(' • v

I Example 01. 45• rtd,,clng bmd /1 co11nected In a p~ tine, tM diamt~TI aJ tM Infer and out/It
LECTURE 20 of tire bend being @JJ.JJvtl and JOO mm rt~ctlrely. Find the fo~e tuned by water on "" bad Ifthe
intensity ofpn111tn at inltt to btnd is 8.829 Nlcm1 and role off/Dw of waler is 600 litrt:J/1.
,, . -3
~ e.. "15' 1 t= ,O'II.,., , cl£.. (J.,J.lf ,1 r, = S.sz.., xlO "'/'12., Q ,,_>!J-:. Q1b~/s :. ,(1'/).,. 16 "?S
, o,, 11') - 0,' tit'/5
fjA, +F.,..- f'#s!) : .P~ Cv~c11J.I) -v,) _ ci) v,,., QA, = l~ c::).JJ.t'll.s.
/ 0.,2.

FLUID DBAMICS 2
1.1/z v2. = Q__ :: ~ : B-11,"_s
..5..-t
JO ,J
~'\ I I
=-
P2,.. .. Vi,
_
J2f
,-,
~
2.. ~ ~ 0. ...
.f'.:, -

1. p. p. -
+~ t
-i,.~"- _
.! !92J!J(~ =: 7..
~~
r --
'1.l'f,91
:) ~- 5" .1S1'
,O.q N1
,,,, 'l..
,~ 71 'i:11 i,:.-, .c\

::-) (_'b-~ .,_ ~i~f F~ - ~-~1'164 ,c o.0~i)t<1S<fs• = iObOAO•')( -

( ~- 1s C•st&' - 2. t2.J

~ ~-..:. \"\.'\ \ ~"1] f't- ~~~•flgi -= 1'~ ".i-•f\S -:.) f'rJ-:. - ,.92,,.,_,
S. S Mallick \~F.~~-~-~~=,;.,=tt=F=.;,--=-~-o.-ag-~-~Nl

Example 02. A fet of water of diameter 75 mm moving with a velocity of 25 nils strius a fiud Example 03. A jet of waler ofdiameter 50 mm lfUWing with a velocity of 40 mis, strius a c•rwd
plak in such a way that the angle between the jet and p/are is 60°. Find the forceiiirted by the jet on fwd S)711metrical plate at the centre. Find the force Ul!rted l,y tlte fet ofWaler in tlte direction of IM
tire plate (i) in the direction nonna/ to the plate and (ii) in the direction of the jet. jet, if the jet is deflected through an angle of 120° at the ollllet of the curwd plat,.
~.,t,HI-.
g::. co' &" so m"" , V =- 40-.Js. / F.:: ::. ;; -../
vs,fltl
- &-=a.~"\,

F '\ :c
V::: n;,,,J>

jQ. ( O - \/ Sl"l(J.)
I e -e- ,oD O_)~ ;,

= -J ~V2,51nS
? (11) fr~~

:.. 2., 21 Ki's\

V

t"L ::::.
I

fY) ( V~'l~ - V111,H)

-~

"Ji,
S-

Fi£- ;. r-f) $Jr-, t!} = ~ . 0 -:}- l,"-1 :. Ja, ( -VCAtJ - v) :- - JG, V ( I t I'.. qe~) "
= - j Dt\12.(. ltt'..~) v
2..
- l<rv~ i" ?S"- [o.os) [It~}
4f'
- ~- :J. I K.H

b_
 ,1-:»"'~ ~rD;::, ~--u ;
iT,n.cJ_ • V7'Sa.t<.(7 -f '''-i ~, .
::1 Cs .\ 1J = 1~.
'? '<t IIO
t
' , l
. _,_. CM,..,, '°1~~~· • :.,,'. 7w._,7- 1J''lt.,,,.,:,G·Xi,_l'p ( w-(.AJ 0/f<tl
~~ ~ • •~ : f ~ -»1(1' <.n47 I ( .J. t , , J"f)
• • t ~VJ-11-'1'2-f • C. • V . 1 ~ • • ,.,.~J,l.,01\
1
-- ~" ~~ -110~.•~P,4,:1 v ur (. ,,n-v..l.C>ot.
I
'
' l
; ?-~"P-'-!) f71ctw-~.\ lA la:;, •-~ft -4"
,. . . P"'tl,ua. ~ s'""14 g"'-•":t :>~
~ ~. '4.Pr•1 ~
't
l1
\
o;1"\
1
-;:r: t.,. ,..9 H?
- ', •
,-:.:,!(., -r.- •T-,..:. ~ 7.-~-P--::> -
I - .. 6--.A i91&o ¢: 1-,. j<,~-'l'lt-\.1
.-1 r.-µ
 ,, . ' .
.:, ...:-;· .
.. , .
. ..•
.,,, "y ••
... •. -~~-
. ..-: ·.•
~,.: .,, "-'."'
0 .,., ,., . " , • ., T
.. ···:-
··-·.,
r___~-~-::_:_: __-,{(: ;:,.? >✓/- <,
Q.r "••." •;/:,, • ✓. ··•:.-,
tf··. ·:t~,..-:.
e>-:-{·,_ -
7✓ ) ' ,, .,, I·-
r,:,
:- ~ ,/ ~ ,,
,, ;,
} "'.;,: 'l.~ ../
~ (!l
~;~1 0'~ "c-1 --I.
~
,, ·/•• ,
t ..., ,~ -
,✓•
'r
~
p <.:S. ~,,e,,,.: w,-... ~--t},t. I- .M!•
,
,, (y,.
.,,,; .,;., ~✓- (,;:· <,'l ~ ~
,,,,, ~►
!, , ,,
:,
I 0 , I
::-'' ,,·,,...,
4
 '~.~.
...._. ~
~ ~ "
'
~ - __ _
, ·~~- -~t:i-=-- ""'

