KABWE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
TECHNICAL DEPARTMENTS
INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER- NOTES
COMPUTER
Def: A computer is an electronic device that processes data into meaningful
information according to a set of instructions. It follows the Input-Process-Output (IPO)
model, meaning it receives input, processes it, and produces output.
Computers are capable of performing complex calculations, storing and retrieving large
amounts of data, and automating tasks with great speed and accuracy. They operate
using hardware (physical components) and software (programs and applications).
CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTERS
Computers possess several characteristics that make them powerful, efficient, and
widely used across different fields. These characteristics distinguish them from other
devices and contribute to their effectiveness in solving problems. These include the
following;
1. Speed
Computers can process vast amounts of data in fractions of a second. A modern
processor can execute billions of instructions per second (measured in Gigahertz
- GHz). Example: A calculator takes less than a second to compute a complex
equation, while a human may take minutes.
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2. Accuracy
Computers perform calculations without errors as long as they are programmed
correctly. However, errors can occur due to:
Human mistakes (incorrect input or programming errors).
Hardware failures (damaged storage, faulty processors).
Computers eliminate human calculation errors in finance, scientific research, and
data analysis, making them reliable tools. Example: Banking systems process
thousands of transactions daily without miscalculating balances.
3. Automation
Once programmed, a computer can operate automatically without human
intervention. It follows a sequence of instructions (algorithm) until the task is
completed. Example: A payroll system automatically calculates employee
salaries and deductions every month.
4. Storage Capacity
Computers can store vast amounts of data in primary memory (RAM) and
secondary memory (HDD, SSD, USB drives, cloud storage).
Primary Memory (RAM, Cache) – Stores data temporarily while a program
runs.
Secondary Storage (HDD, SSD, Cloud) – Stores data permanently.
Modern computers also use Cloud Storage, allowing access to data from
anywhere.
Example: Google Drive and OneDrive store files that can be accessed from
different devices.
5. Versatility (Multi-Purpose Functionality)
A computer can perform different tasks at the same time, making it highly
versatile. It can be used for:
Word processing
Playing music and videos
Running complex simulations
Communication (emails, video calls)
Example: A student can use a laptop to type assignments, browse the internet,
and watch tutorials simultaneously.
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6. Connectivity & Communication
Computers can communicate with other devices and networks via:
Wired connections (Ethernet, USB, HDMI).
Wireless connections (Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, 5G, cloud computing).
They enable real-time communication and access to global information.
Example: A smartphone connects to cloud storage, allowing users to retrieve
documents anytime, anywhere.
7. Diligence (No Fatigue)
Unlike humans, computers do not get tired, bored, or distracted. They can work
continuously for hours, days, or even years without losing efficiency. Example:
Automated traffic lights work 24/7 without stopping.
8. Multimedia Capabilities
Computers can handle text, images, audio, and video simultaneously. This
makes them ideal for:
Watching movies and listening to music.
Video conferencing and gaming.
Graphic design and animation.
Example: Video editing software like Adobe Premiere Pro allows users to create
professional videos.
9. Artificial Intelligence (AI) & Machine Learning
Modern computers can learn from data, recognize patterns, and make decisions
without human intervention. AI-powered systems can:
Perform speech and facial recognition.
Automate industrial processes.
Provide personalized recommendations (e.g., Netflix, YouTube).
Example: Virtual assistants like Siri and Google Assistant use AI to answer
questions and assist users.
10. High Reliability & Consistency
Computers perform repetitive tasks without variation, ensuring consistent and
accurate results every time. Example: An ATM machine dispenses cash with the
same accuracy regardless of how many times it is used.
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BASIC FUNCTIONS OF A COMPUTER SYSTEM
A computer performs several essential functions that enable it to process data, execute
tasks, and interact with users. These functions are often described in the Input-Process-
Output (IPO) model, which outlines the flow of information through the system. These
are;
Input
Process
Store
Output
Input
Input refers to the process of entering data and instructions into the computer system.
The data can be in the form of text, numbers, images, sounds, or commands that the
user provides through various input devices.
Key Input Devices:
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Keyboard – It is used to enter text numbers and symbols.
Mouse – It allows users to interact with a graphical interface by inserting
commands such as, point, select, drag and drop etc.
Scanner – Converts physical documents (hard copies) or objects into digital
formats (soft copy).
Microphone – Captures audio input.
