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Presented By
SANJIB BISWAS
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, AEC
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H E B
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CONTENTS :
❑ Laminar and turbulent flow.

❑ Reynolds number.

❑ Pressure drop and head loss in pipe.

❑ Darcy Weisbach equation.

❑ Steady laminar flow through circular pipes.

❑ flow between parallel plates.

❑ Couette flow.
 Laminar and turbulent flow
If fluid particles travels in laminae or layers without any intermingling of
Laminar fluid particles between fluid layers, such flows are called laminar flow. In
flow laminar flow one layer slides over the others. Examples : water flowing
slowly from a tap or honey dripping.

Laminar flow also known as streamline flow occurs at lower velocities, below a threshold at
which the flow becomes turbulent. The threshold velocity is determined by a dimensionless
parameter characterizing the flow called the Reynolds number, which also depends on the
viscosity and density of the fluid and dimensions of the channel.
Turbulent Continuous intermingling of fluid particles among fluid layers with
flow chunks of fluid mass jumping from one layer to another carrying
more mass, momentum and energy with them.

In turbulent flow the speed of the fluid at a point is continuously undergoing changes
in both magnitude and direction. In general, high velocity flows are turbulent flow.
Common examples of turbulent flow are blood flow in arteries, oil transport in
pipelines, atmosphere and ocean currents, the flow through pumps and turbines, flow
around aircraft-wing tips.
Laws of Fluid Friction in Turbulent Flow through pipe
The frictional resistance in turbulent flow is :
1. Directly proportional to the square of velocity of fluid
2. Independent of pressure
3. Directly proportional to the area of contact
4. Directly proportional to the density of flowing fluid
5. Dependent of surface roughness of pipe
6. Slightly effected by variation of temperature of fluid
 Laws of Fluid Friction in Laminar Flow
The frictional resistance in laminar flow is :
1. Directly proportional to the velocity
2. Directly proportional to the area of contact
3. Independent of pressure
4. Independent of surface roughness of pipe
5. Greatly effected by the variation of temperature of fluid ( As temperature of liquid
increases frictional resistance decreases since μliquid decreases
Reynold’s Number (Re)
Reynold’s number is the criteria to tell whether a fluid flow is Laminar or Turbulent. It
is a dimensionless number and is the ration of inertia force to viscous force.

𝐼𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝜌𝑣𝐷

Re = =
𝑉𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝜇

If Re < 2000 (Lower critical Re) → Flow is Laminar.

If Re > 4000 (Upper critical Re) → Flow is Turbulent.
If 2000 <Re < 4000 → Flow is Transient i.e. flow in neither Laminar nor turbulent.
 Pressure drop and head loss in pipe
When a fluid is flowing through a pipe the fluid experiences some resistance due to
which some of energy of the fluid is lost. This loss of energy is classified as (1) Major
Loss (2) Minor loss.
Darcy – Weisbach Formula
The Loss of Head or energy in pipes due to friction is Calculated from Darcy-Weisbach
equation

Where hf = Loss of head due to friction

f = coefficient friction which is a function of Reynold’s number
16
= for Re < 2000 (viscous flow)
𝑅𝑒
0.079
= 1Τ4 for Re varying from 4000 to 106
𝑅𝑒
L = Length of the pipe
V = Mean velocity of flow
d = Diameter of pipe
Chezy’s formula for loss of head due to friction in pipes
Chezy’s formula, Mean velocity of flow, V = C 𝑚ⅈ
𝜌𝑔
Where C = known as Chezy’s constant
𝑓

ℎ𝑓
i= = head loss per unit length of the pipe
𝐿
𝜋 2
𝐴 (𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤) ⅆ
Hydraulic Mean Depth, m = = 4 ൗ𝜋𝑑 = 𝑑
𝑃(𝑊𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟) 4
Q. Find the head loss due to friction in a pipe of diameter 300 mm and length 50m,
through which water is flowing at a velocity of 3 m/sec using (i) Darcy formula (ii) Chezy’s
formula for which C = 60. Take nu (ᶹ) for water = 0.01 stoke.
Ans:
Q. Find the diameter of a pipe of length 2000 m when the rate of flow of water
through the pipe 200 litres/sec and the head loss due to friction is 4 m. Take value
of C = 50 in Chezy’s formula.
Minor energy (Head) losses:
➢ Loss of head due to sudden enlargement
Ss
Ss
➢ Loss of head due to sudden contraction

𝑣22
ℎ𝑐 = 0.5
2𝑔
➢ Head loss at the entrance of a pipe (ℎ𝑖 ) is given as

Where V is velocity of liquid

in pipe

➢ Loss of head at the exit of a pipe

Where V is velocity at
outlet of pipe
➢ Loss of head due to bend in the pipe

Where V is velocity of flow, k is coefficient of bend.

The value of k depend on (i) angle of bend (ii) radius of
curvature of bend (iii) diameter of pipe

➢ Loss of head due to various pipe fittings

Where V mean velocity of flow in pipe, k is co-efficient

of pipe fitting which depend on the type of pipe fitting
Flow of viscous fluid in circular pipe : Hagen – Poiseuille law

The negative sign shows that pressure decreases in the direction of flow
Flow of viscous fluid between two parallel plate

Let us consider laminar flow between two parallel plates located at a distance ‘t’ apart.
A small rectangular fluid element of length dx, thickness dy and unit width is
considered as a free body.
M
M
M
M
 M

Hence shear stress varies linearly with y. Shear stress is maximum when y = 0 or t
at the wall of the plates. Shear stress is zero when y = t/2 that is at the centre line
between the plates. Maximum shear stress is given by,
Q. Calculate (i) pressure gradient along flow (ii) the average velocity and (iii) the averae
discharge for an oil of viscosity 0.02 Ns/𝑚2 flowing between two stationary plates 1m wide
maintained 10 mm apart. The velocity midway between the plates is 2 m/s.
Flow of viscous fluids between two parallel plates:
(One plate moving and other at rest – Couette Flow)
M
M
M
M
 M

Q. Two parallel plates kept 100 mm apart have laminar flow of oil between them with a
maximum velocity of 1.5 m/s. Calculate :
(i) The discharge per meter width
(ii) The shear stress at the plates
(iii) The difference in pressure between two points 20 m apart
(iv) The velocity gradient at the plates and
(v) The velocity at 20 mm from the plate
Assume viscosity of oil to be 24.5 poise
 M

Hence shear