i orld is in the form of Mout of the elettie pawer generated ant used in the work! isin the Form of alternating current. This is he: coely from one valu nd efficiently converted value to, ) alternating voltages can be easily a other by means of transformers. ‘i smitted (i) the alternating curren energy’ an be tarsi’ distances economically without much loss of enerBY" | and distributed over long ALTERNATING CURRENT CHAPTER .CHECKLIST * Introduction to Alternating Current In this chaprer, we will study about some alternating current systern dhat transfers energy efficiency and we will also discuss some of the devices that make use of alternating current. |TOPIC 1| Introduction to Alternating Current Alternating Current (AC) If che direction of current changes alternatively (periodically) and its magnitude changes continuously with respect to time, then the current iscalled alternating current. It is sinusoidal (i. represented by sine or cosine angles) in nature, Aleernating current can be defined as the current whose magniwde and direction changes with time and atcains the same magnicude and direction after a definite time interval It changes continuously between zero and a maximum value and flaws in one direction in the first half eycle and in the opposite direction in the next half cycle. The instantaneous value of AC is given by + AC Circuits =! sinoe I Current ve time graph of an AC where, J = current at any instant, 4 = maximum/peak value of AC. v= frequency and @ = angular frequency " Note Current whose dection doos nol ehango wt tne vou currert (OC). 12h a load is known as circet¥ savontooes of AC over Dc {y ACeeneration is easy and economical (i) itcan be easly converted into DC wth te help of rect, ui) tn AC, energy loss is minimum, so cen os ican be transmitted over lige distances, | | pisadvantages of AC over oc | GAG shock is atactve, while DC shack i repute <0, | | 220V AC 1s more dangerous than 220V DC | (i) AC cannot be used in elecivoclating process because here | constant Curent with corsant polly fs needed wish | eventy 0. | Alternating emf or Voltage Ican be defined as the voltage whose magnitude and duetion changes with time and atains the same magnitude and direction after a definite time interval The instantaneous value of alternating emf or voltage is given by E = Fysinwe where, E= voltage at any time f value of shernating voltage and « Eq = maximum/peak = angular frequency. Note Alerting cunent, aerating emi, thx, ete siuscie waves. MEAN OR AVERAGE VALUE OF AC Itisdefined as the value of AC (Aleernating Current) which ‘ould send same amount of charge through a circuit in half le (ie. 772) that is sent by steady current in the same ‘ime, Ieis denoted by J, or I, all are lat the instantancous value of alternating current’ is "presented by I= Iysinor =f) The AC changes continuously with time, Suppose current esPt constant for small time (di). Then, small amount of "ee (dq) in small time (dt) is given by dq = Ide = 1, sino de (from Eq. (i) elec total charge send by AC over half eyceis given Jedg= JF, sine a i [sara =I, f/"sinor de 4-10), "4, is steady charge over half cycle riz al o ], Also, the charge sent by AC in positive half cycle is T =1,x> Fac = Liq z where, J, is mean value of AC over half cycle. Accotding to the definition, [over any half eydle] Si hy © = [07 =22] = Mean value of AC (/,,) is 63.7% of the peak value of AC (J) over positive hall cycle. For negative half cycle, the mean value of AC will be -2/, 7m. Therefore, in a complete cycle, the mean value of AC will be 2en0 In the same way, mean value of alternating emf (E,.) is [e,=*2=04076,] poeelet hmtemen Root Mean Square (RMS) Value of AC Iris defined as that value of Alternating Cutrent (AC) over a compleic cycle which would generate same amount of heat in a given resistor that is generated by steady current in the same reitor and in the same time daring a complete cycle. 1c is also called virtual value or effective value of AC. Iris represemted by yy oF Uy oF Ly eurtent which flows inthe resistor having time (7) produces heat (21). Instantaneous value of AC, uppose Fis the resistance (R) in T=1ysinorWf #7 is small amount of heat produced in time dr in resistor R, then dH =I?Rdt be = PRT). In complete cycle (0+ 7), the total heat produced is #1 After integrating Eq, (i), we get Jar-[rRa = nafPRd Put the value of / in the above equation, we get H=[P dysinan? Rae =12R{) sin? or ae= ref, a see] [pie Se aR ft — cos2unal AE J cos2a00) ae 3 err afr cos2ur dt] sin 201 i 20 |, [or = 0) SE fan 207 ~ sin “] = 7 hina x2=—al] “oF =2n] al] [esindn=0) cei) IF Jj, is rms value of alternating current and is the heat produced by rms current (/,,,) chen Het} ,RT On comparing Eqs. i) and (i), we get 2 an 2 TR RT =m [2 = 2 eS Yacse| al a = i fi $ 07, Jim = 70.7% 0f To] From the above equation, we conclude that sms value of ‘current is 70.7% of the peak value of current, xloe = he rms value of alternating yy In the same way By)is (Egy ot Ear OF 707 Ey = 20.7% of Ei, 1, and Fyn 2F€ shown in figure The different given below. MS and Average value of current on the same graph AC Ammeter and Voltmeter [AC ammeter and voltmeter always measure the virtual value of ACor atomating em. They ave also called hot wire instruments because deflection in | the needle depends upon the heat produced in any coil | Helin Ne connect ordinary DC ammeter or velimeter to AC cre, | they read zero because average value of alternating, currenteoliage over a full cycle is zor0. oe EXAMPLE |1|The instantaneous current from an AC source is given by I = 5sin314¢, What is the rms value of the current? Sol. Given, T= Ssingi4e A We know that, 1 = 1, sin At) (On comparing Eqs. (i) and (i), we have 1y=5A and @=314 les Ver yen 4 EXAMPLE |2|catculate the i the for AC supply of 220 V and Shae e instantaneous voltage Sol. Given, £, = 299 Sinee, we know that for alternating voltage £. E Ey = V2e, S0Hz and E caleulating the peak value of ve can use the relation Al4x 220=311V =SUsin(an x 50yp =3lisintoonsAMPLE [3] In an AC circuit, the rms voltage is IN}. Determine the peak value of voltage and its value during a positive half cycle, 08 ven Ey = 10002 9 peak valve of voltage, Ey ean valve of voltage, E,, ; E, = Vay = V2{100V2)= 200 “_During positive half cycle (0-9 7/2), | TOPIC PRACTICE 1 | -(BJECTIVE Type Questions 1. The peak voltage in a 220 V, AC source is 20 () about 160 V (c)about 310 V (d) 440 2. Ifthe rms current in a 50 Hz AC circuitis 5 A, the value of the current 1/300 s after its value becomes zero is NCERT Exemplar v2 (b)5v3/2 A (5/68 (asiv2a 3. Ifthe reading of AC mains voltage by a voltmeter is 200 V, then the root mean square value of this voltage will be (@) 200/72 V (1002 V (©) 200V (4) 40/0 ¥ ‘The reading of an ammeter in an alternating Gireuit is 4 A. The peak (maximum) value of Current in the circuit is 4a (b)8A (04 Beas (42.4 OF When a voltage measuring device is connected tO. AC mains, the meter shows the steady Input Voltage of 220 V, This means NCERT Examplar () input voltage cannot be AC voltage, but a DC Voltage (+) maximum input voltage is 220V (©) the meter reads not Vbut < V*> and is calibrated toread yey? > (@) the pointer of the meter is stuck by some mechanical defect VERY SHORT ANSWER Type Questions 6. Kh a 10. 12. Define the term rms value of the current. How isit related to the peak value? _All India2010C ‘The peak value of emf in AC is Eq. Write its {i) rms (fi) average value over a complete cycle. Foreign 2011 In many European homes and offices, the rms voltage available from a wall socket is 240 V. What is the maximum voltage in this case? An AC current [= Jp sin ot produces certain heat H in a resistor R over a time T =2r/0. Write the value of the DC current that would produce the same heat in the same resistor in the same time. All India 2009C An alternating current is given by T= j,coswt + [,sinast. Determine the rms value of current through the circuit. The current through an AC circuit is I, = Io(t/2) for sometime. Determine the rms current through the circuit over time interval t =O to tet Can the instantaneous power output of an AC source ever be negative? Can the average power output be negative?“ NCERT Exemplar SHORT ANSWER Type Questions 13. Establish an expression for the average voltage 14, 15. 