The answer key of Unit 1:

Self Assessment (1)

1.A. Answer the following questions based on what you have understood
from the lesson so far.

1. A newspaper is

a. expected to represent political parties

b. intended for the ruling class of a society

c. considered as a means of advertisement

d. printed and published regularly ✓

"a publication printed and distributed at regular intervals" ‫چون تو خط اول متن گفته شده‬

2. Newspapers usually publish the information

a. which is new and important to the reader ✓

b. the reader already knows

c. which has no scientific or true basis

d. the readers have ordered before

"news is information that a reader has not known previous to its ‫چون تو متن گفت‬

.‫" باشه‬important" ‫" و‬immediate" ‫ و اینکه خبر باید‬presentation"

3. A newspaper

a. usually makes a business of fortune telling

b. is expected to teach people how to appreciate the art

c. may include non-news sections ✓

d. is responsible for stock exchanges
A typical Western newspaper provides its readers with such" ‫چون تو متن گفته شده که‬

non-news items".

4. A newspaper reporter plays the role of

a. a mediator between an event and the reader ✓

b. a manager who makes people make the news

c. an inventor who causes the events to happen

d. a receiver of the news from other newspapers

.‫" استفاده شده بود‬mediation" ‫چون تو متن از کلمهی‬

5. An event which happens in the community or the world

a. is changed before it is printed in the newspaper

b. must be reported and published by all newspapers

c. may be reported and interpreted differently ✓

d. should be reported to the readers who are familiar with the situation

"The newspaper's interpreting may take a number of forms" ‫چون تو متن ذکر شده که‬

6. The most important role in making the existence of a newspaper

possible is played by

a. science

b. knowledge

c. truth

d. language ✓
‫" و کل فهم ما از اخبار به زبان‬reports exist only in and through language" ‫چون تو متن گفته‬

.‫بستگی داره‬
Self Assessment (2)

1.B. Answer the following questions based on what you have learned .1
about newspaper materials.

1. The front page of a newspaper is mainly devoted to

a. feature stories

b. headlines of hard news ✓

c. detailed reports of sports

d. commercial advertisements
They usually appear partially or completely on the front page, " ‫چون تو متن گفته شده که‬

preceded by flagging headlines".

2. A newspaper's position about a major social or political event appears in

the

a. editorial section ✓
c. announcements section

b. life style section

d. special topics section

In the editorial section the newspaper announces its position " ‫چون تو متن گفته شده که‬

about some current event".

3. The announcements about the wedding or death of ordinary people
appear in a special section devoted to

a. good and bad news

b. birth and death matters

c. live or die matters

d. notices and announcements ✓
There is always one or more pages devoted to community" ‫چون تو متن گفته شده که‬

notices about death, and commemoration ceremonies, etc".

4. An interview with a famous artist is classified as

a. feature ✓
c. caricature

b. hard news

d. personal

Their stories may include a wide range of topics from the private " ‫چون تو متن ذکر شده که‬

life of a famous person".

5. A newspaper's major financial support is provided by

a. political controversies

b. commercial advertisements ✓
c. economic predictions

d. social and religious topics

And advertisements, of course, more than 60% of all the space " ‫چون تو متن گفته شده که‬

it is the " ‫" و همچین‬in most western newspapers is taken by advertisements

advertisement portion of the newspaper which keeps it running".

Activity II

1.D. Browse the following selections and decide about their categorization
by assigning to each such labels as hard news, editorial, feature, etc.

(a) Iran buys five oil tankers, negotiates 16 more

TEHRAN, (Reuter)--Iran has placed an order with a South Korean

company for five oil tankers at a cost of $490 million and is negotiating for 16
more, an official was quoted on Sunday as saying.

Hanuhahri newspaper quoted the general director of the National Iranian

Tanker Company (NITC), Mohammad Souri, as saying the order had been
placed with a South Korean company which will provide the total financing as
(From: [email protected] (Reuter) → hard news
(b) DICKINSON

Preston Sennie Dickinson, 86, of Richmond, died Friday, February 18, 1994. He
is survived by his wife, Louise Kidd Dickinson; daughter, Margaret Dickinson
Hall and her husband, Wayne; son, Robert Preston Dickinson and wife,
Victoria; five grandchildren. Courtney Hall Bleyl, David Powell and Carter
Deane Hall, Sara Louise and Dickinson; William two Preston great
grandchildren, Kelsey Margaret and Erik Chase Bleyl. Mr. Dickinson was a
veteran of World War II and retired employee of Philip Morris. Remains rest at
the Huguenot Chapel, Woody Funeral Home, 1020 Huguenot Rd. where the
family will receive friends 2:00 to 4:00 and 7:00 to 8:30 p.m. Sunday.
Graveside services will be conducted 2:00 p.m. Monday at Westhampton
Memorial Park. (From: Richmond Times-Dispatch, Feb 20. 1994) → announcement
(c) HYLER

In loving memory of Jennie B. (Granny) Hyler who passed away February 20,
1993.

