Art and Culture & History UPSC PYQs - Topic-wise

Dance & Music (12 Questions)

Q1:

Which one of the following is a work attributed to playwright Bhasa?

(a) Kavyalankara

(b) Natyashastra

(c) Madhyama-vyayoga

(d) Mahabhashya

Answer: (c)

Explanation: Bhasa — one of the earliest Indian playwrights — straddles between two worlds in

his celebrated work, Madhyama Vyayoga . He is within the epic and outside of it. Bhasa picks

characters from the epic Mahabharatha – Ghatotkacha, Bhima and Hidimba, and weaves it with

the story of a Brahmin, taken from a Vedic text. In doing so, Bhasa is creatively liberated from

the epic, as also from the Vedic text. This conjunction also makes it possible for Bhasa to gain

an interpretive freedom: he thereby bestows upon these epic figures, a new dimension.

Ghatokacha is not a cruel demon and Brahmin hater as he is in the epic, Hidimba is no mere

mountain of strength and a brutal demoness, and Bhima is not all show of strength

Q2:

With reference to the cultural history of India, consider the following statements: Most of the

Tyagaraja Kritis are devotional songs in praise of Lord Krishna. Tyagaraja created several new

ragas. Annamacharya and Tyagaraja are contemporaries. Annamacharya Keertanas are

devotional songs in praise of Lord Venkateshwara. Which of the statements given above are

correct?

(a) 1 and 3 only

(b) 2 and 4 only

(c) 1, 2 and 3

(d) 2, 3 and 4

Answer: (b)

Q3:
 Art and Culture & History UPSC PYQs - Topic-wise

Consider the following pairs: Which of the pairs given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only

(b) 1 and 2

(c) 3 only

(d) 2 and 3

Answer: (b)

Q4:

With reference to the famous Sattriya dance, consider the following statements: Sattriya is a

combination of music, dance and drama. It is a centuries-old living tradition of Vaishnavites of

Assam. It is based on classical Ragas and Talas of devotional songs composed by Tulsidas,

Kabir and Mirabai. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only

(b) 1 and 2 only

(c) 2 and 3 only

(d) 1, 2 and 3

Answer: (b)

Q5:

Consider the following pairs: Garba : Gujarat Mohiniattam : Odisha Yakshagana : Karnataka

Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?

(a) 1 only

(b) 2 and 3 only

(c) 1 and 3 only

(d) 1, 2 and 3

Answer: (c)

Q6:

A community of people called Manganiyars is well- known for their

(a) Martial arts in North-East India

(b) Musical tradition in North-West

 Art and Culture & History UPSC PYQs - Topic-wise

(c) Classical vocal music in South

(d) Pietra dura tradition in Central India

(b) is correct: The community of people called Manganiyars is well-known for their musical

tradition in North-West India. They are a Muslim community of hereditary musicians who live in

the desert regions of Rajasthan and parts of Pakistan. Manganiyars: Manganiyars are a Muslim

community of North-West India. They, along with the Langham community, are known for their

folk music. They have been professional musicians for generations supported by wealthy

landlords of the area. Pietra Dura is the art of carving the stone from a general point of This is

an Inlay technique. The words “Pietra dura” come from Italian, it means “hard stone”, but also

“semi-precious stone”.

Answer: (b)

Q7:

With reference to India’s culture and tradition, what is ‘Kalaripayattu’?

(a) It is an ancient Bhakti cult of Shaivism still prevalent in some parts of South India.

(b) It is an ancient style bronze and brass work still found in the southern part of the

Coromandel

(c) It is an ancient form of dance-drama and a living tradition in the northern part of Malabar.

(d) It is an ancient martial art and a living tradition in some parts of South India.

(d) is correct: Kalaripayattu, which originated in present-day Kerala, is a form of Indian martial

arts known as Kalari. It has a rich history and is considered to be the oldest surviving martial art

in India. Kalaripayattu: It is a martial dance practised in Kerala/ South India. The art also bases

medical treatments upon concepts found in the ancient Indian medical text, the Ayurveda.

Practitioners of Kalaripayattu possess intricate knowledge of pressure points on the human

body and healing techniques that incorporate the knowledge of Ayurveda and Yoga. This is

taught in accordance with the Indian guru-shishya system. It differs from many other martial

arts systems in the world in that weapon based techniques are taught first, and barehanded

techniques are taught last. 2013

Answer: (d)

Q8:
 Art and Culture & History UPSC PYQs - Topic-wise

In the context of the cultural history of India, a pose in dance and dramatics called ‘Tribhanga’

has been a favourite of Indian artists from ancient times till today. Which one of the following

statements best describes this pose?

(a) One leg is bent and the body is slightly but oppositely curved at the waist and neck

(b) Facial expressions, hand gestures and make-up are combined to symbolize certain epic or

historic characters

(c) Movements of body, face and hands are used to express oneself or to tell a story

(d) A little smile, slightly curved waist and certain hand gestures are emphasized to express the

feelings of love or eroticism

(a) Sub-Theme: Indian Classical Dances Option

(a) is correct: The Tri-bent pose, also known as Tribhanga, is a standing position where the body

is bent in three parts, creating three curves at the neck, waist, and knee. This results in a gentle

“S” shape, with the body oppositely curved at the waist and neck. Tribhanga, literally meaning

three parts break, where the body bends in one direction at the knees, the other direction at

the hips and then the other again at the shoulders and neck. This pose goes back at least 2000

years in Indian art and sculpture.

Q9:

Consider the following Bhakti Saints: Dadu Dayal Guru Nanak Tyagaraja Who among the above

was/were preaching when the Lodi dynasty fell and Babur took over?

(a) 1 and 3

(b) 2 only

(c) 2 and 3

(d) 1 and 2

(b) is correct: Guru Nanak was preaching during the time when the Lodi dynasty fell and Babur

took over. Tyagaraja, on the other hand, lived in the 18th-19th century, much later than the fall

of the Lodi dynasty. Guru Nanak was born in 1469. Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodhi in the First

battle of Panipat in 1526. So when Babur was strengthening the Mughal dynasty in India Guru

Nanak was preaching Sikhism in India. Tyagaraja, a Carnatic music composer was born in 1767.