16. Of AC voltage V = Vo sin ot over the time interval = 0 and? = 1/0. Which of the following 120 V AC devices cost more to operate (i) one that draws an rms. current of 10 A or (ii) one that draws a peak current of 12 A? Explain the reason for your answer, Show that heat produced in a cycle of AC is same as the heat produced by DC with 1 =I gas Both alternating current and direct current are measured in amperes, But how is the ampere defined for an alternating current? NCERT Exemplar NUMERICAL PROBLEMS 17. ‘The instantaneous value of current in an AC circuit is /=2sin (100 wr +n /3) A. At what first time, the current will be n aximum ?18. an alternating current in a circuit is given by T=20sin(100zxt + 0.05n) A. What is the rms value of current? 19. (i) The peak voltage of an AC supply is 300 V. What is its rms voltage? (ii) The rms value of current in an AC circuit is 10 A. What is the peak current? NCERT 20. A light bulb is rated 100 W for 220 V AC supply of SO Hz. Calculate (@ resistance of the bulb. (ii) the rms current through the bulb. All India 2012 21. The alternating current in a circuit is described by the graph shown in the figure. Find the rms current in this graph. CERT Exemplar 3 a =! r “0 + ‘er a af CH wm— 3 | HINTs AND soLuTIONS | L (€) Given, By = 20 Peak voltage, E, = V2E, = 12x 220=310V Thus, option (¢) is correct 2 @) Given, ¥=50H2, Jing =5A We have to find J (2) J, = Peak value = VB ding = VES =5V2 A =I, sin ot =5Vsin 2n vt =sy2sin an x 50x 1 300 =sv2sin E a oe, 8, (c) By = 200V = Erm 1is voltage is the san square value of this the eect Rook me tage Le, equal tothe Yolage indicatey pt volumeter. 4, (€) Givens fms = 4% _ ‘The peak value of current, Ip = IemeV2 =4N24 ( The voltmeter connected to AC mains tends eye 5. dit i seine (e's) and is calibrated in such a way that, ale (oY te, which is multiplied by form factor 4" valve of ws 2 ty 4 50x4 200 1B. gg =10V2A Refer to the Example 1 on page 290. Em= B= R= 2e21V [Ey = peak voltage] (Io 210.4 [- xV2= 14148 = peak current] 20. (i) Power, P= ET => PoEx= * (age . _ 7 _ (220) P 100 48400 _ asta 100 (ii) The peak voltage of the source is E.., = om XD = 220/2=31113V . Jp _ Ey _ nas ~ Ye RE st ETeRE) = ea T A 21, From the graph, fy =1A,1,=~2A and ly =1A 1 HAGA fear a? ‘ 3 3 =|%=v2 3 ald A|TOPIC 2| AC Circuits Phasor Diagrams ‘The study of AC circuit is much simplified, if we represent alternating current, alternating emf as rotating vector, wich the angle between the vectors equal to the phase difference beeween the current and the emf, These rorating vectors representing current and alternating emfare called phasors. A diagram representing alternating current and alteenaring cemf (of same frequency) as rocating vectors (phasors) with the phase angle beoween them is called phasor diagram. The length of the vector represents the maximum or peak value, ie. [, and Ey. The projection of the vector on fixed axis gives the instantaneous value of alrernating current and alternating emf. In sine form, (I =/ sin@rand E = Eq sin (01), projection is taken on Y-axis. In cosine form, (1 =1, cost and E = E» costa), projection is taken on X-axis. ipsin ot or a Phasor diagram DIFFERENT TYPES OF AC CIRCUIT In this section, we will derive voltage current relations for individual as well as combined circuit elements carrying a sinusoidal current. Here, we will only consider resistors, inductors and capacicors. AC through Resistor Suppose a resistor of resistance R is connected to an AC source of emf with instantaneous value (E), which is given by E=Eysinor sali) - Let E be the potential drop across an ac vot resistance (R), then ‘sree a =i) --nstatancous em= Instantaneous value of potential drop Tqc03 0 From Eqs. (i) and (ii)» We have = = EqlR with Ohm's law, we find thy qually well for both AC and DC voligs, From Exqs. (i) and (iii), we Bet, chat for resistor there jg zero phase difference berween instantancous altcnating current and instantaneous alternating emf (i.e, they arejy same phase). Comparing Ja resistors work c Greph of Eand I versusot Phasor Diagram Here, peak values Ey and Ig are represented by vects rotating with angular velocity w with respect to horison reference. Their projections on vertical axis give te instantaneous values, £o lEasinot Phasor diagram fora purely resistive circuit EXAMPLE ‘AMPLE [1] A resistance of 2002 is connected #7? so : he Ofalternating current rated 110 V, 50 Hz. Find’ 6) ms curent ; | Hi) maximum instar time taney ant@Reous current in the resstO% ‘mane PY the current to change from its im value to the rms value.gvensresistance, R= 200 sol ens value of voltage, E,. = 9V v=s0Hz frequen uid Ole ="R = 20 (i fe 2 Vlg = 144 552784 {a Let the AC be represented by 1 = AUt=0. = 1, C080= Iy(max) =55A Teeosat Abts tlecl = fy = Jy Jp bocosan cos= = wr =% =e = at=2 3 ame i 72m 1 f=— =—_ = 25x10"s sv 8x50 ACthrough Inductor Suppose an inductor with self-inductance (L) is connected to anACsource with instantaneous emf(E), which i given by E=Egsinar wi) L : e K . & ‘An AC source connected to an inductor ‘hen ey Xis closed, then current begins to grow because magnetic flux linked with it changes and induced emf fnduces which opposes the applied em According to Lenz's law, d | atl 0) od | tt %it¢is induced emf and As the rate of change of meat at | muinczin the flow of current in the circuit, [lel vohage must be equal and opposite to the | Mice emf ie, f. Bene |: a ag gpa ede [leo Eg.) | a) ad L "pring the shove equation on both sides, we get lee E gaye Ht (y B= Eysinoe] S 7 Fo] -cosor LL @ Pr ~6 di 5 a) -cat opine -w) [-#G e 1= 72 ge(or—n/2) wi ol Tf sin(@s ~ 1/2) = maximum =1, then [= I, £, whe pak of een Jy = 2 7 = 1, sintor -n12} Ci) From Egg. (i) and (iii), ic is clear that in a pure inductor, the curent lags behind the voltage by a phase angle of m2 radians (90°) or the voltage leads the current bya phase angle of 7/2 radians (90°) Graph of E and | versuset Phasor Diagram ‘The phasor representing peak emf Ey makes an angle i, in anti-clockwise direction from horizontal axis. As currence lags behind the voltage by 90°, so the phasor representing Ty is turned 90° clockwise with the direction of E,. PPhasordigram for purely inductive eiruit Inductive Reactance (X,) The opposing nature of inductor to the flow of alternating current is called inductive reactance, As 1=22 (orn ot y= Eylal Comparing the above with Ohm's law, J, =*, The quantity 04 is analogous tothe resistance and is denoted by Res wwhece, X is called inductive reactance.If f is the frequency of AC source, then X,=0L=20L i) [: a= am] The dimension of inductive reactance is the same as that of resistance and its SI unit is ohm (Q). The inductive reactance limits the current in a purely inductive circuit in the same way as the resistance limits the current in a purely resistive circuit. It is also directly proportional to the inductance and to the frequency of the AC current. Thus, if the frequency of AC increases, its inductive reactance also If inductor is connected to DC source fi 1 =0 vel . feet] Ly Here, v is frequency. So, from Eq, (i) ia X, =0. Therefore, induccor passes DC and blocks AC of very high frequency. EXAMPLE |2{ Altemating emf of E = 220sin100n¢ is applied to a circuit containing an inductance of (1/n) H. Write equation for instantaneous current through the circuit, What will be the reading of AC galvanometer connected in the circuit? Sol Given, 220sin100% ¢ Ey = 20V,0 =1005,L=(/n) Ht Since, inductive reactance, X, = wl x, =100nx+4 = 1000 x 220 SS a22A 100 ‘As cusrent lags behind the emf by a phase angle of. 1 = Jgsin((ot—m/2) = 2.2 sin (100m ~ n/2) Reading of AC galvanometer, ly = % = a 22 =22., Fats AC through Capacitor Ler us consider a capacitor with capacitance C be connected to an AC source with an emf having instantaneous value, E=Epsinor wl) c i th E ‘An AG source connected o 9 capacitor Due to this emf, charge will be produced and ic will cha the plates of capacitor with positive and negative charge potential difference across the plates of capacitor is V, the, wv vel or ‘The instantaneous value of current in the circuic, y_d -4.