MODULE 3

Fuzzy Logic & Defussification

 INTRODUCTION TO FUZZY LOGIC
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Fuzzy logic is a tool which deals with uncertainity.
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Fuzzy logic is a form of multivalued logic to deal with reasoning that is
approximate rather than precise.
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Fuzzy logic may have truth values that ranges between 0 and 1.
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0.0 indicates absolute falseness and 1.0 indicates absolute truth.
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Ie, It is an approach to computing based on ‘degree of truth’ rather than the
usual ‘true or false’.
 FUZZY SETS

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Set membership :is used to make suitable decisions when uncertainity occurs.
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Figure 1 : ‘a’ is clearly a member of crisp set. ‘b’is unambiguously not a member of
set A.
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Figure 2: ‘a’ is clearly a member of crisp set. ‘b’ is unambiguously not a member of
set A. But the membership of ‘c’ which is on the boundary is ambiguous
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If complete membership in a set is represented by 1 , and non - membership in
a set is represented by 0, then point c must have some intermediate value of
membership in the interval [0,1]. This is called partial membership of fuzzy set
A.
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Membership value in a set is binary,ie,either element is a
member of a set or element is not a member of a set.
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µA(x) = 1, if x is a member of A,ie, x ε A
0, if x is not a member of A.
Eg: Condition : If height is greater than 150 cm, then he is tall ,else
he is short.
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Suppose Amal is of height 180cm, he is tall. Thus, µA(Amal) = 1
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Graph showing membership functions for fuzzy set
‘tall’
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Graph showing membership functions for fuzzy sets “ short ” , “ medium ” ,
“tall ”.
●
Ans: Cardinality of a set is the total number of unique elements in a set.
2. Consider two fuzzy sets given below

Perform
a. union b. Intersection c. Complement d. Difference
Ans :
Tutorial
Fuzzy set operations
Properties of fuzzy sets
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Ans:
 Fuzzy Membership function
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Membership function defines the fuzziness in a fuzzy set
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irrespective of the elements in the set, which are discrete
or
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continuous.
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They are generally represented in graphical form.
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The rules that describe fuzziness graphically are also
fuzzy
 Methods of membership value assignments
1. Intuition
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Intuition method is based upon the common intelligence of human.
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It is the capacity of the human to develop membership functions on the basis of their
own intelligence and understanding capability.
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There should be an indepth knowledge of the application to which membership
value assignment has to be made.
Q1: Using your own intuition and definitions of the universe of discourse,
plot fuzzy membership functions for "weight of people".
Q2: Using your own intuition and definitions of the universe of discourse,
plot fuzzy membership functions for "age of people".
2. Inference
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The inference method uses knowledge to perform deductive reasoning (result of
one is used for another expression untill result is obtained).
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Deduction achieves conclusion by means of forward inference.
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The knowledge of geometrical shapes and geometry is used for defining
membership values.
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The membership functions may be defined using various shapes:
triangular, trapezoidal, bell shaped, Gaussian etc.
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The inference method here is via triangular shape.
OR
Q1: Using the inference approach, find the membership values for the
triangular shapes I,R,E,IR and T for a triangle with angles 45o, 55o and 80o
Tutorial
3. Rank Ordering

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Here membership value is based on rank that is obtained from pairwise
comparisons which enable us to determine preferences.
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This results in determining the order of the membership.
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The formation of government based on polling, identify best student based on
rank in class, buy a car based on opinions from several people/poll etc are the
examples of this type.
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Suppose 10000 people were questioned about pairwise preferences
among 5 cars as x={maruthi800, scorpio, Matiz, Santro, Octavia}
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Define a fuzzy set A on the universe of cars “best car”

maruthi scorpio Matiz Santro Octavia Total % ●

Rank
800

maruthi800 - 192 246 592 621 1651 16.51 ●

5
scorpio 403 - 621 540 391 1955 19.6 ●
2
Matiz 235 336 - 797 492 1860 18.60 ●
4
Santro 523 364 417 - 608 1912 19.12 ●
3
Octavia 616 534 746 726 - 2622 26.22 ●
1

Total 10000
µ=1

Mar Mat San Sco Oct

Fuzzy relations
Fuzzy matrix

m
Example
Fuzzy graph
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Consider a universe X={x1,x2,x3,x4} and binary fuzzy relation on X as

x
Operations on fuzzy relations
Properties of fuzzy relations
Fuzzy cartesian product

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Let A be a fuzzy set on universe X and B be a fuzzy set on universe Y, then
cartesian product between fuzzy sets A and B will result in a fuzzy relation R
which is contained within the full cartesian product space
 Example 2:
Consider the following two fuzzy sets. Perform cartesian product over the given
sets.
Example 3:
 Features of membership functions

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Consider the graph representation
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Core : The core of a membership function for some fuzzy set A is defined as that
region of universe is characterized by complete membership in the set A.
Ie, µA(x)=1
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Support : The support of a membership function for a fuzzy set A is defined as that
region of universe is characterized by
µA(x)>=0
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Boundary : The boundary of a membership function for a fuzzy set A is defined as
that region of universe containing elements that dont have complete membership.
Ie, 0< µA(x) < 1
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Normal fuzzy set:
A fuzzy set whose membership function has at least
one element x in the universe whose membership
value is unity is called normal fuzzy set.
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Subnormal fuzzy set :
A fuzzy set where in no membership function has its
value equal to 1 is called subnormal fuzzy set.
 Crossover point of a fuzzy set
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The element in the universe for which a particular fuzzy set A has its value equal to
0.5 is called crossover point of a membership function.ie, µA(x)=0.5
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There can be more than one crossover point in a fuzzy set.
Height of the fuzzy set
Fuzzy composition
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Composition of fuzzy relations are of two types
a. max-min composition
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Suppose R is a fuzzy relation on cartesian space XxY, S is a fuzzy relation on
cartesian space YxZ, T is a fuzzy relation on cartesian space XxZ.
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Then, T=RoS
 Question