Daddu Dayal was a poet-saint of Gujrat born in 1544. Guru Nanak: Guru Nanak was born in

Talwandi near Sikhs commemorate Guru Nanak’s birth anniversary with Guru Nanak Gurpurab.
 Art and Culture & History UPSC PYQs - Topic-wise

He went on spiritual trips through India, Tibet, and Arabia for nearly 30 years. Guru Nanak spent

his final years in Kartarpur, Punjab, where he taught his pupils. He preached the idea of one

God and direct access to God without the aid of priests or Guru Nanak condemned the caste

system and advocated for equality for all people, regardless of gender or caste. He introduced

the concept of “Vahiguru,” a formless, timeless, omnipresent, and invisible being. The Sikhs’

most sacred book, Guru Granth Sahib, comprises 974 of Guru Nanak’s poetic hymns. Daddu

Dayal: He was born into Ahmedabad’s weaving community. He preached Nirgunabhakthi His

instructions were collected into a book called “Dadu Dayaram ki Bani.”

Answer: (b)

Q10:

With reference to Dhrupad, one of the major traditions of India that has been kept alive for

centuries, Which of the following statements are correct? Dhrupad originated and developed in

the Rajput kingdoms during the Mughal period Dhrupad is primarily a devotional and spiritual

music Dhrupad alap uses Sanskrit syllables from Select the correct answer using the codes

given below:

(a) 1 and 2 only

(b) 2 and 3 only

(c) 1, 2 and 3

(d) None of the above is correct.

Answer: (b)

Q11:

How do you distinguish between Kuchipudi and Bharatanatyam dances? Dancers occasionally

speaking dialogues is found in Kuchipudi dance but not in Bharatnatyam Dancing on the brass

plate by keeping the feet on its edges is a feature of Bharatnatyam but Kuchipudi dance does

not have such a form of movements. Which of the pairs given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only

(b) 2 only

(c) Both 1 and 2

(d) Neither 1 or 2
 Art and Culture & History UPSC PYQs - Topic-wise

Answer: (a)

Q12:

With reference to the history of Ancient India, which of the following was/were common to both

Buddhism and Jainism? Avoidance of extremities of penance and enjoyment Indifference to the

authority of Vedas Denial of the efficacy of rituals Select the correct answer using the codes

given below:

(a) 1 only

(b) 2 and 3 only

(c) 1 and 3 only

(d) 1, 2 and 3

Answer: (b)

UNESCO & Heritage Sites (2 Questions)

Q1:

Q2:

Tribal & Folk Culture (4 Questions)

Q1:

Q2:

Every year, a month-long ecologically important campaign/festival is held during which certain

communities/tribes plant saplings of fruit-bearing trees. Which of the following are such

communities/ tribes?

(a) Bhutia and Lepcha

(b) Gond and Korku

(c) Irula and Toda

(d) Sahariya and Agariya

(b) is correct: The Gond and Korku tribes plant saplings of fruit-bearing trees during a
 Art and Culture & History UPSC PYQs - Topic-wise

month-long festival called “Bhooma” or “Bhoomi” in India. This festival is a part of their

traditional ecological practices aimed at promoting the conservation of natural resources. Gond

and Korku tribes of Madhya Pradesh celebrate the festival of Hari Jiroti in Betul and Harda

districts. It is a month-long festival of Greenery during which tribals plant saplings of

fruit-bearing trees. Bhutia and Lepcha– Indigenous tribes of Sikkim Irula and Toda– Tribes found

in Nilgiri hills in Tamil Nadu Sahariya and Agariya– Mostly found in Madhya Pradesh.

Answer: (b)

Q3:

Which one of the following pairs does not form part of the six systems of Indian Philosophy?

(a) Mimamsa and Vedanta

(b) Nyaya and Vaisheshika

(c) Lokayata and Kapalika

(d) Sankhya and Yoga

(c) is correct: Lokayata and Kapalika are not part of these six Lokayata refers to the materialist

school of thought that originated in ancient India, while Kapalika is a tantric sect that emerged

in the medieval period.

Answer: (c)

Q4:

With reference to the history of philosophical thought in India, consider the following

statements regarding Sankhya school: Sankhya does not accept the theory of rebirth or

transmigration of the soul. Sankhya holds that it is the self-knowledge that leads to liberation

and not any exterior influence or agent. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only

(b) 2 only

(c) Both 1 and 2

(d) Neither 1 nor 2

Answer: (b)

Architecture (30 Questions)

 Art and Culture & History UPSC PYQs - Topic-wise

Q1:

4. Mahabodhi Temple Complex at Bodhgaya How many of the above properties were included

in 2023?

(a) Only one

(b) Only two

(c) Only three

(d) All four

Answer: (b)

Explanation: List of properties included in the UNESCO World Heritage Site ,2023 are:

Santiniketan, a town located in West Bengal’s Birbhum district, set up by Nobel laureate

Rabindranath Tagore on September 17, 2023 made it to the UNESCO’s World Heritage List.

Santiniketan which means ‘abode of peace’ started taking shape in 1901, and it was this place

Tagore later put up the foundations of Visva Bharati University. Sacred Ensembles of the

Hoysalas: This serial property encompasses the three most representative examples of

Hoysala-style temple complexes in southern India, dating from the 12th to 13th centuries. The

shrines are characterized by hyper-real sculptures and stone carvings that cover the entire

architectural surface, a circumambulatory platform, a large-scale sculptural gallery, a

multi-tiered frieze, and sculptures of the Sala legend. This was included in UNESCO WHS list in

2023. Other sites: Rani-ki-Vav : on the banks of the Saraswati River, was initially built as a

memorial to a king in the 11th century AD. Stepwells are a distinctive form of subterranean

water resource and storage systems on the Indian subcontinent, and have been constructed

since the 3rd millennium BC. It was included in UNESCO WHS list in 2014 Mahabodhi Temple

Complex at Bodhgaya: It is one of the four holy sites related to the life of the Lord Buddha, and

particularly to the attainment of Enlightenment. The first temple was built by Emperor Asoka in

the 3rd century B.C., and the present temple dates from the 5th or 6th centuries. It is one of the

earliest Buddhist temples built entirely in brick, still standing in India, from the late Gupta

period. It was included in UNESCO WHS list in 2002.