-4cH) 129-5) Eeveg = Lhe sin wr) Egsinws) it =CE, costa: X@ 2 sin(wr+ 1/2) Vac ii) [> costar = sin(n/2+ w2)) Z will be maximum when sin(@r+ #/2) = 1, so chat where, peak value of current is, Ip n T= I, sin(or+ m 12) Ai) From Eqs, (i) and (ii), ic is clear that in a perfect capacitor, the current leads the voltage by a phase angle of ni2 radians (90°) or the voltage lags behind the current bya phase angle of w/2 radians (90°). Groph of € and I versus ot Phasor Diagram The phasor representing peak emf E, makes an angle Of, in anti-clockwise ditection with respect to horizontal ax As current leads the voltage by 90°, the phasor representing 7 is turned 90° anti-clockwise with the phasor representis§ Eq. The projections of these phasors on the vertical axis gi instantaneous values of E and 1.citive Reactance (x,) isantaneous vale of alternating current through a or is given bY ‘he ow Ey. r= Zbin (oreniny=1o{ ars) ing the above with Ohm's Is =f casa te above wih Ohm’ ewe get fy xe oe] | casei called capacitive reactance, Tie opposing nature of capacitor to the flow of alternating surenis called capacitive reactance, | pvisthefiequency of the alternating current, then [ a om] | Tiedimersion of capacitive reactance is same as that of | stance and its SI unit is ohrm (Q), The capacitive reactance ins the amplitude of the current in a purely capacitive iauitin the same way as the resistance limits the current in a pry resistive circuit. It is inversely proportional vo the aciance and frequency of the current. Tas, if frequency of AC increases, then its capacitive sacance decreases - ‘When capacitor is connected ro DC 1F sauce, tye Desouce { (+ for DC, @ = 2nv=0, as v=0] | Ths capacitor blocks DIC and acts as opet circuit while it |PBSAC of high frequency. | XAMPLE [3] A capacitor of 1ouFis connected to an AC | Wee of emfE =220sin100nt. Write the equation of | Pettaneous current through the circuit. What wil be | guudig of AC ammeter connected in the cieut? | °S, Giver, capacitance, C = 10pF =10x10F, | emf, E = 220sin100nt = £, sin@t * Ey = 220, = any =100n = v= 50H ‘ince, capacitive reactance, a ae u 5 51852 @C 2vO 2x314 x50x10 1,= F222 Loa ie 3185 So,reding of AC ammeter, y 5 2, 9691 _ ggg 2” ia AC THROUGH L-C-R CIRCUIT Suppose that an inductor (Z), a capacitor (C) and a resistor (R) are connected in series to an AC source. / is the current passing through this circuit. As R, Land C are in seties, therefore at any instant through che three elements, AC has the same amplitude and phase. Lec it be represented by I= Igsinor However, voltage across each element bears a phase relationship with the current. rent (V, is maximum voltage across L] [Vc is maximum voltage across C] Vis maximum voltage across KJ we “uo 4 2 ¢ 2 es < c a % " f= — be 1 We 1 AC source E= Asner ‘AN AC source connected 10 L-C-R circuit lnside the above figure for a L-C-R circuit, phasor diagrams of each L, C and R are given. To form phasor diagram for series L-C-R circuit, combine all these phasor diageams. Phasor diagram for a series L-C-A circuit Since, voleage (V,) is in upward direction and voltage (V-) in downward direction, so net voltage upto point A is V, =Ve (assuming V; > Ve) and net maximum voltage is From phasor diagram, OB = (00)? + (CB)? = VF 4, -Ve)? => Eq = Yok +HyX,-1yXe)? [e OB= Ey] = Byala R?+(X,- XP" z=70. JR, -X,)? Jy Here, Z is called impedance.Impedance Ir is the total resistance of a circuit applied in the path of alrernating current, It is given by RP+(X,—Xe)* From phasor diagram, it is clear that voltage leads the current by an angle $. 8 1 Sg i Ss a Impedance diagram of -C-R ccuit =. From AOCB, _CB_Vp-Ve _IoXp—loXe und=oo- Vy, TR X,- = wang=24 vali) R So, the alternating emf in the series L-C-R circuit would be represented by E = Ey sin(ar+6). Eqs. (i) and (ii) are graphically shown in the above shown graph. This is called impedance diagram, which is a right angled triangle with Z as its hypotenuse. The amplitude and phase of current for an L-C-R series Circuit is obtained by using the technique of phasors. But this. method of analysing AC circuits have certain disadvantages. Firstly, the phasor diagram does not signify anything about initial condition, One can take any arbitrary Value of 1 and draw different phasors which shows the relative angle between different phasors. The solution so obtained is called the steady state solution. Special Cases (i) When X,=Xcy then Z=R and tang [-9=0°) Hence, voltage and current are in the same phase, Therefore, the AC circuit is non-inductive, Gi) When X,> X¢, then tang is positive. Hence, voltage leads the current by a phase angle 9. “Therefore, the AC circuit is inductance dominated circuit ii) When X¢ > X, then tan is negative Hence, voltage lags behind the current by a ph: angle. Therefore the AC clea is capacitance dominated circuit. A graph (given below) is showing variation of E and Ji, cas for the case, X,>Xe~ Graph of E and | versus ot for series L-C-R circuit when Xe < X, EXAMPLE |4| A capacitor of 100F and a coil of resistance 500 and inductance 0.5 H are connected in series with a 110 V -50 Hz source. Calculate the rms value of eurcent in the circuit. Sol. Given, capacitance, C =100 iF = 100310" F =10"F Resistance, R= 50 2 Inductance, 1 = 05 H Rin value of voltage, Ey =110V Frequency, v = 50H Since, capacitive reactance, Xp #31850 and inductive reactan = (50)? + (157 ~3185)? = 134770 Ey _ M0 Z 13477 =OElbs EXAMPLE [5] A coil of 0,01H inductance and resistance is connected to 200 V, 50 Hz AC supply. Binds? impedance of the circuit and time lag between maxim’ alternating voltage and current. NCERT Exenpl* Sol. Given, in Resistanc Voltage, V= 200 Frequency, v= 50 Hz Impedance of the circuit, z = {R? + x? = VR? + (anv)® = yi? aon! VL )* = yl? + (2x 314¢ 50x00) = 1086 =330Ol _2nv1, _ 2x 414 «59% ee OR Pr ed a = * (314) = 72° xn rhe difrene, b= EE 5p Time le between maximum alternating volige and current, r weds Tar 1:8 © 180% 2R 50 ~ 259 Resonance Ina seties L-C-R circuit, when phase () between current and voltage i zero, then the circu is said to be a resonant circuit. Asapplied frequency increases, then mf 1 : X,=L, X, increasesand Xo = age Xe decreases, Arse angular frequency (@,), X, = X¢ 1 A Xy=0e, Keel. where, X, oe The frequency at which X¢ and X, become equal, is cdled resonant frequency. > Actesonating frequency, = Minimum 4 evant Shee, Zs minimum, therefore will be maximum. EXAMPLE |6] a2 uF eapcitor, 100.0 resistor and 8 sitetor are connected in series with an AC source, What fou be the frequency of source for which the current sn in the circuit is maximum? If peak value of emt of £2 200 ¥, find the maximum current, inductive ae". capacitive reactance, total impedance, pa SAM® of curent in the circuit, What isthe phase ration Sete the voltages across inductor and resister? Aso, a, the phase relation between voltages across i “pacitor, Sol. Given, capacitance, C = 2 = 2x10¢F Resistance, R= 100 02 Inductance, L=8 H Peak value of voltage, E, = 200V When frequency of AC source is equal to resonant frequency, then current drawn in the circuit is maximum, d i "edie 2x314xdaxaxio* = 10m =398Hz axai4 Ea. ‘R100 Xe =X, =o = 2nv =2X3.14 «398 x8= 20002 = Z=R=1000 The voltages across inductor and resistor differ in phase by 90° and the voltages across inductor and capacitor differ in phase by 180°. Quality Factor (Q-Factor) Itis the measure of sharpness of the resonance of an L-CR citcuit, Iv is defined as the ratio of voltage developed across the inductance or capacitance at resonance ro the impressed voltage, which is the voltage applied across R. : Voltage across L (or C) Qfactor = EOS OO) Voltage across R Peak value of current, Q is just a number having no dimensions, it can also be called voltage multiplication factor of the circuit. The electronic civeuie wih high Q values would respond to a very narrow range of frequencies and vice-versa, Higher the value of Q, the narrower and sharper is the resonance, Qacror can also be defined as the ratio of the resonant frequency to = the difference in two frequencies versus cagraph of an taken on both sides of the L-C-R circuit resonant frequency such that at each frequency, the current amplitude becomes the value at resonant Frequency.Mathematically, Qfactor or Q = ©, -0, where, a ‘ ©, and @, are frequencies when current decreases to 0.707 (11 2) times the peak value of curr We can also write, ©, =0, +40 ©, =0, - Ao The difference «@, — bandwidth of the circuit Thus, from the above, Q-factor can also be defined as the ratio of resonant angular frequency to bandwidth of the circuit. Aw is often called the ‘The smaller the bandwidth (Ad), the sharper and nacrower is the resonance. Ng Significance of Q-Factor | + @factor denotes the sharpness of tuning | High ecto ndicaes one te ot ene gy bss | + Higher value of O-tector indicates sharper peak inthe current. | + For R=0,Q!ector« nity AVERAGE POWER ASSOCIATED IN AC CIRCUIT Power is defined as the rate of doing work. aw afi) de Power is defined as the product of voltage and current, In AC circuic, both emf and current change continuously with respect to time. So in it we have to calculace average power in complete cycle (0 7). Instantaneous power, ? = Ef ) + B= Eq sino, 1 = 1, sin(cor+9)] Here, £ and J are instantaneous voltage and current, respectively. If the instantaneous power remains constant for a small time ds, then small amount of work done in maintaining the current for a small time dt is aw ae => dW = El de Integrating Eq, (iii) on both sides, we get Jaw =f? ord sty in maintai 1 wore done oF enerey Sen ‘Total wor te, over one full eyeles 7 + Lg sin(eo y sin or Fo wef ee ME cui, r+ ghee 7 a pyfsinearcos+ cos or sin Ode Bylo, Sten r ; [ot [7 inter dessin of. sneroxng] ala] e0°4)g at [rol (=e sing r es 2sin ex costar ¢, [ool [[co:20:4) o. * T +sing |” sama) =a [(ootat ~ froret) 2 sino” sna 7 Bur [7 cos20rd:=0 or and J sin 20x dr =0 EoloT 5 cos 2 Average power associated in AC circui, Egly T cosh r J ol cos or Exel ys 6089 ly cos Here, cos is power factor, which is defined as the cosine the angle of lag or lead. IFP,, is true given by, Power of average power, then power factor'® P, cosp=—?a___Trie power ‘Regain’ ora patent power is the phase difference between Ip, and Eu Special Cases (i) AC circuit containing R Here, When $= 0°, then P, = Ey 1, cos0® Pym Evf Eel cos So, average power in 2 is maximum.