) (S) Box may contain only CR.
12. Box may have any series combination of L, C t
and R. Column-I represents source current and
column-II represents possible statements.
Box (T) State of resonance.
Options :-
(1) A → P, B → R, C → PS, D → P

~ (2) A → PT, B → R, C → PS, D → PQ

Vsource (3) A → PT, B → PR, C → P, D → PQ
(4) A → P, B → PR, C → P, D → T
t

EXERCISE-III (Analytical Questions) ANSWER KEY

Question 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Answer 1 2 1 2 4 1 2 4 2 1 1 2