Q2:

With reference to ancient India, consider the following statements:

(a) Only one

 Art and Culture & History UPSC PYQs - Topic-wise

(b) Only two

(c) All three

(d) None

Answer: (b)

Explanation: Statement 1 is not correct: The practice of preserving the remains of an important

personality below accumulated earth was long in existence. Buddhist

art adopted this practice and the structure built over such a site was known as Stupa. Hence,

the concept of Stupa was not Buddhist in origin. Statement 2 is correct: According to Buddhist

sources, the remains of the Buddha’s body were divided into eight parts and placed under the

Stupas.

These during the time of Asoka, were dug out and redistributed which led to the construction of

other Stupas – the sacred places of Buddhism. Statement 3 is correct: Stupas serve both votive

and commemorative functions, often constructed as acts of reverence and offerings to the

Buddha or other enlightened figures. Additionally, they are built to honor important events,

individuals, or historical locations.

Q3:

Consider the following pairs:

Site Well known for

(a) Only one

(b) Only two

(c) All three

(d) None

Answer: (b)

Explanation: Pair 1 is not correctly matched: As Besnagar is not known for being a Shaivite

Cave Shrine, rather it is known for Garuda Pillar dedicated to lord Vasudeva by Heliodorus, who

came as an envoy of an Indo-Greek ruler Antialkidas in the court of Bhagabhadra. Heliodorus

followed Vaishnava Sect. Pair 2 is correctly matched: As Buddhist caves are in abundance in the

western ghats. The Bhaja Caves, also referred to as the Bhaje Caves, comprise a collection of

22 rock-cut caves constructed around the 2nd century BC. Situated in the Pune district, near

Lonavala, Maharashtra, these caves hold historical significance. These caves belong to
 Art and Culture & History UPSC PYQs - Topic-wise

Hinayana Buddhism. Pair 3 is correctly matched: As Sittanavasal is a small village in Pudukottai

district of Tamil Nadu, it was a major centre of Jain influence for 1,000 years just before the

Christian era. 2022

Q4:

Consider the following pairs: How many pairs given above are correctly matched?

(a) Only one pair

(b) Only two pairs

(c) Only three pairs

(d) All four pairs

Answer: (b)

Q5:

Q6:

Q7:

Q8:

3. Pran Pratishtha of Somnath Temple (installation of the present day temple) was done by

President S. Radhakrishnan. Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1 and 2 only

(b) 2 and 3 only

(c) 1 and 3 only

(d) 1, 2 and 3

Answer: (a)

Q9:

Which one of the following statements is correct?

(a) Ajanta Caves lie in the gorge of the Waghora river.

 Art and Culture & History UPSC PYQs - Topic-wise

(b) Sanchi Stupa lies in the gorge of the Chambal river.

(c) Pandu-Lena Cave Shrines lie in the gorge of the Narmada river.

(d) Amaravati Stupa lies in the gorge of the Godavari river.

(a) is correct: The famous Buddhist site of Ajanta lies in the Sahyadri hills by the gorge of the

Waghora river. Option

(b) is incorrect: Sanchi lies to the west of the Betwa river. Madhya Pradesh’s Sanchi Stupa built

by Ashoka in the 3rd century BCE has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Option

(c) is incorrect: Pandu-Lena cave shrines also known as Nasik Caves are located at Gomai river,

about 6 kilometres north of Shahada, Maharashtra. Option

(d) is incorrect: Amaravati stupa lies in the gorge of the Krishna river. It is the largest one in the

state of Andhra Pradesh, with a diameter of about 50 metres and a height of about 27 metres.

Answer: (a)

Q10:

With reference to Chausath Yogini Temple situated near Morena, consider the following

statements: It is a circular temple built during the reign of the Kachchhapaghata Dynasty. It is

the only circular temple built in India. It was meant to promote the Vaishnava cult in the region.

Its design has given rise to a popular belief that it was the inspiration behind the Indian

Parliament building. Which of the statements given above are correct?

(a) 1 and 2

(b) 2 and 3 only

(c) 1 and 4

(d) 2, 3 and 4

Answer: (c)

Q11:

With reference to India, the terms ‘Halbi, Ho and Kui’ pertain to:

(a) Dance forms of Northwest India

(b) Musical instruments

(c) Prehistoric cave paintings

(d) Tribal languages

 Art and Culture & History UPSC PYQs - Topic-wise

(d) is correct: Halbi, Ho, and Kui are the tribal languages. Halbi is an Eastern Indo-Aryan

language, Kui is a South-Eastern Dravidian language spoken by the Kandhas and Ho language is

spoken by tribal communities of Odisha, Jharkhand, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, West Bengal, and

Assam. Halbi, Ho and Kui are languages spoken by tribes of India. Halbi is spoken in the states

of Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra. It belongs to the group of Indo Aryan tribal languages. Ho

and Kui are important Dravidian languages along with Kolami, Konda, Koya, Gondi, Kudukh,

Parji. 2020

Answer: (d)

Q12:

With reference to the history of India, consider the following pairs: Which of the pairs given

above are correctly matched?

(a) 1 and 3 only

(b) 1 and 4 only

(c) 2 and 3 only

(d) 2 and 4 only

Answer: (a)

Q13:

Building ‘Kalyana Mandapam’ was a notable feature in the temple construction in the kingdom

of

(a) Chalukya

(b) Chandela

(c) Rashtrakuta

(d) Vijayanagara

(d) is correct: A prominent aspect of the Vijayanagara kingdom’s temple construction was the

construction of “Kalyana Mandapas.” Vijayanagara Architecture: In 1336 AD, Harihara and

Bukka established the Vijayanagar Empire. The chief characteristics of the Vijayanagara

architecture were: The construction of tall gateways or Raya Gopurams, The carved-pillared

Kalyana mandapam inside the temple grounds, The Garbhagriha, The Amman shrine. The horse

was the most prevalent animal on the pillars where sculptures were A prominent aspect of this
 Art and Culture & History UPSC PYQs - Topic-wise

kingdom’s temple construction was the construction of “Kalyana Mandapas.”