Im 8-.
:
~.\

~
:,.:,
'~~'
,.:;
LECTURE 22
OVERVIEW
□ Types of forces acting in moving fluid
□ Dimensionless numbers

DIMENSIONLESS NO.

S. S Mallick

~
- "-
TYPES OF FORCES ACTING IN MOVING FLUID Dimensionless Numbers
°'- gl
The important non-dimensional flow parameters are °'- b
Forces acting on a moving fluid mass may be a combination qf L 2.. rJ J' I 1-.,;, 1.. _
~

-----~
SY'--.,, VL-
A- L 1~
.- --- Jt...·L
i. Inertia Force (F1) ff) . 01.. =- f."f. v ::: .f L:E>v - - V-::. j>L.: 'J
1. Reynold's number
o l 'f, ..,,,, ___,. J.
t -= "'e. -- -Fv -- ;;_,,v-- v

~-
-,1:; ,I:

ii. Viscous Force (Fv) t 'f 11 -=- J,t-AY :: ~L2.V _ i-t L. V ~~+ c . v i ~ ~... ~ J' V C¾_ c,•,,-..,,)
a- -i:- - ;:- 'i' c,nc:..J,t

iii. Pressure Force (Fp) ~1 " :: f L2.. = 4, -.&., Dl.

-/[.z.
~
g. .,
,:___ .±.-
I ~Vl- -- D
iv. Gravity Force (F
1
) l"'ltl ' j 'if'. a :.- J L- 0 2. Froude's number f'~ :: ; ;: j ic rr
Lt' -
a -
L-
V
KO
CJ,.. ~-Ot,2._
- - 0-
v. Surface tension force (FJ

vi. Elastic Force (Fe)

b t
'2 ,- I\ -;. ci.. K: ft
~-~ L2..
-=-

K-- -
V
v
&J'
'
c:1
2..,
=- ~. 0-'=1
-
~OI..
,L. (p,tlr:>)

-::-- = ~)
 • i.t!f#Zii•:s,, -. -.
PCO ?JU . -.. ,:2'"....,. .
;a::;a
J
/'

Dimensionless Numbers Physical Similarity

.i L'2. v2- .J J.}·V 2.
3. Euler's Number , 6 v- ~ F·
~:;::.

Fr
fL...2..,
- -- 7 Two systems, described by the same physics, but operating under different sets of
conditions are said to be physically similar in respect of certain specified physical
quantities when the ratio of corresponding magnitude of these quantities between
J L1.-vl.. .fL\/1.
- -
4. Weber's number vvll
I
~ ~
Pe
F°'
~
6 \_...
-
- T the two system is the same everywhere.

w-Geometrlc Slmllarlty ~ I -
v '""'~
n

S. Mach's number
/ t"1 -- ~ ' L -fl.
-
-
~
$.Afl'd' So-'\I C
: ~J
i..
vi= (!I{)~ {
~
~II. "l
--
l
r
-::.
JJ.,
"'r
-
::
!.,
-
I
1:.r
---
,
,
t,..
-
[rn,th/
_J
;pul~
.t
~
ILJ5(@ffl
~ ...._ - i.t-'
~) \ \J ) C. ' I<.:. # "' ~, ,,.,,,
I
- f,l!f\fL ~~)
~,:

~ ./ l
• "'-"
lJ\ '.- \. \/:: C

~~
I

"1\ <.. \ I
"<. c.. .s uJo Soni C.
(_-:- v1 l
""'

Kinematic Similarity v
Model and prototype is said to be in kinematic similarity when ratio of velocity,
acceleration & discharge at corresponding point in model & prototype is same.
For kinematic similarity, geometric similari!Y is must.
~-:.- ~ ~::. Q.01
Vf> \OOb ) Gf -;:::::::,
- 0. 0\ :;:;-
Dynamic Similarity -
Model and prototype is said to be in Dynamic similarity when ratio of forces at
corresponding points in model & prototype are same. For dynamic similarity
various dimensionless numbers are equal

-1=".;

f;; f
- fl'\ -
-
f\11"1

F'v f
::;) - I='.:.
FY(\")
l"'.'I :.
-Fvf'
r-,; f
? £24- ft'J ,; fZ..Jt F

-----
{:.; r)

(-="i \7
,.