Sad and sudden was the call.

You're deeply missed and loved by all.

Sometimes the pain, seems too deep to bear.

When the phone rings, we wait for you to be there.

It's been one year and we still cry. Painfully, we realize only God knows why.

Love always,
Your Children, Grandchildren and Great grandchildren.
)From: Richmond Times-Dispatch Feb 20, 1994( → personal

)d( A Suit Over 'Sloppy'

ASK A TYPICAL American teenager and his mother what "sloppy" room
looks like, and you're sure to get wildly differing descriptions. Defining that
adjective is an extremely subjective undertaking. There is no provable right or
wrong answer because the question seeks an opinion, not a fact. But that is the
very word at issue in a case decided by the U.S. Court of Appeals here last
Friday. Judges Harry Edwards and Patricia Wald found that the use of "sloppy"
in a book review to describe the work of an investigative journalist may be
"defamatory because it "rests on underlying verifiable facts.
 This opinion drives a truck through a small opening in the law of libel
created by the Supreme Court four years ago. Traditionally, the courts have
protected the expression of opinion, criticism and the like as "fair comment"
not subject to libel actions. Perhaps the most expansive, if hardly
complimentary, expression of this principle was in a 1984 case involving this
newspaper and the columnists Rowland Evans and Robert Novak. Material
appearing on the editorial pages, wrote then-Judge Robert Bork is not
interpreted as fact because "it is well understood that editorial writers and
commentators frequently resort to 'the type of caustic bombast traditionally
used in editorial writing to stimulate public reaction." We were not thrilled by
this description and do not believe that opinion writing is a license to cook
hard, verifiable facts, but we were relieved that the distinction between facts
and opinions was maintained, and the latter accorded different treatment by the
courts.

In 1990 the Supreme Court changed the ground rules somewhat in a case
originating in Ohio. The court ruled that false statements cannot be protected in
the guise of-pinion. One can safely write that the Olympic judges were clearly
wrong not to have awarded the gold medal to Torvill and Dean, but if a writer
alleges that the mistake was made because the judges were all drunk at the time
(and they weren't) he can be sued.
 That kind of distinction appears to be easy, but taking the ruling as far as
the Court of Appeals has now done greatly impairs the ability of opinion
writers to speak their minds. For example, the court found that the word
"sloppy" rests on an assertion that can be proven: The writer of the book
characterized a meeting as "sinister." But is that adjective verifiable, or is it,
too, an opinion? It's far different from charge that a writer is "sloppy because
he wrote that Smith was found guilty of the murder when it was really Jones.

This case, in which the New York Times is the defendant, will now go to
trial. The Washington Post is not a disinterested party, and you will not be
surprised to learn that we hope the dissenting view, expressed by Judge Abner
Mikva, prevails eventually. Readers who want to continue to hear a critic's
judgment on what restaurants serve badly prepared food, what films are not
worth an hour of your time and what books are sloppily written, should agree.
(From The Washington Post, Feb 24. 1994) → editorial

(e) Fearful Florida's Get-Tough Crime Remedies Veer Toward the

Unusual
By WILLIAM BOOTH

Washington Poet Staff Writer

Miami, Feb. 16--After leading the nation in news of grisly tourist slayings,
Florida lawmakers are responding with sensational, get-tough proposals that
include castrating rapists, executing 14-year-old murderers and making it
illegal for criminals to complain about unusual punishment.
 The proposals here come as sentiment grows across the country that
something must be done about violent crime--even if it requires extraordinary
steps. Congress, the Clinton administration and lawmakers in 30 states are
calling for longer, tougher sentences, including the up "three- strikes-you're
out" provisions that would lock repeat offenders for life without parole.

But here in the country's number one tourist destination--where dreams of

palmy beaches have been replaced in the national consciousness by images of
sociopathic teenagers toting 9mm semiautomatics--Florida legislators are
positively consumed by the issue of violent crime.

And so are the residents, who increasingly speak of fear, anger and the
desire for old-fashioned vengeance, following a string of internationally
reported slayings of foreign visitors.

We are in a state of war in a war, some unpleasant things need to be done,

some radical things, said Mario DiazBalart, a Republican state senator and
public relations executive from Miami.