~ 4) AC drcuit containing 2 Ww i then O=—> then P= ED cosh a5 vty cost f =o $0, average power in Lis zero, giy AC crnit containing C c t WhenO=F then P= By ly cos® A =0 So, average power in C is zero, {i) AC crouit containing Land R R Teor ob When eas cosb= R then Py = Eyly A (R402 (i) AC circuit containing C and R 1 When tang = LOC = cosh= Re & VR +110°C R VR + 110°C? (i) AC circuit containing Z, Cand R When tang = OL= Moe then P= vly: = cos p=" VR? +(@L- 1100)? then P= Ey ly + ‘ SAMPLE [7] sinusoidal veltage of peak value 283V ‘ad fequency 50 Hz is applied to a series [-C-R circuit in ‘Wich R=300,1 = 25,48 mil and € = 796). Find {the impedance of the circuit. "ase diference between the voltage across the .. SOUICE and current. {8 the power dissipated in the circuit. { the poirer factor Given, £, = 263V,y =50H2,R=302, 2548mH = 2548x107 and C= 796pF =796x10¢F © Since, inductive reactance, X, = = ‘ ea 50% 2548x107 = 82 NCERT Since, capacitive reactance, fa ba 1 “ 2X3.14 %50%796 x 10 wC aave Xe 240 “ Impedance, Z = JR? +(X, - Xp)? = yf" +(8-4)? =50 (i) Phase difference, = an“t{e=Xe san) R,). (ii) Define the term ‘Sharpness of Resonance’. Under what condition, does a circuit become more selective? Foreign 2016 Prove that an ideal capacitor in an AC cireuit does not dissipate power. All India 2017 C Inthe analogy between series L-C-R circuit and a mass on a spring, the mass is analogous to the inductance and the spring constant is analogous to the inverse of the capacitance. Explain giving reason, In series L- C-R circuit, the plot of Iiaq verstis is shown in the figure. Find the bandwidth and mark in the figure, apa 95 1.01520 ‘o(tad’s) — NCERT ExemplarLONG ANSWER Type I Questions 28. An inductor L of inductance Nis connected in series with a bulb B and an AC source. How would brightness of the bulb change when. () number of turns in the inductor is reduced? (ii) an iron rod is inserted in the inductor? (iii) a capacitor of reactance Nc = X, is inserted in series in the circuit? Justify your answer in each case. AllIndia 2015 (i When an AC source is connected to an ideal capacitor. Show that the average power supplied by the source over a complete cycle is zero. (i) A lamp is connected in series with a capacitor. Predict your observations when the system is connected first across a DC and then an AC source. What happens in each case, if the capacitance of the capacitor is reduced? Delhi 2013 G 29. 30. Answer the following questions. (i) What is the minimum value of the power factor ofa circuit? Under what circumstances can it occur? (ii) State the maximum value of the power factor? Under what circumstances can this occur? 31. An AC voltage V =V,, sin wr is applied across an inductor of inductance L. Find the instantaneous power P, supplied to the inductor. Show graphically the variation of P, with wt. 32. Study the circuits (a) and (b) shown in the figure and answer the following questions: a Rock eS @ © () Under which conditions would the rms currents in the two circuits be the same? (i) Can the rms current in circuit (b) be larger than that in (a)? NCERT| Exemplar 33. Inthe L-C-R circuit, shown in the figure, the AC driving voltage isV=V,sinwt, (i) Write down the equation of motion for g(t), (ii) Ate =to, the voltage source stops and R is short circuited. Now, write down how much energy is stored in each of Land C. 4g subsequent motion of charge, Deserib NCE qi) Frey, ‘Ane os V= Vp sinot Type II Questions LONG ANSWER 34. An AC source o| connected to 4 Use the phasor f voltage V = Vp Sin at is series combination of L, Candy diagram to obtain expressions ince of the circuit and phase angle frimpedanse of he ge condition when current will be in phase with the voltage. What is the circuit in the conditioy called? Delhi 2015 () What do you understand by sharpness of resonance ina series L-C-R circuit? Derive an expression for Q-factor of the circuit (ii) Three electrical circuits having AC sourcesct variable frequency are shown in the figure, Initially, the current flowing in each of thee is same. If the frequency of the applied AC source is increased, how will the cure flowing in these circuits be affected? 35. Give the reason for your answer, Delhi20il R L ¢ ooe | eI LI E E E 36. Derive an expression for the impedance of series L-C-R circuit connected to an AC supplY of variable frequency. Plot a graph showing Variation of current with the frequency of the applied voltage. Explain briefly how the Phenomenon of resonance in the circuit 0, used in the tuning mechanism of a radio of set? path! 37. «i (i) Siow that a Series L-C-R circuit at nance behaves as a purely resistiv® rain s 6 stew Compare the phase relation be" for ent and Voltage in series L-C-R ¢ @X,>x, 0) X, =X , (i) What ag SS UIMEPhasor diagrams useq? © 2” 8€ceptor circuit and wh!is a series, L~C-R circuit connected to an AG Myce of variable frequency and voltage fre Vesin 0h, draw a plot showing the variation teurrent with angular frequeneyw, fortwo Giferent values of resistance R,and Ra(R, > R,) (rite the condition under which the inenomenon of resonance occurs. For which Falue of the resistance out of the two curves, a Sharper resonance is produced? Define Q-factor ithe circuit and give its significance. All India 2013 Adevice X is connected to an AC source, V2Vpsinot. The variation of voltage, current and power in one cycle is shown in the following graph. 4 () Identify the device X. (il) Which of the curves 4, B and C represent the voltage, current and the power consumed in the circuit? Justify the answer. (ii) How does its impedance vary with frequency of the AC source? Show graphically. (iv) Obtein an expression for the current in the circuit and its phase relation with AC voltage, AllIndia 2017 (i) Avoltage V = Vy sinwt applied to a series L-C-R circuit derives a current J = Jgsinot in the circuit. Deduce the expression for the average power dissipated in the circuit. (ii) For circuits used for transporting electric power, a low power factor implies large Power loss in transmission. Explain. {ii) Define the term wattless current. Delhi 2012 Adevice X is connected across an AC source of Voltage V = V,sinutt. The current through X is Biven 4 1= Losin wt +4) (2) Identity the device X and write the €xpression for its reactance. (®) Draw graphs showing variation of voltage fl current with time over one eyele of AC, for X. (c) How does the reactance of the device Xvary with frequency of the AC? Show this variation graphically. (a) Draw the phasor diagram for the device X. CBSE 2018 NUMERICAL PROBLEMS 42. 