Answer: (d)

Q14:

Which of the following is/are famous for Sun temples? Arasavalli Amarkantak Omkareshwar

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1 only

(b) 2 and 3 only

(c) 1 and 3 only

(d) 1, 2 and 3

Answer: (a)

Q15:

The painting of Bodhisattva Padmapani is one of the most famous for illustrated paintings at:

(a) Ajanta

(b) Badami

(c) Bagh

(d) Ellora

(a) : The painting of Bodhisattva Padmapani is in Ajanta cave no 1, which dates back to the 5th

century AD. Mural of Padmapani in Ajanta cave Other paintings of Bodhisattvas include

Vajrapani (protector and guide, a symbol of Buddha’s power) and Manjusri (manifestation of

Buddha’s wisdom). In this painting, Bodhisattva is holding a lotus in his hand in a tribhanga

pose. NOTE: Reading pages no 54-55 from Fine Art NCERT will help you to solve this question.

Also, details of Ajanta has already been discussed in earlier PYQs, where the question was on

Buddha’s Mahaparinirvana.

Answer: (a)

Q16:

With reference to Manipuri Sankirtana, consider the following statements: It is a song and

dance performance. Cymbals are the only musical instruments used in the performance. It is

performed to narrate the life and deeds of Lord Krishna. Which of the statements given above
 Art and Culture & History UPSC PYQs - Topic-wise

is/are correct?

(a) 1, 2 and 3

(b) 1 and 3 only

(c) 2 and 3 only

(d) 1 only

Answer: (b)

Q17:

Consider the following pairs: Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?

(a) 1 only

(b) 2 and 3 only

(c) 1 and 3 only

(d) None of the above

Answer: (a)

Q18:

What is/are common to the two historical places known as Ajanta and Mahabalipuram? Both

were built in the same Both belong to the same religious Both have rock-cut monuments. Select

the correct answer using the code given below.

(a) 1 and 2 only

(b) 3 only

(c) 1 and 3 only

(d) None of the statements given above is correct

Answer: (b)

Q19:

With reference to the art and archaeological history of India, which one among the following

was made earliest?

(a) Lingaraja Temple at Bhubaneswar

(b) Rock-cut Elephant at Dhauli

(c) Rock-cut Monuments Mahabalipuram

 Art and Culture & History UPSC PYQs - Topic-wise

(d) Varaha Image at Udayagiri

(b) is correct: The rock-cut elephant situated in Dhauli was constructed during the reign of

Ashoka, who ruled from 272-231 BCE. On the other hand, the Lingaraj Temple was built in the

11th century AD, while the rock-cut monuments in Mahabalipuram were constructed during the

7th and 8th centuries AD. Additionally, the Varaha Image was built in the 5th century AD. The

rock-cut elephant at Dhauli was built during the reign of Ashoka (272-231 BCE). Lingaraj temple

in Bhubaneshwar: The largest temple in the city of Bhubaneswar (Odisha), Lingaraj Temple, was

constructed in the 11th century AD and dedicated to Lord Shiva. Mahabalipuram: The rock-cut

monu- ments at Mahabalipuram were built by the Pallava king Narasimha in the 7th and 8th

centuries. Varaha Image at Udayagiri was built in the 5th century This image was engraved by

Chandragupta on the hill of Udayagiri to commemorate the victory over the foreign Shaka

kings.

Answer: (b)

Q20:

Ibadat Khana at Fatehpur Sikri was:

(a) The mosque for the use of Royal Family

(b) Akbar’s private prayer chamber.

(c) The hall in which Akbar held discussions with scholars of various religions.

(d) The room in which the nobles belonging to different religions gathered to discuss religious

affairs.

(c) is correct: Ibadat Khana was used for discussions with various spiritual leaders of different

religious grounds and to conduct a discussion on teachings of various religious leaders. Also

known as the Hall of prayer. Ibadat Khana: It was a meeting house built by Akbar at Fatehpur

Sikri in 1575 AD. The emperor increasingly indulged in intellectual pursuits and came in contact

with ascetics and disciples of Sufi saint Khwaja Muinuddin Chishti. He also expected to receive

Mirza Suleiman of Badakhshan, a Sufi with a strong taste for theological discussions. Hence, he

resolved to construct a debating hall that could accommodate a large number of Muslim

theologians. The construction of the Ibadat Khana started in the early 1575 CE at Fatehpur Sikri

(City of Victory) and was completed in 1576 CE. NOTE: This was a simple question direct hit

from Class 7th History NCERT (pg.55). NCERTs are important for prelims. Attaching a
 Art and Culture & History UPSC PYQs - Topic-wise

screenshot here to convey to you the importance of reading and revising sidebars, chars and

image texts from NCERTs.

Answer: (c)

Q21:

With reference to the cultural history of India, the term ‘Panchayatan’ refers to:

(a) An assembly of village elders

(b) A religious sect

(c) A style of temple construction

(d) An administrative functionary

(c) : Panchayatan Style: Panchayatan is a style of temple construction. The main shrine is

surrounded by four subsidiary shrines. The origin of the name is the Sanskrit words Pancha

which mean five and ayatana means containing. Dashavatara Vishnu Temple, Deogarh (in

Lalitpur District, Uttar Pradesh) was built in the early sixth century CE. That is, about a hundred

years or so after the small temples we just learnt about in Sanchi and Udaygiri. The main shrine

of this temple is constructed on a rectangular plinth in the panchayatana architectural style,

and four additional subsidiary shrines are located at each of the four corners making it a total

number of five shrines, hence the name, panchayatana. NOTE: This question was a direct hit

from Fine Art NCERT. It is also mentioned in the glossary of the same NCERT. Temple

architectural styles are always important from prelims perspective. There were repeated

questions on circular temples, Nagara style, Dravida style, Vesara style and Panchayatana.

Answer: (c)

Q22:

With reference to the Indian history of art and culture, consider the following pairs. Which of the

pairs given above is/are correctly matched?