Touchscreen – Provides a more direct method of interaction with the computer
Webcam – used to insert still or motion images
Joystick – used to play games.
Processing
Processing is the task where the computer interprets and manipulates the input data to
perform calculations, logical operations, or any other necessary function. The CPU is
the central unit that handles all the processing. It is nick named as “The brain of the
Computer”.
Image of a CPU
Components Involved in Processing:
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) – It is used Performs mathematical and logical
operations, such as addition, subtraction, comparison, and logical decisions
(AND, OR, NOT).
Control Unit (CU) – It is used to control and coordinate processes with the CPU.
It also directs the operation of the processor by fetching instructions, decoding
them, and executing them in the correct sequence.
Registers – Used to temporary store data within the CPU while being processed
or waiting to be processed.
Processing Functions:
Arithmetic Operations – Basic mathematical calculations like addition,
subtraction, multiplication, and division.
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Logical Operations – Operations that help in decision-making processes (e.g.,
checking if a number is greater than another).
Data Manipulation – Changing the data format or performing conversions.
Storage
Storage refers to saving data either temporarily or permanently. The data processed by
the computer needs to be stored so that it can be used later or recalled for further
operations.
Types of Storage:
Primary Storage
Random Access Memory (RAM): Temporary memory that stores data and
programs actively being used. Once the computer is turned off, the data in RAM
is lost.
Cache Memory: Small, ultra-fast memory located inside the CPU, used to store
frequently accessed data for quick retrieval.
Registers: stores data which is being worked on by the CPU. It is faster than
RAM and Cache.
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Secondary Storage (Hard Drives, SSDs)
Hard Disk Drive (HDD): A magnetic storage device that stores data permanently.
It is slower than SSD but has a larger capacity.
Solid-State Drive (SSD): A faster, more durable storage option that stores data in
flash memory.
Optical Discs (CD, DVD): Used to store data that can be accessed with a laser.
USB Flash Drives: Small, portable storage devices used for transferring data
between computers.
Cloud Storage: Data stored on remote servers and accessed via the internet.
Floppy disks. These were storage devices especially used in old model
computers, but are no longer used now.
Purpose of Storage:
Temporary Storage (RAM) for ongoing tasks.
Permanent Storage (Hard Drives, SSDs) for saving data and programs.
Retrieval and Backup: Stored data can be retrieved when needed or backed up
for safety.
Output
Output is the process of displaying or delivering the processed data from the computer
to the user. This function allows the user to see or hear the results of the processing.
Key Output Devices:
Monitor – Displays visual output, such as text, graphics, and videos.
Printer – Converts digital data into physical form (e.g., printed documents).
Speakers – Output audio data.
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Projector – Projects visual output onto a larger screen for display in public
spaces.
Output Process:
Once the CPU processes the input data, the results are sent to an output device. The
output can be in different forms, such as:
Text (e.g., on a screen or printed document)
Graphics (e.g., charts, images)
Audio (e.g., sound or voice)
Video (e.g., movie, animation)
OTHER FUNCTIONS OF A COMPUTER INCLUDES;
Communication
Controlling
Communication
Communication refers to the ability of a computer to exchange data with other
computers or devices over a network. This is an essential function, as it allows
computers to interact with one another and access resources on the internet.
Communication Methods:
Wired Communication (Ethernet) – Using physical cables to connect computers.
Wireless Communication (Wi-Fi, Bluetooth) – Using radio waves to communicate
without physical connections.
Internet Communication – Through the internet, computers exchange data using
protocols like TCP/IP.
Importance of Communication:
Remote Access – Accessing files or programs remotely via the internet.
File Sharing – Sharing documents or data across networks or cloud storage.
Real-time Interaction – Enables video calls, online gaming, and collaborative
work.
Control
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Control refers to the overall management of the computer’s functions, ensuring all
processes are executed in the correct sequence and efficiently. The control unit (CU) in
the CPU coordinates and directs the flow of data and instructions.
Control Functions:
Instruction Fetch – Retrieves the next instruction from memory.
Instruction Decode – Decodes the fetched instruction to understand the action
required.
Execution Control – Executes the instruction and manages subsequent actions
(e.g., triggering input/output, data movement).
Conclusion
The basic functions of a computer i.e.; input, processing, storage, output,
communication, and control—work together seamlessly to transform raw data into
meaningful information. These functions enable computers to perform a vast range of
tasks, from simple calculations to complex simulations, and are fundamental to the
operation of all modern computing systems.
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