45. An alternating voltage given by E = 140 sin 314¢ is connected across a pure resistor of 50 2. Find (i) the frequency of the source. (i) the rms current through the resistor. ‘ AllIndia 2012 Acoil of inductance 0.5 H and resistance 100 2 is connected to a 240 V, 50 Hz AC supply. (i) What is the maximum current in the coil? (ii) What is the time lag between the voltage maximum and current maximum? NCERT A100 pF capacitor in series with a 40 0 resistance is connected to a 110 V, 60 Hz supply. (i) What is the maximum current in the circuit? (ii) What is the time lag between the current maximum and the voltage maximum? NCERT Aresistor of 400 Q, an inductor of 5/xH anda capacitor of 2°uF are connected in series across x a source of alternating voltage of 40 sin100ze V. Find the voltage (rms) across the resistor, the inductor and the eapacitor. Is the algebraic sum of these voltage more than the source voltage? If yes, resolve the paradox. Foreign 2010 (Find the value of the phase difference between the current and the voltage in the series L-C-R circuit shown below. Which one leads in phase, current or voltage? L=100mH C-2nF R400 rev} ww Veg 8n (10001 + 9) (ii) Without making any other change, find the value of, the additional capacitor C’, to be connected in parallel with the capacitor C, in order to make the power factor of the circuit unity, Delhi 201747 Determine the value of phase difference Detween the current and the voltage in the Riven series L-C-R circuit. Delhi 2015 Reson V= Yosin(1000 144) ©) Le100 Ht 4B. A.10 V, 650 Hz source is connected to a series combination of R =100 9, C = 10nF and L=0.15 H, Find out the time in which resistance will get heated by 10°C, if thermal capacity of the material = 2/°C. 49; Calculate the quality factor of a series L-C-R circuit with L=20H,C=2uF andR =109. Forelgn 2012 5@, Resonance frequency of a circuit is v. If the capacitance is made 4 times the initial value, find the change in the resonance frequency. 5h A2pF capacitor, 100 0 resistor and 8 H inductor are connected in series with an AC source. (i) What should be the frequency of the source such that current drawn in the circuit is maximum? What is this frequency called? (ii) Ifthe peak value of emf of the source is 200 V, find the maximum current. Foreign 2016 52. The figure shows a series L-C-R circuit with 1 =10.0H,C= 40k, R = 60 9 connected to variable frequency 240 V source. Calculate : l, Late» —_] ( the angular frequency of the source which drives the circuit at resonance. (i) the current at the resonating frequency, (ili) the rms potential drop across the inductor at resonance, Delhi 2012 53;, Obtain the resonant frequency (o,) of a series L-C-R cireuit with L =20 8 ,C= 32uF and R=10 Q. Whatis the Q-value of this circuit? NCERT 10 mH, capacitor of 409, An inductor of 20 ted in seri TM 4. Tor 10 @are connected in series, ersoV ‘of variable frequency. Caley, c lat the angular frequency at which maximus, Oo ower asia tion occurs on the cireuiy the corresponding value of effective ci" ni and cune, nt, (ii) the valu 1e of Q-factor on the circuit ANI 2oi, 4 id O-Fa the resonant frequency and O-facto, 55. oe LAC-R circuit with L= 30H,Ca7,1 740. Ihis designed to improve the and R= of resonance of the circuit by harpness feel its full width at half maximum by, factor of 2. Suggest a suitable way. ten 56. A 100 @ resistor is connected to a 220 V, son, supply. (i) Whats the rms value of current in the circuit? (ji) What is the net power consumed over a fal cycle? wae 57, A44 mH inductor is connected to 220 V, 50H AC supply. Determine the rms value of the current in the circuit. What is the net power absorbed over a complete cycle? Explain, ‘CER 58, A 60)F capacitor is connected to a 110 V, 60H AC supply. Determine the rms value of current in the circuit. What is the net power absorbed over a complete cycle? Explain, NCE 59..A series L-C-R circuit connected to a variable frequency 230 V source has L = 5.0H, C=80uF, R= 40 0, as shown in the figure. i) Qetermine the source frequency which (uy eves the circuit in resonance. ) Obtain the impedance of te circuit ané amplitude of current at the resonant «iy EE a iit) Determi ; ') Determine the rms potential drop 20! fe elements of the circuit. Show Mis combine C Ncircuit containing 80 mH inductor and a . Gop capacitor in series is connected toa 3.0 V, 50 Hz supply. The resistance in the Zeut is eligible, @) Obtain the current amplitude and rms value. ji) Obtain the rms value of potential drop across each element, ) What is the average power transferred to inductor? {iv) What is the average power transferred to capacitor? {v) What is the total average power absorbed by the circuit? NCERT , Aseries L-C-R circuit with L=0.2H, (= 480 nF, R = 23 Q is connected to a 230 V variable frequency supply. (i) What is the source frequency for which current amplitude is maximum? Obtain this maximum value, (i) What is the source frequency for which average power absorbed by the circuit is maximum? Obtain the value of maximum power. (ii) For which frequency of the source is the power transferred to the circuit half the power at resonant? What is the current amplitude at these frequencies? (iv) What is the Q-factor of the given circuit? NCERT HINTS AND SOLUTIONS Ly ‘ha pure resistor, the voltage and current are in Phase. The minima zero and maxima occur al the ime respective times Phase difference Ad = 62 - 6; = So, current leads the voltage by 7/3 {8 Current in at peak value so its equation is 16 — (- Bi6) = 13 i = igsin(100nt + 11/2) Peak ale to rms value means cuzent becomes! 12 ‘ites, Soffom j=, sin (100t+2/2) = ta 4 = fysin(ioont + r/2) va sin 3n/4 = sin(100n1 + 1/2) 1 tots 400 ‘Time taken by current to change from its peak value to rms value, ie, 3 1 red * 400 (©) Inductive reactance, X,= wl = 2njl = 25% 107" s 5. (c) The inductive reactance, Xp = Amv = 2X14 %50% 25 x10"? = 7.85.0 (b) Current J across the capacitor is i, sin (at + 2/2) 7. (a) The amplitude of the oscillating current is 10. IL 12, 1, = Vq/X, = CV, (6) The capacitive reactance is —1____-2n9 2 (50 He) (15.0% 10° F) 4 °° anve w £ is not the dimensional formula of frequency because ie (MFT is (1 (6) We know that resonant frequency in an L-C-R circuit is given by 1 mYEC + Now to reduce v, either we can increase L or we can increase C. To increase capacitance, we must connect another capacitor parallel to the first. (@) The resonant frequency, Agai —— : Van*(LA)xac = — vin? Lc Ifthe value of L is changed to L /4, then the tesonant frequency will remain uncha ance, L is inductance and C is capacitance of the circuit. To make Q high, "= Rshould be low, i should be high and C should be low. ‘These conditions are best satisfied by the values given in option (¢)Xan, hence impedance 7 of the circuit, 13. Capacitive reactance is given by. Jo this decreases the curren Tree tae 7 NE the circuit and hence the brightness of lamp This means, with the inerease in the eapacitanee, the 22, (i) As the diclectrc slab is introtuced between, capacitive reactance deereases. So, if cleric lamp #8 plies of the capacitor, is earacianc.yq chmeced ina series with a apatitr an an AC sone it Therease. Hence, the potential drop across iy, glowing with ceriain brightness, then with the inerease i scott secre in. Fol the eapacitarce the brightnes ofthe lamp increases, capacitor will decr’ 7 14, By comparison, at very high frequency, the cesistance due to ‘Asa resul he potential drop across the bub ay capacitor is negligible and hence it works like a pure jnerease as they are connected in series. Thuy 4g conductor of negligible capacitive reactance rcs ll tree In DC circuits, 0 = 0(at steady state) (i) As the resistance R is increased, the potential > 4 “drop across the resistor will increase. As a result, the potential drop across the bulb will decrease as they are connected in series. Thus, its brightness will decrease 23, () From graph (a), it is clear that resistane oe So, it behaves like an open circuit 15. The phase angle ($) by which voltage leads the current in LGR series circuit is piven by (opposition to current) is not changing wih anv - frequency, ie. resistance does not depend on X= Xe. ave frequency of applied voltage, so the circuit elemen, R z here is pure resistive (R), From graph (b, it isclea tan <6 (for v< v,), then circuit is capacitive. that resistance increases lineatly with feequeney so the circuit element here is inductive in nature Iftan §>0(for > vy) then circuit Inductive resistane VL = Xp ay crea | 7 (ii) Impedance offered by the series combination of mae. resistance (R) and inductor (L) 1G. The quality factor (Q) of resonance in series L-C-R circuit is es éefined as the ratio of voltage drop across inductor (or Z={R? + Xi= [R* Hamvty EE ee ened vola In L-R circuit, the applied voltage leads the ie. ea = ice current by phase ¢, where tan It is an indicator of sharpness of the resonance. Quality 24. (i) Graph showing the variation of amplitude of factor has no unit. ciccuit current with changing frequency is givet 17. To improve quality factor, ohmic resistance should be made below. as small as possible. IB. Refer to text on pages 299 and 300, 19. (i) Curve A shows power consumption over a full cycle (ii) Device X is a capacitor. As in a perfect capacitor, the current (curve C) leads the vollage (curve B) by a pinase x angle of © gle of S Ra Land C ties Ry > Ry Current amplitude 20. Refer to text on pages 