LABORATORY MANUAL

CP4161 ADVANCED DATA STRUCTURES AND

ALGORITHMS LABORATORY

M.E. COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Semester - I

Regulation 2021

ANNA UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI

 ANNA UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI
M.E. COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING - REGULATIONS – 2021

CP4161 ADVANCED DATA STRUCTURES AND ALGORITHMS LABORATORY LTPC

0042

OBJECTIVES:
 To acquire the knowledge of using advanced tree structures
 To learn the usage of heap structures
 To understand the usage of graph structures and spanning trees
 To understand the problems such as matrix chain multiplication, activity selection
and Huffman coding
 To understand the necessary mathematical abstraction to solve problems.

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS:
1: Implementation of recursive function for tree traversal and Fibonacci
2: Implementation of iteration function for tree traversal and Fibonacci
3: Implementation of Merge Sort and Quick Sort
4: Implementation of a Binary Search Tree
5: Red-Black Tree Implementation
6: Heap Implementation
7: Fibonacci Heap Implementation
8: Graph Traversals
9: Spanning Tree Implementation
10: Shortest Path Algorithms (Dijkstra's algorithm, Bellman Ford Algorithm)
11: Implementation of Matrix Chain Multiplication
12: Activity Selection and Huffman Coding Implementation
HARDWARE/SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS
1. 64-bit Open source Linux or its derivative
2. Open Source C++ Programming tool like G++/GCC
TOTAL : 60 PERIODS
COURSE OUTCOMES:
CO1: Design and implement basic and advanced data structures extensively
CO2: Design algorithms using graph structures
CO3: Design and develop efficient algorithms with minimum complexity using design
techniques
CO4: Develop programs using various algorithms.
CO5: Choose appropriate data structures and algorithms, understand the ADT/libraries, and
use it to design algorithms for a specific problem.

REFERENCES:
1. Lipschutz Seymour, “Data Structures Schaum's Outlines Series”, Tata McGraw Hill, 3rd Edition,
2014.
2. Alfred V. Aho, John E. Hopcroft, Jeffrey D. Ullman, “Data Structures and Algorithms”, Pearson
Education, Reprint 2006.
3. http://www.coursera.org/specializations/data-structures-algorithms
4. http://www.tutorialspoint.com/data_structures_algorithms
5. http://www.geeksforgeeks.org/data-structures
 1.a : Recursive Function for Tree traversal
Aim:
To Traverse a Binary Search Tree using Recursive Function

Algorithm:
There are three ways which we use to traverse a tree −
1. In-order Traversal
2. Pre-order Traversal
3. Post-order Traversal
1. In-order Traversal
Algorithm
Until all nodes are traversed −
Step 1 − Recursively traverse left subtree.
Step 2 − Visit root node.
Step 3 − Recursively traverse right subtree.
2. Pre-order Traversal
Algorithm
Until all nodes are traversed −
Step 1 − Visit root node.
Step 2 − Recursively traverse left subtree.
Step 3 − Recursively traverse right subtree.
3. Post-order Traversal
Algorithm
Until all nodes are traversed −
Step 1 − Recursively traverse left subtree.
Step 2 − Recursively traverse right subtree.
Step 3 − Visit root node.

Program
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
struct node {
int data;
struct node *left;
struct node *right;
};
struct node *createNode(int val) {
struct node *temp = (struct node *)malloc(sizeof(struct node));
temp->data = val;
temp->left = temp->right = NULL;
return temp;
}
void inorder(struct node *root) {
if (root != NULL) {
inorder(root->left);
cout<<root->data<<" ";
inorder(root->right);
}
}
struct node* insertNode(struct node* node, int val) {
if (node == NULL) return createNode(val);
if (val < node->data)
node->left = insertNode(node->left, val);
else if (val > node->data)
node->right = insertNode(node->right, val);
return node;
}
int main() {
struct node *root = NULL;
root = insertNode(root, 4);
insertNode(root, 5);
insertNode(root, 2);
insertNode(root, 9);
insertNode(root, 1);
insertNode(root, 3);
cout<<"In-Order traversal of the Binary Search Tree is: ";
inorder(root);
return 0;
}

Output
In-Order traversal of the Binary Search Tree is: 1 2 3 4 5 9
 1.b : Recursive Function for Fibonacci
Aim
To implement a Fibonacci Series using Recursive Function
Algorithm
Step 1 : Start
Step 2 : int f0, f1, fib
Step 3 : f0 = 0
Step 4 : f1 = 1
Step 5 : display f0, f1
Step 6 : for int i := 1 to n:
Step 7 : fib := f0 + f1
Step 8 : f0 := f1
Step 9 : f1 := fib
Step 10 : display fib
Step 11 : END for loop
Step : END
Program
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int fib(int x) {
if((x==1)||(x==0)) {
return(x);
}else {
return(fib(x-1)+fib(x-2));
}
}
int main() {
int x , i=0;
cout << "Enter the number of terms of series : ";
cin >> x;
cout << "\nFibonnaci Series : ";
while(i < x) {
cout << " " << fib(i);
i++;
}
return 0;
}
Output
Enter the number of terms of series : 15
Fibonnaci Series : 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 144 233 377
 2.a : Iteration Function for Tree Traversal
Aim
To implement a Tree Traversal using Iteration

Algorithm
1) Create an empty stack S.
2) Initialize current node as root
3) Push the current node to S and set current = current->left until current is NULL
4) If current is NULL and stack is not empty then
a) Pop the top item from stack.
b) Print the popped item, set current = popped_item->right
c) Go to step 3.
5) If current is NULL and stack is empty then we are done.