(a) 1 and 2 only

(b) 3 only

(c) 1 and 3 only

(d) 1, 2 and 3

Answer: (c)
 Art and Culture & History UPSC PYQs - Topic-wise

Q23:

With reference to Buddhist history, tradition and culture in India, consider the following pairs:

Which of the above pairs given is/are correctly matched?

(a) 1 only

(b) 2 and 3 only

(c) 1 and 3 only

(d) 1, 2 and 3

Answer: (c)

Q24:

Q25:

Q26:

Q27:

3. At Ellora, caves were made for different faiths. Which of the statements given above is/are

correct?

(a) 1 only

(b) 2 and 3 only

(c) 3 only

(d) 1, 2 and 3

Answer: (c)

Q28:

Consider the following historical places: Ajanta Caves Lepakshi Temple Sanchi Stupa Which of

the above places is/are also known for mural paintings?

(a) 1 only

(b) 1 and 2 only

(c) 1, 2 and 3
 Art and Culture & History UPSC PYQs - Topic-wise

(d) None

Answer: (b)

Q29:

Some Buddhist rock-cut caves are called Chaityas, while the others are called Viharas. What is

the difference between the two?

(a) Vihara is a place of worship, while Chaitya is the dwelling place of the monks.

(b) Chaitya is a place of worship, while Vihara is the dwelling place of the monks.

(c) Chaitya is the stupa at the far end of the cave, while Vihara is the hall axial to it

(d) There is no material difference between the two.

(b) is correct: Chaitya is a place of worship, while Viharas is the dwelling place of the monks.

Chaitya is a place of worship, while Viharas is the dwelling place of the monks. Chaitya was a

rectangular prayer room with a stupa in the middle, where people might offer prayers. Viharas

were dwelling places used by wandering monks during the rainy season but eventually, they

evolved into centres of learning and Buddhist architecture through the donations of wealthy lay

buddhist.

Answer: (b)

Q30:

The Nagara, the Dravida and the Vesara are the:

(a) Three main racial groups of the Indian subcontinent

(b) Three main linguistic divisions into which the languages of India can be classified.

(c) Three main styles of Indian Temple Architecture

(d) Three main musical gharanas were prevalent in India.

(c) is correct: Three main styles of temple architecture are the Nagara (Northern style), the

Dravida (the southern style), and the Vesara style (Mixed style). Temple Architecture: Three

main styles of temple architecture are the Nagara (Northern style), the Dravida (the southern

style), and the Vesara style (Mixed style). In Nagara style the entire temple is built on a

platform with multiple steps. In Dravida style, the temple is enclosed within a compound wall

with features like Gopuram and Vimana. The Vesara temple architecture is a blend of temple

architecture from the Nagara and Dravidian traditions. NOTE: Reading Glossary from Fine Art
 Art and Culture & History UPSC PYQs - Topic-wise

NCERT for the art and culture section is very important. Reading that much only was enough to

solve this question. The simple and straightforward question can directly be solved by reading

Fine Art NCERT. This underlines the importance of NCERTs. Every alternative year, UPSC gives

some phrases/names/terminologies and asks about their corresponding meaning, type or sort of

explanation. A careful reading of terminologies and their meaning is advisable.

Answer: (c)

Religion & Philosophy (24 Questions)

Q1:

Q2:

2. Upanishads were composed earlier than the Puranas. Which of the statements given above

is/are correct?

(a) 1 only

(b) 2 only

(c) Both 1 and 2

(d) Neither 1 nor 2

Answer: (b)

Explanation: Statement 1 is not correct: A parable is a succinct, didactic story, in prose or

verse, that illustrates one or more instructive lessons or principles. There are parables in the

Upanishads such as Yama – Nachiketa (Katha Upanishad). Statement 2 is correct: There are

four Vedas: Rig Veda, Sama Veda, Atharva Veda and Yajur Veda. The Rig Veda is the oldest.

The time period during which the Rig Veda is supposed to have been composed isfrom 1500

BCE to 1000 BCE. It has 10 mandalas or books. Some sections of the Rig Veda are older and

some are later. For example, books I, VIII, IX and X are later than books II-VII. Sama, Yajur and

Atharva Veda along with the Brahmanas, Aranyakas and Upanishads (1000-500 BCE) constitute

Later Vedic literature. While the The itihasa-purana tradition was finally compiled in the form of

the Puranas in the mid-first millennium CE (~). It recorded history to the extent that it

represents a transition from embedded to externalised history. It has links to the bardic
 Art and Culture & History UPSC PYQs - Topic-wise

tradition where suta and Magadha were its earliest authors. 2023

Q3:

Which one of the following explains the practice of ‘Vattakirutal’ as mentioned in Sangam

poems?

(a) Kings employing women bodyguards

(b) Learned persons assembling in royal courts to discuss religious and philosophical matters

(c) Young girls keeping watch over agricultural fields and driving away birds and animals

(d) A king defeated in a battle committing ritual suicide by starving himself to death

Answer: (d)

Explanation: Vatakkiruttal, also known as Vadakiruthal or Vadakiruttal, was particularly

prevalent during the Sangam period. Tamil Kings, in a bid to uphold their honor and prestige,

were willing to face death by fasting, a practice known as “Vatakkiruttal.”

Q4:

Which one of the following statements about Sangam literature in ancient South India is

correct?

(a) Sangam poems are devoid of any reference to material culture.

(b) The social classification of Varna was known to Sangam poets.

(c) Sangam poems have no reference to warrior ethics.

(d) Sangam literature refers to magical forces as irrational.

(b) is correct: Sangam literature does make references to the social classification of Varna,

which was a system of social classification in ancient India based on occupation and birth.

Sangam Literature: Sangam Literature provides valuable details about the Sangam society and

polity. The social classification of varna was known to Sangam poets. There is mention of the

Arashar (kings), Vaishiyar (traders), and Velalar (farmers). Tamil Epics: The two epics

Silappathikaram is written by Elango Adigal and Manimegalai by Sittalai Sattanar.