295 and 296, 21. (i) AS. Par = Vastra 089 Frecuercy In ideal inductor, current I, lags behind applied Ti Sharpie iz voltage Vin, by 1/2, au a Geer resonance Refer to text on 9% Alaris Circuit beco: 28 = 0% i me more selective if the resonant Sue Fine: ee S ie more sharp, maximum. erect is more, the i Voasedems % {close to resonance for smaller range of (200)4 oat | Fequencies, Thus, the tuning of the circuit ¥ (Gi) Brightness of the lamp decreases. It is because when ion good rod is inserted inside the inductor, its inductance 1 25. Refer to text on page 90 Increases, thereby increasing its Inductive resetance X, 26, PARE SOL. Refer to text on page 302,mo oe ‘ofracis) es 2; and; eomespend to frequencies t which agpitad of eurrent is > times of maximum valu, Hig d Io = UE =e 07 A Scary Carly, fom the diagram, the corresponding frequencies swe 08 rad! and 1.2 rad/s. ‘ho =Bandwidth = 1.2~08 =04 rads 48, () We know that if the number of turns in the inductor decreases, then inductance L decreases, So, the net resistance of the circuit decreases, Hence, the curcent through the circuit increases, increasing the brightness of the bulb fi) As the current increases and brightness of bulb increases, because L increases {a) the capacitor of reactance Xe = X; is connected in series with the circuit, then Zaf(X,-XeF +R = ZR (-X, =X] This is a case of resonance. In this case, the maximum cutrent will flow through the circuit. Hence, the brightness of the bulb will increase. 8, () Refer to text on pages 296 and 297. (i) When DC source is connected, the condenser is charged but no current flows in the eircuit. Therefore, the lamp does not glow. No change oceurs even when Capacitance of capacitor is reduced. When AC source is connected, the eapacitor offers Capacitive reactance Xo = = ‘The current flows in a the citeuit and the lamp glows. On reducing C, Xe tgp tases Therefore, glow of the bulb reduces. : efecto the text on pages 300 and 301 bran inductor, the current lags the voltage by 90° I the LUCE voltage is sinusoidal, then the current is also ‘usoidal, but shifted in phase, The instantaneous Power defined as the product of the instantaneous sgt and current can also be seen to be sinusoidal in {i However, n contrast tothe resistive load, the antaneous power in the inductor goes negative for "ofthe cycle ofthe source driving it M)= V sin ot =~ 1, c05 ot 'n'ancous power, P, = V(t)-J(0) = Vasin wt X (- Iq €08 ) Vale y2sin nt cos ot z “ola (in 20 +sin 0) Yala sin 201 ‘The variation of with ot is as given in the figure. The instantaneous power alternates postive and negative at twice the frequency of source supplying it. 32, Let Jj)y =rms current in circuit (2) CIyqu)s = Hts current in cireuit (6) RP + (X,— Xe}? (0) When (lpasle = Coals Re YR +O, = Xe) = _X,=Xe im resonance condition (ii) As, Z2R Gade «HE += XZ, (onde R R- ens) 2 Canad No, the rms current in circuit (b) cannot be larger than that in (a. 83. (4) Consider the R-J-C circuit as shown in the figure. Given, ¥ = V,sin ot Let current at any instant be i, Note We have to apply KVL, writo the equations inthe form of curent and charge, douile diferentiate tha equation with respact to time and find the requited relations. Applying KVL in the given circuit, ine it 4 +4-y, = at en Vain gat @) Now, we can write,“sy From Ei es ‘ao ¢ clreult containing inductance ont, Nyes = Yee pote = i induct sin or dg a Sr+ift,2ey, ant hte x, anv a rv For given circuit, f= ~ Ga coe (at +9) sureent decreases with the increase in Frequ nO sin (Cot +) Curcent quency vy, i Ve +(X_ - X,)? ston (HEM vi R and Foy Ri short circuited at t =f, energy is stored in = 2 Frequency of AC source a recrd sin*(ct +6) (@) AC circuit containing capacitor only UR (XX ¥ ia . adden gx Ea sex(G) orion re aad = Bi cot? (ons +9 in = aut] i 1=20VCV ew Ys cos® (at, + 6) For given creuit, = V x| Rowe l & Canrent increases with the increas in frequency. Na cos ot,+ 9) VRE + (Xe — i)? (ii) When R is short circuited, it becomes an L-C oscillator. The capacitor will go on discharging and all enesey will go t0 F. Hence, there is an oscillation of energy from Tlectrostatic to magnetic and again to electrostatic, 86. Refer to text on page 298. For graph showing variation of eurrent with Frequency 01 AC source BA. Refer to text on page 298. frequency Refer to text on page 299. ‘35. (i) Refer to text on page 299. ; Gi) Let initially, J,be current flowing in all the three ‘The receiving antenna picks up the frequencies Tatcuits, If frequency of applied AC source is transmitted by dilferent stations and a number aft $x ctased, then the change in current will occur in appears in L-C-R circuit corresponding to diferent foe al frequencies. But maximum current flows in circuit stares ale eR that AC voltage which have got the frequency is ‘AC circuit containing ret © HC Snitial frequency of AC source, is RG ag a le it snl 1h For higher quality factor resonance, the signal from other stations becomes weak due to sh" 33 resonance. Thus, signal of desired frequency 0 istunned — 87. (i) Refer tot icles to text on pages 297, 298 and 29? Frequency 01 AC s0UIe® ras S2. at (1) Acceptor cireuit is series L-C-R circu 38. For graph refer to text on page 299 and for em ct on current with the increase in and Q-factor refer to text on pages 299 and There is no effe frequency:ig Device Xi capac, . As. the current is leading voltage by © radians rs El Eysinge a ‘Current, 1(0)=[y cos wt djssin the case of capacitor, nfors® Je hsin (r+) {current is leading voltage) average power, P= E(NKO)= E gycosira fem pieces Hence, curve A represents power, wollage and curve C represents cu curve B represents rent. fay As Xe= capacitive reactance'= cu Co where, «is angular Frequency. So, reaclance or impedance decreases with increase in frequency. Graph of X, versus is shown below, Phasor diagram Current leads em! by ni2raclans (i) Refer to text on page 296. 40, (j) Refer to text on page 300, (i) Average power delivered by an AC circuit is Pay = Vand ixp 608 9 where, cos is known as the power factor for the circuit, IF cos 6 is minimum, the power delivered is minimum and hence, power cissipated will be ‘maximum for the circuit. (ii) Refer to text on page 301. 4L (9) Given, V = Vy sinot 1 tsin(or +) As itis clear that, the current leads the voltage by 8 phase angle 5 4. The device Xi a eapaitor. i) (©) The reactance of the capacitance is given as 1 Nee eat Where, w= angular frequency and C= capacitance of eapacitor. 1 8 ken ae 4 where, v= frequency of AC oF Xe 4: The graphical representation between reactance of ‘capaeilance and frequency is given as ! Xe (@) Phasor diagram losin (wt+n/2) 42. (i) As given, B= On comparing with E = E, sin of, we have = 314, 2,=40V an 2x34 @) E,=40V E, 10 Egy = Hh = 2 = 99290 ak 48. Given, L =0.5H,R=1002, =e 2x20 reo (100)* + (100 x x 0.8)" [@ = 2nv =100 n} 82 A (il) 319X105; refer to Example 5 of on pages 298 and 299. 44, (Impedance, Z = [R +X 7 “fr e(Se 2ave. : 7 = (40)? . kaa) ‘eeee) B As y=8t oy zZ 482 Wtly= wand =324445. 46. (i) As,tang=Xc2_ 1 SSS = et’ 2x34 x60x10~ x40 ~ =tan"*(0.6628)= 33 Q3se, 4 @ 180 2nx60 =155x107s Given, applied voltage, Time lag, t Vasinaot, we get 140 V and = 1001. Inductive reactance, X, = wl. =100nx > ® 290 Capacitive reactance, X= voor x 2? 10" a = 2009 eum Tax, x.) Impedance of the cireuit, Z = 4fR? + (X, — Xz) = E400)? + (500— 200)? = ¥1600+900 = 5002 ‘Maximum current in the circuit, jae Z ~ 500 hl ¥ Tg == m2 500: Voge A0r0ss resistor, Vip = Tine = 0.2% 400=80V ee 2 x 500 = 100 V 40 =02A x2 Vjqs across inductor, Vi Ving ross capacitor, Vo= Ly Xe 2% 200= 40 ¥ Now, VevtV+Ve Besause Vz, Vj and ¥, are notin same phase, instead vei += Ve) = 80? + (100-40)? =100V. which is same as that of applied rms vollage. Refer to Example 7 on page 301 Since, ‘Therefore, current is leading in phase by a phase angle 135". (a) For unit power factor, c08 =! flac) where,’ isthe total capacitance. i 2 ws(ou- 5) ok 2 = a oL=— = ae paste! oe ‘al ore @C 1000 1 a0 F =10nF = ca =uF = “to ‘Additional capacitance C’ required in parallel =C/—C =10HF ~2uF =8)1F 47. Refer to Example 7 on page 301. 4B, Here, E, =10V, v=650 Hz, R=1002, C =10pF = 10x 10-* FL = 015 H, AG= 10°C, ms = 2)/°C As, X, =anv, x 2 x 650 x 015 612.850 and Xe = +=, 1. ___=nasn Bee ax? x 50x10 x10"* = Fx, XD {a00)* = (12.86 24.48)" Ey__10 = lyse Z 596.82 Ms As, I2Rt=(ms) a0 (ms)a8___2%10 = sog6s TER” (0.0168)? 