According to a Mason Dixo Florida Poll conducted earlier this month,

more than 90 percent of Florida voters said they considered the state "very
dangerous" or "somewhat dangerous." They told pollsters that children as
young as 13 should be tried as adults and, if found guilty of capital crimes,
should face possible execution. Among the more radical proposals that Diaz-
Balart supports is the so-called Bobitt Bill, which calls for castrating rapists
convicted twice of the crime. While it is impossible to gauge its chances for
passage this early in the session, at least 12 of the 40 state senators have signed
on as cosponsors of the bill.
 Call it what you want, it's good policy," said state Sen. Robert Wexler, a "
Democrat and lawyer from Boca Raton, who introduced the legislation.

Wexler, generally considered a liberal, said his constituents are demanding

"the absolutely strongest response possible" to violent crime.

)From The Washington Post. Feb17, 1994( → special topic

(f) DELAWERE SOLID WASTE AUTHORITY REQUEST OF

PROPOSALS FOR MARKETING RESEARCH SERVICES
CONTRACT DSWA-294
The Delaware Solid Waste Authority (DSWA) is interested in receiving
proposals for a public awareness research project.

This solicitation is made to gather data pertaining to the awareness of the

general public regarding solid waste management methods. The data will help
to develop a comprehensive program of information dissemination with which
to increase public awareness and understanding of DSWA facilities and
programs.
All persons submitting a proposal are advised they must be duly licensed
to conduct business in the State of Delaware. A copy of the Request for
Proposals (RFP) for Contract DSWA294 may be obtained from the DSWA
upon payment of $25.00 (nonrefundable) on ог after Wednesday, March 23,
1994. All proposals shall be clearly marked, proposal Contract DSWA-294.
 A Preproposal meeting will be held on Thursday, April 7, 1994, at 2:30
P.M. in DSWA's Public Meeting Room, located at 1128 S. Bradford St., Dover,
Delaware, at PROPOSERS may which time meet with DSWA staff regarding
questions which relate to the RPP.

DSWA reserves the right to accept or reject any ог all proposals which, in
its judgment, is in the best interest of DSWA, and all PROPOSERS are notified
that such acceptance or rejection shall be without liability on the part of DSWA
for any action brought by the PROPOSER because of such acceptance or
rejection, nor shall the PROPOSER seek any recourse of any kind against
DSWA because of such acceptance or rejection. Every PROPOSER with the
express understanding that any and all claims to reimbursement for the cost and
expense of its preparation are waived. The submittal of a proposal in response
to this Notice shall constitute an agreement of the PROPOSER to these
conditions.
)Form: The Washington Post March 23, 1994( → advertisement

(g) ROBERSON

Died February 18, 1994, Mrs.. Eloise P. Roberson. Notice of funeral later.
Arrangements by the Chile Funeral Home, 2100 Fairmount Ave.
(From Richmond Times-Dispatch, Feb 20, 1994) → announcement
h) FANCY HILL FARM

Beautiful old 1900's farm house with guest cottage & outbuildings on 7
shaded acres overlooking James & Hardware Rivers. Paved road, 5 min. walk
to state game preserve & boat landing. 4 BR, full bsmt., 2, fireplaces, with 2-50
acres, 2 car garage w/equipment shed, 286-3427 day; 286-2756 eves. →
advertisement

Activity III
I.E. Based on what you have read in the example news articles in this unit
decide what the Farsi equivalents for the following phrases are.
1. Washington's morning commuter rush:
‫شلوغی رفت و آمد صبحگاهی واشنگتن‬

2. A black canvas bag on his front seat that turned out to contain books
and clothes:
‫یک کیف برزنتی مشکی روی صندلی جلویی او که معلوم شد که حاوی کتاب و لباس بوده‬

3. The emergency response team:

‫ تیم ضربت‬/‫تیم واکنش اضطراری‬

4. Law enforcement personnel:

‫ ماموران انتظامی‬/ ‫نیروی های اجرایی قانون‬

5. A spokesman for the Virginia Department of Transportation:

‫سخنگوی اداره حمل و نقل ویرجینیا‬

6. The vulnerability of the area's road network:

‫آسیب پذیری شبکهی جادهای منطقه‬

7. A D.C. halfway house fugitive:

‫یک فراری در مرکز بازپروری واشنگتن دی سی‬
8. No stranger to the criminal justice system:
‫ سابقه دار نبود‬/ ‫با سیستم قضایی کیفری غریبه نبود‬

9. Quick service outlets:

‫مرکز خدمات سریع‬

10. Psychiatiic treatment:

‫درمان روانپزشکی‬