Answer: (b)

Q5:

With reference to Indian history, consider the following texts: Nettipakarana Parishishta Parvan
 Art and Culture & History UPSC PYQs - Topic-wise

Avadanasataka Trishashtilakshana Mahapurana Which of the above are Jaina texts?

(a) 1, 2 and 3

(b) 2 and 4 only

(c) 1, 3 and 4

(d) 2, 3 and 4

Answer: (b)

Q6:

With reference to Indian history, consider the following pairs: How many pairs given above are

correctly matched?

(a) None of the pairs

(b) Only one pair

(c) Only two pairs

(d) All three pairs

Answer: (c)

Q7:

With reference to the cultural history of India, which one of the following is the correct

description of the term Paramitas?

(a) The earliest Dharmashastra texts written in aphoristic (sutra) style.

(b) Philosophical schools that did not accept the authority of Vedas.

(c) Perfections whose attainment led to the Bodhisattva path.

(d) Powerful merchant guilds of early Medieval South India.

(c) is correct: Paramitas are qualities to be perfected in order to attain a state of self

enlightened Universal Buddha (a samma sambuddha) a term prevalent in Eastern and Northern

traditions. Paramitas are qualities to be perfected in order to attain a state of self enlightened

Universal Buddha (a samma sambuddha) a term prevalent in Eastern and Northern These are

similar to the 4th Noble truth to attain the state of Bodhisattva. Following are the Ten

Paramitas: Generosity, Morality, Patience, Energy, Meditation, Wisdom, Skillful means,

Resolution, Power, Knowledge.

Answer: (c)
 Art and Culture & History UPSC PYQs - Topic-wise

Q8:

Q9:

Q10:

3. The deification of Buddha by Mahasanghikas fostered Mahayana Buddhism. Which of the

statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 and 2 only

(b) 2 and 3 only

(c) 3 only

(d) 1, 2 and 3

Answer: (b)

Q11:

With reference to the cultural history of India, consider the following pairs: Parivrajaka :

Renunciant and Wanderer Shramana : Priest with a high status Upasaka : Lay follower of

Buddhism Which of the pairs given above are correctly matched?

(a) 1 and 2 only

(b) 1 and 3 only

(c) 2 and 3 only

(d) 1, 2 and 3

Answer: (b)

Q12:

Consider the following statements: Deification of the Buddha Trading the path of Bodhisattvas

Image worship and rituals Which of the above is/are the features/features of Mahayana

Buddhism?

(a) 1 only

(b) 1 and 2 only

(c) 2 and 3 only

 Art and Culture & History UPSC PYQs - Topic-wise

(d) 1, 2 and 3

(d) is correct: All three statements are features of Mahayana Mahayana Buddhism involves the

deification of the Buddha, the path of the Bodhisattva, and the use of images and rituals in

worship. Mahayana Buddhism: Mahayana sect of Buddhism emerged during the Fourth

Buddhist council held at Kashmir during the reign of Kanishka. Worship of images of Buddha

and Bodhisattvas was a distinctive feature of this sect. A Bodhisattvas is someone who has

compassion within himself or herself and who is able to make another person smile or help

someone suffer less. Every one of us is capable of this ~ Thich Nhat Hanh. They accumulated

knowledge through their hard work, delayed their passing to heaven, and helped others to

attain Buddhahood. Deification of the Buddha, Trading the path of Bodhisattvas and Image

worship and rituals are all features of Mahayana Buddhism. 2018

Answer: (d)

Q13:

Which reference to the religious practices in India, the “Sthanakvasi” sect belongs to

(a) Buddhism

(b) Jainism

(c) Vaishnavism

(d) Shaivism

(b) is correct: The “Sthanakvasi” sect belongs to Jainism. Sthanakvasi: It is a branch of

Svetambara Jainism that was started in 1653 AD by a merchant named Lavaji. It holds that the

path to soul purification and achieving Nirvana/Moksha does not include idol worship.

Sthanakvasi acknowledges 32 of the Svetambara canonical Jain Agamas (text detailing

Mahavira’s teachings

Answer: (b)

Q14:

Which reference to Indian history, who among the following is a future Buddha, yet to come to

save the world?

(a) Avalokiteshvara

(b) Lokesvara
 Art and Culture & History UPSC PYQs - Topic-wise

(c) Maitreya

(d) Padmapani

(c) is correct: Maitreya is a future Buddha, yet to come to save the world. According to Buddhist

tradition, Maitreya is a Bodhisattva who will appear on earth in future, attain enlightenment and

teach pure dharma. He will be the future Buddha. He is also known as Ajit Bodhisattva

(Amitabha sutra and Lotus sutra).[ Avalokiteshvara (“The Lord Who Looks Down”), also called

Padmapani (“The Lotus-Bearer”) also called Lokesvara in Sanskrit (The Lord of the World). 2017

Answer: (c)

Q15:

With reference to the religious history of India, consider the following statements: Sautrantika

and Sammitiya were the sects of Sarvastivadin held that the constituents of phenomena were

not wholly momentary, but existed forever in a latent form. Which of the statements given

above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only

(b) 2 only

(c) Both 1 and 2

(d) Neither 1 nor 2

Answer: (b)

Q16:

With reference to the religious history of India, consider the following statements: The concept

of Bodhisattva is central to the Hinayana sect of Buddhism. Bodhisattva is a compassionate one

on his way to enlightenment. Bodhisattva delays achieving his own salvation to help all sentient

beings on their path to it. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only

(b) 2 and 3 only

(c) 2 only

(d) 1, 2 and 3

Answer: (b)
 Art and Culture & History UPSC PYQs - Topic-wise

Q17:

Which of the following kingdoms were associated with the life of the Buddha? Avanti Gandhara

Kosala Magadha Select the correct answer using the codes given below.

(a) 1, 2 and 3 only

(b) 2 and 3 only

(c) 1, 3 and 4

(d) 3 and 4 only

(d) is correct: Kosala and Magadha were the two kingdoms associated with the life of the

Buddha. Buddha travelled through the kingdoms of Kosala, Magadha, Vaishali and Vajji in order

to preach his philosophy. Avanti had no direct connection to Buddha’s life. Gandhara received

Buddhist influence during the time of Ashoka When the Mauryan empire expanded up to As per

various Pali texts, it is known that Prasenjit, king of Kosala was a contemporary of Buddha.