The above are two fuzzy relations in matrix form. Find max-min composition.
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b. max-product composition
Tutorial 1
Tutorial 2
 Defuzzification
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Defuzzification is a mapping process from a space of fuzzy control actions defined
over an output universe of discourse into a space of crisp control actions.
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It has the capability:
– to reduce a fuzzy set into a crisp set
– to convert a fuzzy matrix into a crisp matrix
– to convert a fuzzy number into a crisp number
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Mathematically, the defuzzification process may also be termed as Rounding it
off .
 Lambda Cuts for Fuzzy Sets
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Also called alpha cuts.
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Consider a fuzzy set A.
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The set Aλ where 0 < λ < 1, called the λ-cut or α-cut set is a crisp set of the fuzzy set.
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It is defined as:

where λ ε [0,1]
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Any particular fuzzy set A can be transformed into an infinite number of cut sets.
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The set Aλ is called a weak lambda-cut set if it consists of all the elements of a fuzzy set whose
membership functions have values greater than or equal to a specified value, λ .
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The set Aλ is called a strong lambda-cut set if it consists of all the elements of a fuzzy set whose
membership functions have values strictly greater than a specified value, λ .
Aλ = { x|µA (x)>λ}
Properties of λ-cut sets
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Consider two fuzzy sets A and B, both defined on X,given as follows:
●
a. λ=0.1 b. λ=0+

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c. λ=0.3 d. λ= 0.9
Tutorial
 Defuzzification Methods
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Defuzzification is the process of conversion of a fuzzy quantity into a precise
quantity.
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The output of a fuzzy process may be union of two or more fuzzy membership
functions defined on the universe of discourse of the output variable.
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A fuzzy output process may involve many output parts, and the membership
function representing each part of the output can have any shape.
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In general, we have,
Example:
For defuzzifying fuzzy output functions (membership functions), the following methods are used:
1. Max Membership Principle
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Also known as height method.
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It always gives you the maximum membership value of a fuzzy function
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This method is given by,

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Ie, choose the peak value in the fuzzy output
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x* is the defuzzified value, ie, crisp value.
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Drawback : This method is applicable only for peaked output functions.
2. Centroid Method
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Also known as center of mass, center of area or Center of gravity method.
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It is the most commonly used defuzzification method.
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The defuzzified output x* is defined as,

where the symbol ∫ denotes algebraic integration

3. Weighted Average Method
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Each membership function is weighted by its maximum membership value.
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This method is valid for symmetrical output membership functions only.
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Let a be the centre value of C1 and b be the centre value of C2.
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Max. Membership value of C1 is 0.5 and max.membership value of C2 is 0.8
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The defuzzified output x* is defined as,

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Since, the method can be limited to symmetrical membership functions, the values a and b are the
means(/centroids) of their respective shapes.
4. Mean Max Membership
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Also known as middle of the maxima.
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It is closely related to max membership method except that the locations of the
maximum membership can be non unique.
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The defuzzified output x* is defined as,
●

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Here,max.membership value starts at a and ends at b.
5. Center of Sums
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This method is faster than many defuzzification methods and is not restricted to symmetric membership
functions.
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In this method, the area of overlapping region is considered multiple times, whereas the Center of Gravity
(CoG) method counts it once.
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This method finds the algebraic sum of the individual fuzzy subsets (say c1 and c2 ) instead of their union,C.
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The weights are the areas of the respective membership functions.
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The defuzzified output x* is defined as,
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Where CoAn is the geometric center of area of the scaled membership function n, and area n is the area of the
scaled membership function n.

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The main drawback : intersecting areas are added twice.
6. Center of Largest Area
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This method can be adopted when the output consists of at least two convex fuzzy subsets
which are not overlapping.
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The output in this case is biased towards a side of one membership function.
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Centre of gravity of the convex fuzzy subregion with largest area, x* is calculated using
centroid method to get the defuzzified value of output.
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The defuzzified output x is defined as

where Ci is the convex subregion that has the largest area.

7. First of Maxima (Last of Maxima)
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This method considers values with maximum membership.
First of Maxima Method (FOM)
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This method determines the smallest value of the domain with maximum membership value.
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Example : The defuzzified value x* of the given fuzzy set will be x* = 4

Last of Maxima Method (LOM)

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Determine the largest value of the domain with maximum membership value.
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Example : The defuzzified value for LOM method will be x* = 8
 Difference between fuzzification and defuzzification
fuzzification defuzzification
1 Precise data is converted into Imprecise data is converted into precise data.
imprecise data.
2 Fuzzification is the method of Defuzzification is the inverse process of
converting a crisp quantity into a fuzzification where the mapping is done to
fuzzy quantity. convert the fuzzy results into crisp results.

3 Methods: Intuition, inference, rank Methods: Maximum membership principle,

ordering, centroid method, weighted average method,
center of sums, etc

4 It is quite simple. It is quite complicated