100 49. Given, L= 20H,C = 2uF=2x10-° R=109 Now, Qrfactor=4 fl 1 [2 Cc wV2x10% 10x10 1 as ay ioe 710 5O. As, resonance frequency, y = — 2nyLc te yet ve * Pata a! le aepefer to Example 6 on page 317, y25980 He oh? given, L=10H,C = 40H, R=600,¥,— a4oy (g Refer to the Q. 54 0 page 320, ©, = 50rad/s {aj Current al resonating frequency, 30 La 1 = [eat resonance, Z = kj oan 60 {a Inductive reactance, X, =o ‘Ab resonance, X, = 0,1 =50x10 =500 Potential drop across inductor, m*X,=4X500= 2000V 53, Given, L = 20H, C= 32x10" Fand R=10.Q 1 1 aes Vic © Yeoxs2x10 ae 125 rad/s 8 r ont fe if 2 R¥cC 10V32x10"* aa. - agg “tox x10” A. Refer to Q. 51 and Q. 52 on page 306. [Ans. 0.112 x 10° rad/s, 5A; 2.23) 55, 111.1 rad/s and 45.04; Refer to Q. 52 on page 306. Now, to reduce the full width of half maximum by @ factor of 2 without changing @,, we have to take R_ 74 R= 372 a2 56 Here, R=100 9, £, = 220V, v= 50H () 1,2 Fu = 22 94 R100 li) Net power consumed, P,, = Eyly = 220x 2.2 = 484 W 5 Given, indetance, Z = 44mHl = 44 X107H, Via 220 V Frequency of inductor, v = 50 Hz Inductive reactance, X,= 2m 2x3.14 x50%44 x107 = 13822 The rms value of current in the circuit 1, = Vas = 20-1598 wm, 13.82 Power absorbed, P = Vigg lim 608 9 For pure inducti = 90? * P=0 “Thus, power spent in one half cycle ié retrieved in the other half cyele. 58. Given, C = 60 UF = 60x10 F, Vig, =110V and v=60Hz = 110% 2x3.14 6060210 = 25.8 Power absorbed, P = Viral C08 9 For pure capacitive circuit, =90° P=0 Thus, power spent in one half cycle is retrieved in the other half eycle. 59. Given, L=5H, C = 80F =80x10¢F, R=402, Vigg = 230V (i) Resonance angular frequency, 1 1 a Vic xsoxi0® (Gi) Impedance, Z = ]R? + (x 2 3) ac SOrad/s At resonance, @L = 1. oc . Z,=R=402 Amplitude of current at resonance frequency, po lan 2X20 gs Zz, 4 1, 813 Ig = = 83 = 575.4 ee (ii) Potential difference across L, VY, = Ty X (0, XL) =5.75x 50x 5 = 1437.5 V Potential difference across C, 1 5.75 i a @,C 50x 80x 107° 4h Potential difference across Land C combination, 1 Vic = lane] OL -——|=0 = tanto) , =14375V 4 Potential difference across R, Vg = Tyg 5.75% 40= 230V60. Given, 1 = 80 mH = 80x107H, F =Ov=50He Vonu™ 250, and Vy=Vv,., = JE x250V nd Ig an-% ano (tone ano - soe = BME 21165 (on 1202) oF dy = 11.63 Tags =A = =— 8.23.4. we a Hence, negative sign indicates that emf lags behind the current by 90°. (i) For L, Vp = 1,401 8.23 x100m x80x107 = 206.84 24 ‘oc = 436.84V Since, voltage across L and C are 180° out of phase, therefore they are subtracted. 1 FOrC, Vo = Sapa = 100n x60 x10-* 23%. ‘Thus, applied rms voltage = 436.84—206.84 = 2200 (iii) Average power transferred per cycle by source to inductor is always zero because of phase difference of x/2 between voltage and current through L. (iv) Average power transferred per cycle by the source to ‘capacitor is always zero because of phase difference of x/2 between voltage and current through C, (oo Total average power absorbed By the coy " i vero. , Given, b= 0.12 H, C =480 nF = 480x107 F R= 23.D, Vong =230V, Vy = 2303 y % 2a (wn 2) Ret ac {Fj would be maximum, if 1 61. @ Io= >_—— vforax480%107 41667 rad/s 1 ®, Source frequency, v, = 2 = 1444 A (i) Average power absorbed by the circuit is maximun.f Th ato=o, Fos.0? x23 = 2299.3 W = 2300 W Gil) Power transferred to circuit is half the power resonant frequency, when R 23 bo =. = 95.83 rad/s 2b 2x0.12 Aw _ 9 ays 20 88 Lis2te a on Frequency when power transferred is half Vp AV= 663.14 4152 = 678.34 and 647,94 Hz “. Current amplitude at these frequencies Ty 14.14 Ya tara 104 (i) 92 2 _ 1667 x02 Rg Seadac Devices (HOKE COTL cail is an electrical device used tinan AC circuit withoue wasting ee om of het (y To reduce low frequency alternating cutrens, choke coils with laminated soft iron cores are used, These fale afchoke coils. aa {i To reduce high frequency alternating currents, choke cals with air cores are used. These are called rf choke coils. TRANSFORMER itisa device, which is used to increase or decteese the sdxmating voltage, ° The transformers are of the following types 1. Step-up transformer 2, Step-down transformer for controlling cttical energy in Laminated core Output secondary q coils) Step-down transformer Principle ; Transformer is based upon the principle of mutual induction, Construction "consists of two coils, primary coil (p) and secondary col !Linulated fom eachother wounded on soft fon Ore tthe primary oil is the put coil and secondary cals ouput cil. These soft iron cores arc laminated + Mise eddy current loss. Working and Theory 4 due = le of the emf indced in secondary 2 Oe ‘hating vol ied co primary coil dep* a Pera cn ae secondary cl We consi ane “stormer in whieh che primary coll has BB resistance and all she flux in the core links both primary and secondary windings. Let 6 be the flux in each turn in the core at time ¢ due to current in the primary when a voltage V,, is applied to it Then, the induced emf or voltage E, , in the secondary with NY, turns is a . E=-v,2 eli) pei The alternating flux also induces an emf, called back emf in the primary. This is a - N, af + (ii) But E, =V,, Ifthis was not, so the primary current would be infinite, since the primary has zero resistance (as considered). If che secondary is an open circuit or the current taken from itis small, chen toa good approximation. z,=V, where, V, is the voltage across the secondary. Therefore, Eqs. () and (i) can be written as a rei vje-n,2 re iFM (iii) 4 & and Vv, Ma From Eqs. (ii) and (iv), we have v,_N, east of) vy, N, The above relatién has been obtained using three assumptions. (i) The primary resistance and curtent are small, (ii) The same flux finks both the primary and the secondary as very little flux escapes from the core. (ii) The secondary current is small If the transformer is assumed to be 100% efficient (no energy losses), the power input is equal to the power output. Since P (vi) Although, some energy is always lost, still this is a good approximation, since a well designed transformer may have an efficiency of more than 95%.Combining Eqs. (v) and (vi), we have T,_V,_W, ft ae 1, Vv, N,; Since, 1 and V both oscillare with the same frequency as the AC source, Eq, (vii) also gives the ratio of the amplitudes or rms values of corresponding quantities. Now, we can observe how a transformer affects the voltage and current, we have y (% Ny wa( ep ann (Sey That is, if the secondary coil has a greater number of turns than the primary (ie..V, > NY, ), the voltage is stepped up (V, >V,). This type of arrangement is called a step-up transformer. However, in this arrangement, there is less current the secondary than in the Ge.N, IN, < land J, <1,). caslvii) primary UF the secondary coil has less number of turns than the primary (i.N, J,. That is, the voltage is stepped-down, (or reduced) and the current is increased The equations obtained above apply to ideal transformers (without any energy losses) Energy Loss in Transformers In actual transformers, small energy losses do occur due to the following reasons, (i) Fluxteakage Thereis always some leakage of flax that is not all of the ux duc to primary passes through the secondary. This is due to poor design of the core or the air gaps in the core. It can be reduced by winding the primary and secondary coils one over th he other, (ii) Resistance of the windings ‘The wire used for the windings has some resistance and so, energy is also lost due to heat produced in the wire (/ 2). In high curreni, low voltage gs, energy losses are minimised by using thick wi Eddy currents ‘The alternating magnetic fy eddy currents in the iton core and effect is reduced by having a laminated core liv) Hysteresis ‘The magnetisation of the core is "epeatedly reversed by an alternating magnetic Fld causes heating, penditure of energy in the core ox : Te ee eds kep C02 minimum by ver 'Y Usir apnea aerial which has low hysteresis fg ®* magnetic 3 Uses of Transformers Tropaformers are used in almost all AC operations, ansformers 2 ° the following are given below. (i) In the induction furnaces, Gi) In voltage regulators for TV, computer, tefiiger, etc. (iii) A step-down transformer is used for the purpose ‘i wweldings. me of w t is drawn b E Ja] How much current the Sat al + ecanatormer which steps down 220 Vt, 22 V to operate device with an impedance of 22002 Sol. Given, 20V, E, = 22V and R, = 2200 Since, 20 EXAMPLE |2| A step-down transformer covets? voltage of 2200 V into 220 V in the transmission list Number of tums in primary coil is 5000, Efficiens transformer is 90% and its output power is 8 Hi Determine (i) number of turns i fi in the secondary coil. (8) input power, :|TOPIC PRACTICE 3 | pyEcTIVE l'ype Questions {, Apower transmission line feeds input power at 