.., --
f''6'')
f ~f
F". '?
F'"o'"\
-:2. F"· P

Fof
~) t='-tt'Y] ~ F< -p

l
 . ''. OVERVIEW
'• LECTURE 23 □ Fluid flow problems on similarity
I
□ Forces in immersed bodies

FORCES ON
IMMERSED BODIES

S. S Mallick

v""
Q.1 A fluid flow phenomenon is to be studied in a model which is to be Q.2 A pipe
,__..-
of 1.Sm dia. is re uired to transport an oil of density 900 kg/m3 &
constructed by using Reynold's model law. Find expressions for model to kinematic viscosity equal to 3X10-2 stoke at t e rate of 3 m3/s. If a 15 cm dia.
prototype ratio of v~city & discharge. ~
of pipe with water having a kinematic viscosity of 0.01 stoke is used to model
"" g,e_ -R...a. the above flow. Find the velocity & discharge of the model .
.L
~ ~
Vrn r.l ~"'~ ~-
1?-- v; - • Glr ~ ~ , ::. ~\ i.., A,,.. ::tlS'
,,_U>~.,.
c¼ -:: I 5'l'il
--
~"l ~ 150l'l
~ : : R'l
"1 f> V
i) r,'\ v f" "t:;. ""'f b,- =-
r :{: ~ vet /
1> -:. <qcf1> I'- "' -i,...,-:
-4
0.0,~10 !!1..
2..
h\ ff) vp'='r
~-~
_
::) Yttl _
---✓
---
vr vr
Jo
-i)::
-
2110 5 ~ ~ t-t--
s
'VvJ v '1) 0

(D
L-1"'1
-2. ~ ~ --- -L

-
0
- ; ,31-\ 6 IO - j " ... , ., I. "l 1 t .s- )(
--
2. ,0
~ v7f

-- -
- ..::, - ..,, "VP)

- -
QII) -
-
~frl\J ,0 -
L"')-~ ✓
Q ~ .'.3 rvl';~ 2 ~,o "'"' 0.15"
a-f
./
Af Vp
~
~ f'l- l,
~ z.. -v..- -
"I; - L, ·"-t
-i-.t

=-- ~ ) )( \J f
-= s. '~ ""/.s
~ "r A
ui. -- "V
,...._"' -- 7\12.,,_v ,.,
_q-,.,. = {]. I a, 3/!!:>
':::) vf-=- \.~ "'l~ 4
 -
~

Forces on immer sed bodies

g,..,~._i ~...
, AJ';S;;":~2✓:z:;_, ...._.... 14 3 - _ _ _ _ XU, e,a; :: .,,,...
:fi&L =~ :.,~·;;a

(a) Drag force (F 0): Drag force on elemental area= pdAcos8 +

£
rcrel'f'l~"I
'todAcos{90-8)
N f'-,,~~
)Sil& ~~
t;,c}..-, ~ Da ~"'<ifM't-

= p dAoos8 + 't0dAsin8
velocity Hence, Total drag (or profile drag) is given by,
When a body is immersed in a real fluid, which is flowing at a uniform ~ SP co,() ol f>. + f 2-., s,,-,~. &.~
- ,.,.,.,.- t='"
resolved
U, the fluid will exert a force on the body. The total force (FR) can be I J AL) "-I r.,,o,- C,Llt,·o.. .l
\ D - C. Cif
v
~o- o·z:.
in two components: """ A ... ~£~ o-n.o..

u B~~rr..A-.... (b) Lift force (FL): Lift force on the elemental area= - p dAsin8 + 16ctA
si'r,l~ t~.
1. Drag (F0): Component of the total force in the -!- - -~/_ - '\0-S>
--· +
= - p dAsin8 0t dAcos lf'
direction of motion of fluid. ~--
s-
~
~ Hence, Total lift) is given by,
2. Lift (FL): Component of the total force in the
--:,
f ~rd) tRA r f f:o C~IP. c:i4
FL-, --
.,
perpendicular direction of the motion of fluid. It
occurs only when the a,ds of the body is inclined to
\F.... ~ Le -½_JA-i/z...l

the direction of fluid flow. If the axis of the body is

parallel to the fluid flow, lift force will be zero.

-·