2014

Answer: (d)

Q18:

Which of the following kingdoms were associated with the life of the Buddha? Avanti Gandhara

Kosala Magadha Select the correct answer using the codes given below.

(a) 1, 2 and 3 only

(b) 2 and 3 only

(c) 1, 3 and 4

(d) 3 and 4 only

(d) is correct: Kosala and Magadha were the two kingdoms associated with the life of the

Buddha. Buddha travelled through the kingdoms of Kosala, Magadha, Vaishali and Vajji in order

to preach his philosophy. Avanti had no direct connection to Buddha’s life. Gandhara received

Buddhist influence during the time of Ashoka When the Mauryan empire expanded up to As per

various Pali texts, it is known that Prasenjit, king of Kosala was a contemporary of Buddha.

Answer: (d)

Q19:

Consider the following statements: ‘Bijak’ is a composition of the teachings of Saint Dadu Dayal.
 Art and Culture & History UPSC PYQs - Topic-wise

The Philosophy of PushtiMarg was propounded by Madhvacharya. Which of the statements

given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only

(b) 2 only

(c) Both 1 and 2

(d) Neither 1 nor 2

Answer: (d)

Q20:

The national motto of India, ‘Satyameva Jayate’ inscribed below the Emblem of India is taken

from:

(a) Katha Upanishad

(b) Chandogya Upanishad

(c) Aitareya Upanishad

(d) Mundaka Upanishad

(d) is correct: Satyameva Jayate means “Truth alone Triumphs”. It is taken from Mundaka

Upanishad. Mundaka Upanishad is listed as no. 5 in the list of 108 Upanishads of Hinduism.

Satyameva Jayate means “Truth alone Triumphs”. It is taken from Mundaka Upanishad.

Mundaka Upanishad is listed as no. 5 in the list of 108 Upanishads of The Mundaka Upanishad is

a collection of philosophical poems used to teach meditation and spiritual knowledge regarding

the true nature of Brahma and the Self (Atman). It is composed of the three main parts

(Mundaka): The first part expounds on the science of higher and lower knowledge. The second

part describes the true nature of the Self (Atman) and Brahman. The third part further builds on

the previous two parts and attempts to describe the state of knowing Brahman, which is one of

bliss and fearlessness.

Answer: (d)

Q21:

Which one of the following describes best the concept of Nirvana in Buddhism?

(a) The extinction of the flame of desire

(b) The complete annihilation of self

 Art and Culture & History UPSC PYQs - Topic-wise

(c) A state of bliss and rest

(d) A mental stage beyond all comprehension

(a) is correct: Buddhism defines Nirvana as being free from desire, pain, pleasure etc. It is like

the extinction of flame Buddhism defines Nirvana as being free from desire, pain, pleasure etc.

It is like the extinction of flame. In Buddhist traditions, nirvana is often described as the

extinction of three fires– greed(raga), aversion(dwesha) and ignorance(moksha). When these

flames are extinguished, the cycle of rebirth is Skipped.

Answer: (a)

Q22:

. Which of the following statements is/are applicable to Jain doctrine? The surest way of

annihilating Karma is to practise penance. Every object, even the smallest particle, has a soul.

Karma is the bane of the soul and must be ended. Select the correct answer using the codes

given below:

(a) 1 only

(b) 2 and 3 only

(c) 1 and 3 only

(d) 1, 2 and 3

(d) is correct: Jainism advocates the practice of penance as the surest way of annihilating

Karma. According to Jainism, every object, including the smallest particle, has a soul. Karma is

considered the bane of the soul and must be ended to achieve liberation. As per Jain doctrine,

the surest way of annihilating Karma is to practise penance. Every thing has a soul, even the

smallest Karma is the bane of the soul and must be Three Jewels of Jainism are Right Faith, right

knowledge and Right Action. Five doctrines of Jainism are – Ahimsa: Non-injury to all living

beings; Satya: Do not speak a lie; Asteya: Do not steal; Aparigraha: Do not acquire property;

Brahmacharya: Observe 2012

Answer: (d)

Q23:

Lord Buddha’s image is sometimes shown with the hand gesture called “Bhumisparsha mudra”.

It symbolises:
 Art and Culture & History UPSC PYQs - Topic-wise

(a) Buddha’s calling of the Earth to watch over Mara and to prevent Mara from disturbing his

meditation.

(b) Buddha’s calling of the Earth to witness his purity and chastity despite the temptations of

Mara.

(c) Buddha’s reminder to his followers that they all arise from Earth and finally dissolve into the

Earth, and thus this life is transitory.

(d) Both statements

(a) and

(b) are correct in this context.

(b) Sub-Theme: Buddhism Option

(b) is correct: The “Bhumisparsha mudra” hand gesture shown in Lord Buddha’s image

symbolises his calling of the Earth to witness his purity and chastity despite the temptations of

Mara. Bhumisparsha Mudra: Bhumisparsha means ‘touching the earth’in Sanskrit. It is more

commonly known as the ‘earth witness’ mudra. This mudra, formed with all five fingers of the

right hand extended to touch the ground, symbolises the Buddha’s enlightenment under the

bodhi tree, when he summoned the earth goddess, Sthavara, to bear witness to his attainment

of enlightenment. The right hand, placed upon the right knee in earth-pressing mudra, and

complemented by the left hand-which is held flat in the lap in the dhyana mudra of meditation,

symbolises the union of method and wisdom, samsara and nirvana, and also the realisations of

the conventional and ultimate truths. It is in this posture that Shakyamuni overcomes the

obstructions of Mara while meditating on Truth. The second Dhyani Buddha Akshobhya is

depicted in this mudra. He is believed to transform the delusion of anger into mirror-like

wisdom. 2011

Q24:

The Jain philosophy holds that the world is created and maintained by:

(a) Universal law

(b) Universal Truth

(c) Universal Faith

(d) Universal Soul

(a) is correct: Jain philosophy holds that the world is created and maintained by Universal laws.
 Art and Culture & History UPSC PYQs - Topic-wise

Jain philosophy holds that the world is created and maintained by Universal laws. Jainism does

not support belief in the creator According to Jain doctrine, the universe and its constituents

(soul, matter, space, time and motion) have always existed. All the constituents and actions

have always existed.