7300 V to a step-down transformer with its primary windings having 4000 turns. What should be the number of tums in the secondary inorder to get output power at 230 v2 (a) 600 (b) 550 (©) 400 (@) 375, 1. The output of a step-down transformer is measured to be 24 V when connected to a 12 W light bulb. The value of the peak current is NCERT Exemplar 2A COPAEES 3, What is not possible in a transformer? (@) Eddy current (b) Direct current (©) Alternating current (d) induced current (iv2A (2a The large scale transmission and distribution of dectrical energy over long distances is done with the use of (@) dynamo () transformers (0) generator (€) capacitor 460 W load is connected to the secondary of a transformer whose primary draws line voltage of 20V. If a current of 0.54 A flows in the load, then what is the current in the primary coil? () 274 (b) 027 © 165A (a) 285A VERY SHORT ANSWEI 6 ‘Type Questions Can we control direct current without much loss of energy? Can a choke coil do so? Write the name of quantities which do not change during transformer operation. Mention the two characteristic properties of the fee king core ofa ie for making All India 2012 Atransformer is used to step-down AC voltage What device do you use to step-down DC ‘ Voltage? nits primary and © Mransformer has 150 turns inits primary 0 00 in secondary. If the primary is i. to 440 V DC supply, what will be the induced voltage in the secondary side? What would happen if the primary winding of a transformer is connected to a battery? SHORT ANSWER Type Questions 2. 13. 14, A100% efficient transformer has n, turns in its primary andn, turns in its secondary. If the Power input to the transformer is W (watt), what is the power output? Answer the following questions. i) Achoke coil in series with a lamp is connected to a DC line. The lamp is seen to shine brightly. Insertion of an iron core in the choke causes no change in the lamp's brightness. Predict the corresponding observations, if the connection is to an AG line Gi) Why is choke coil needed in the use of fluorescent tubes with AC mains? Why we cannot use an ordinary resistor instead of the choke coil? NCERT When a DC voltage is applied to a transformer, the primary coil sometimes will overheat and eventually burn. Explain, why? LONG ANSWER Type I Questions 15. 16, 17. 18. Write the function of a transformer. State its principle of working with the help of a diagram, Mention various energy losses in this device. Delhi 2016 ‘Transformer Ahas a primary voltage E, and a secondary voltage E,. Transformer B has twice the number of turns on both its primary and secondary coils compared with transformer A, Ir the primary voltage on transformer B is 2E , what is its secondary voltage? Explain briefly. Ata hydroelectric power plant, the water pressure head is at height of 300 m and the Water flow available is 100 m*/s. If the turbine generator efficiency is 60%, estimate the electric power available from the plant. (Take, g = 9.8 m/s?) 1 MW power is to be delivered from a power station to a town 10 km away. One uses a pair of Cu wires of radius 0.5 em for this purpose. Calculate the fraction of ohmic losses to power transmitted, if() power is transmitted at 220 V, Comment 0” the feasibility of doing this. Gi) a step-up transformer is used to boost the voltage at 11000 V, power transmitted, then @ step-up transformer is used to bring voltage is 220 V. (Take, pq, = 1.7x 10" SI unit) NCERT Exemplar LONG ANSWER Type II Questions 19.) Draw a labelled diagram of a step-down transformer. State the principle of its working, (a) Express the turn ratio in terms of voltages. Gil) Find the ratio of primary and secondary currents in terms of turn ratio in an ideal transformer. (iv) Define choke coil. All India 2016 20. Draw a schematic diagram of a step-up transformer. Using its working principle, deduce the expression for the secondary to the primary voltage in terms of number of turns in the two coils? In an ideal transformer, how is this ratio related to the currents in the two coils? How is this transformer used in large seale transmission and distribution of electrical energy over large distances? NUMERICAL PROBLEMS 21. How much current is drawn by the primary of a transformer connected to 220 V supply when it delivers power to a 110 V-550 W refrigerator? All India 2016 22. A power transmission line feeds input power at 2200 V to a step-down wansformer with its primary windings having 3000 turns. Find the umber of turns in the secondary vrinding to get the power output at 220 V, Delhi 2017 23, 1KW power is supplied to 2 200 turns primary of the transformer at 500 mA. The secondary gives 220 V, Find the number of turns in the primary. 24. The primary coil of an ideal step up transformer has 100 turns and transformation ratio is also 100. The input voltage and power are respectively 220 V and 1100 W. Calculate (@) the number of turns in secondary. the current in primary. (ii) the voltage across secondary, 25. 26. 27. 29. 30. int in secondary. (iv) the current I (y) the power in secondary. Debian, {460 W load is connected to the secondary transformer whose primary draws line yoy, ireurrent of 0.54 Aflows in the load, what gt current in the primary coil? Comment on tn type of transformer being used. NCERT xen. -up transformer is operated on 225 j ine, i suppiles a load with 20 A. The rare ei the primary winding to the secondary is 10,4 Ifthe transformer is 90% efficient, calculate (i) the power output (ii) the voltage and (iif) the current in the secondary. te Astep-down transformer is used at 220 Vto provide a current of 0.5 Ato a 15 W bulb. Ifthe secondary has 20 turns, find the number of turns in the primary coil and the current that flows in the primary coil. A step-up transformer operates on 2 220 Vine and supplies a load of 2 A. The ratio of the primary to the secondary windings is 1:5. Determine the secondary voltage, primary current and power output. Assume efficiencyts be 100%, Asmall town with a demand of 800 kW of electric power at 220 V is situated 15 km aviay from an electric plant generating power at 440 V. The resistance of the two wires line \ carrying power is 0.5 Q/km. The town gets Power from the line through a 4000-220 step-down transformer at a sub-station in tht town, (i) Estimate the line power of loss in the for™ of heat, (i) How much power of the plant supply: assuming there is negligible power !05s to leakage? . he Gill) Characteric 7 plant crs? the step-up transformer 4g aut Pe the same question as above with the i “placement of the earlier transformer PY 25 ben 20 V step-down transformer (nese) bea pon, (cakage losses though this me 2 800d assumption any longer because 7s nger beck ved) Hence eno Voltage transmission inv! Preferreq? on ain why high voltage trans™ off| HINTS AND SOLUTIONS | 1 eaters = 2300 V, N, = 4000, e, = 230 V jain, be the required mummber of tus inthe secondary N, As xy, Np 20V = 4000 = (S ‘i = 4.) Secondary voltage, Ys =24V over associated with secondary, ReRW R 1,=% Vs =tazosa 2 Peak value of the current in the secondary, Ty =1,N2 =(05) (1.414) = 0707 = z A 4.) Transformer is used to convert the value of AC rallage. It works on the principle of electromagnetic induction, So, direct current is not possible init 4, @) Large scale distribution and transmission of electrical energy over long distances is done with the help of transformer. 5. ()P=c0W,e, = 220V, 1, = 054A As, Peet = OW -0V 0.54 A Ma eyip= eats &)is BON) asa nyeons Ep 2200V, 6 there ie no such device that ean control DC without any enengy lone. Even a choke coil ean cota DC: Power and frequency. * (i) Low retentivity or coercivity: oi {) Low hysteresis loss or high permeabil susceptibility. y and tas ced to step-down DC rexitance can be wid en Yoltage, such as in potential di | Ze, as transformer works only AC an CO - Supply, there is no induced emf in second cause here is nochange in x HOWE ansformer cireuit. i. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 1. ‘Transformer works only in AC. When primary is connected to DC, there is no induced emf in secondary coll as there is no change in flux leakage. For 100% efficient transformer, F =P, Voltage, Vil= 45x 10° We qot 45x 1 Current, 7, 508 v, i, 250 6 tums, 0,0682 A; refer to Q. 25 01 pate” 1000 ¥, 10 A. 2000 W; refer to Q. 26 on page 2 27. Approx 147 28, -. Genetaing power ofelectzie plant = 800KW Date tesistance/length = 0562 /km stance = 15 km, generating voltage = 40¥" Eeitary voltage, V, = 4000 V Secondary voltage, V, 220V © Power= yy" * = ° 8001000 7, x 4900