Answer: (a)

Literature & Language (4 Questions)

Q1:

With reference to ancient Indian History, consider the following pairs:

Literary work Author

(a) Only one

(b) Only two

(c) Only three

(d) All four

(b) is correct:

Pair 1 is not correct: Vishakhadatta was a great Sanskrit poet and playwright of Gupta age.

Vishakhadatta was the author of Mudrarakshasa and Devichandraguptam. The focus of

Devichandraguptam revolves around an event that occurs during the rule of King Ramagupta of

the Gupta dynasty. Pair 2 is correct: Nayacandra Suri, was a Svetambara Jain monk. He lived in

the 15th century and is known as the author of a historical large poem, the

Hammiramahakavya. Pair 3 is not correct: Milind-panha is a Buddhist text, written by Nagasena.

It involves a conversation discussing various philosophical matters between King Milinda and

the monk Nagasena. Pair 4 is correct: Somadeva Suri, a Jain monk from South India in the 10th

century CE, authored the Nitivakyamrtam, known as the “Nectar of the Science of Polity,” which

is a treatise on statecraft.

Answer: (b)

Explanation: Option (b) is correct:

Pair 1 is not correct: Vishakhadatta was a great Sanskrit poet and playwright of Gupta age.

Vishakhadatta was the author of Mudrarakshasa and Devichandraguptam. The focus of

Devichandraguptam revolves around an event that occurs during the rule of King Ramagupta of
 Art and Culture & History UPSC PYQs - Topic-wise

the Gupta dynasty. Pair 2 is correct: Nayacandra Suri, was a Svetambara Jain monk. He lived in

the 15th century and is known as the author of a historical large poem, the

Hammiramahakavya. Pair 3 is not correct: Milind-panha is a Buddhist text, written by Nagasena.

It involves a conversation discussing various philosophical matters between King Milinda and

the monk Nagasena. Pair 4 is correct: Somadeva Suri, a Jain monk from South India in the 10th

century CE, authored the Nitivakyamrtam, known as the “Nectar of the Science of Polity,” which

is a treatise on statecraft.

Q2:

“Yoga Vasistha” was translated into Persian by Nizamuddin Panipati during the reign of:

(a) Akbar

(b) Humayun

(c) Shahjahan

(d) Aurangzeb

(a) is correct: The “Yoga Vasistha” was translated into Persian by Nizamuddin Panipati during

the reign of Akbar. Akbar had commissioned the translation of many Sanskrit works into the

Persian A Maktab Khana (translation bureau) was also established at Fatehpur Sikri for this The

Mahabharata, Ramayana, Lilavati, and Yogavashisht were some of the important Sanskrit works

that were translated during his reign. Nizamuddin Panipati translated Yogavasistha (a treatise

on Vedantic philosophy) in the late 16th century.

Answer: (a)

Q3:

Which one of the following books of ancient India has the love story of the son of the founder of

the Shunga dynasty?

(a) Swapnavasavadatta

(b) Malavikagnimitra

(c) Meghadoota

(d) Ratnavali

(b) is correct: The love story of the son of the founder of the Shunga dynasty is found in the

book “Malavikagnimitra”.Malavikagnimitra: The Malavikagnimitra is a Sanskrit play byKalidas.

 Art and Culture & History UPSC PYQs - Topic-wise

The play tells the love story of Agnimitra the son Of Pushyamitra Shunga- the founder of the

Shunga dynasty. He falls in love with the picture of an exiled servant girl named Malavika. 2015

Answer: (b)

Q4:

Consider the following languages: Gujarati Kannada Telugu Which of the above has/have been

declared as ‘Classical Language/Languages’ by the Government?

(a) 1 and 2 only

(b) 3 only

(c) 2 and 3 only

(d) 1, 2 and 3

(c) is correct: Both Kannada and Telugu have been declared as ‘Classical Language/Languages’

by the Government. Gujarati has not been declared as a classical language by the government

of India. There are six classical languages in our country- Tamil (declared in 2004), Sanskrit

(2005), Kannada (2008), Telugu (2008), Malayalam (2013), Odia (2014). All the classical

languages are listed in the 8th schedule of our constitution.

Answer: (c)

Painting & Visual Arts (2 Questions)

Q1:

The well-known painting “Bani Thani” belongs to the

(a) Bundi school

(b) Jaipur school

(c) Kangra school

(d) Kishangarh school

(d) : Bani Thani painting belongs to the Kishangarh school of paintings. It was painted by an

artist named Nihal Chand. Bani Thani was a singer and a poetess in the court of Raja Samant

Singh (1748-1764). It is frequently said that the small portrait is as beautiful as the Mona Lisa.

Answer: (d)
 Art and Culture & History UPSC PYQs - Topic-wise

Q2:

Kalamkari painting refers to:

(a) A hand-painted cotton textile in South India

(b) A handmade drawing on bamboo handicrafts in NorthEast India

(c) A block-painted woollen cloth in the Western Himalayan region of India

(d) A hand-painted decorative silk cloth in North- Western India

(a) : Kalamkari: This particular cotton textile is made in Andhra Pradesh and is either hand-

painted or block-printed. In this style, the kalam(pen) is used for freehand drawing of the

subject and filling in the colours and is entirely done by hand. The present states of Telangana

and Andhra Pradesh are where kalamkari first appeared. Kalamkari was first used to depict

scenes from sacred texts such as the Mahabharata, Ramayana and Bhagavatam.

Answer: (a)
 Art and Culture & History UPSC PYQs - Topic-wise

Summary Table – Topic-wise Question Count

Topic No. of Questions

Dance & Music 12

UNESCO & Heritage Sites 2

Tribal & Folk Culture 4

Architecture 30

Religion & Philosophy 24

Literature & Language 4

Painting & Visual Arts 2