Program
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

// Data structure to store a binary tree node

struct Node
{
int data;
Node *left, *right;

Node(int data)
{
this->data = data;
this->left = this->right = nullptr;
}
};
// Recursive function to perform inorder traversal on the tree
void inorder(Node* root)
{
// return if the current node is empty
if (root == nullptr) {
return;
}

// Traverse the left subtree

inorder(root->left);

// Display the data part of the root (or current node)

 cout << root->data << " ";

// Traverse the right subtree

inorder(root->right);
}

int main()
{
/* Construct the following tree
1
/ \
/ \
2 3
/ / \
/ / \
4 5 6
/\
/ \
7 8
*/

Node* root = new Node(1);

root->left = new Node(2);
root->right = new Node(3);
root->left->left = new Node(4);
root->right->left = new Node(5);
root->right->right = new Node(6);
root->right->left->left = new Node(7);
root->right->left->right = new Node(8);

inorder(root);

return 0;
}
OUTPUT
Inorder
4 2 1 7 5 8 3 6
 2.b : Iteration Function for Fibonacci
Aim
To implement a Fibonacci Series using Iteration Function
Algorithm
Step 1 : Start
Step 2 : int f0, f1, fib
Step 3 : f0 = 0
Step 4 : f1 = 1
Step 5 : display f0, f1
Step 6 : for int i := 1 to n:
Step 7 : fib := f0 + f1
Step 8 : f0 := f1
Step 9 : f1 := fib
Step 10 : display fib
Step 11 : END for loop
Step 12: END

Program
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
void fib(int num) {
int x = 0, y = 1, z = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < num; i++) {
cout << x << " ";
z = x + y;
x = y;
y = z;
}
}
int main() {
int num;
cout << "Enter the number : ";
cin >> num;
cout << "\nThe fibonacci series : " ;
fib(num);
return 0;
}
Output
Enter the number : 10
The fibonacci series : 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34
 3a. Implementation of Merge Sort analysis

AIM:

To write a java program to implement merge sort.

ALGORITHM:
1. If the list has only one element, return the list and terminate.
2. Split the list into two halves that are as equal in length as possible
3. Using recursion, sort both lists using mergesort.
4. Merge the two sorted lists and return the result.
5. Stop the program.

PROGRAM :

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

// A function to merge the two half into a sorted data.

void Merge(int *a, int low, int high, int mid)
{
// We have low to mid and mid+1 to high already sorted.
int i, j, k, temp[high-low+1];
i = low;
k = 0;
j = mid + 1;

// Merge the two parts into temp[].

while (i <= mid && j <= high)
{
if (a[i] < a[j])
{
temp[k] = a[i];
k++;
i++;
}
 else
{
temp[k] = a[j];
k++;
j++;
}
}

// Insert all the remaining values from i to mid into temp[].

while (i <= mid)
{
temp[k] = a[i];
k++;
i++;
}

// Insert all the remaining values from j to high into temp[].

while (j <= high)
{
temp[k] = a[j];
k++;
j++;
}

// Assign sorted data stored in temp[] to a[].

for (i = low; i <= high; i++)
{
a[i] = temp[i-low];
}
}
// A function to split array into two parts.
void MergeSort(int *a, int low, int high)
{
int mid;
if (low < high)
{
mid=(low+high)/2;
// Split the data into two half.
MergeSort(a, low, mid);
MergeSort(a, mid+1, high);

// Merge them to get sorted output.

Merge(a, low, high, mid);
}
}

int main()
{
int n, i;
cout<<"\nEnter the number of data element to be sorted: ";
cin>>n;

int arr[n];
for(i = 0; i < n; i++)
{
cout<<"Enter element "<<i+1<<": ";
cin>>arr[i];
}

MergeSort(arr, 0, n-1);

// Printing the sorted data.

cout<<"\nSorted Data ";
for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
cout<<"->"<<arr[i];

return 0;
}
 3b. Implementation of Quick Sort analysis

AIM:

To write a java program to implement quick sort.

ALGORITHM:
1. An array is divided into subarrays by selecting a pivot element (element selected from
the array).
While dividing the array, the pivot element should be positioned in such a way that
elements less than pivot are kept on the left side and elements greater than pivot are on
the right side of the pivot.
2. The left and right subarrays are also divided using the same approach. This process
continues until each subarray contains a single element.
3. At this point, elements are already sorted. Finally, elements are combined to form a
sorted array.
PROGRAM :
// Quick sort in C++
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
// function to swap elements
void swap(int *a, int *b) {
int t = *a;
*a = *b;
*b = t;
}
// function to print the array
void printArray(int array[], int size) {
int i;
for (i = 0; i < size; i++)
cout << array[i] << " ";
cout << endl;
}
// function to rearrange array (find the partition point)
int partition(int array[], int low, int high) {
// select the rightmost element as pivot
int pivot = array[high];

// pointer for greater element

int i = (low - 1);
// traverse each element of the array
 // compare them with the pivot
for (int j = low; j < high; j++) {
if (array[j] <= pivot) {
// if element smaller than pivot is found
// swap it with the greater element pointed by i
i++;
// swap element at i with element at j
swap(&array[i], &array[j]);
}
}
// swap pivot with the greater element at i
swap(&array[i + 1], &array[high]);

// return the partition point

return (i + 1);
}
void quickSort(int array[], int low, int high) {
if (low < high) {

// find the pivot element such that

// elements smaller than pivot are on left of pivot
// elements greater than pivot are on righ of pivot
int pi = partition(array, low, high);

// recursive call on the left of pivot

quickSort(array, low, pi - 1);

// recursive call on the right of pivot

quickSort(array, pi + 1, high); } }
int main() {
int data[] = {8, 7, 6, 1, 0, 9, 2};
int n = sizeof(data) / sizeof(data[0]);
cout << "Unsorted Array: \n";
printArray(data, n);
// perform quicksort on data
quickSort(data, 0, n - 1);

cout << "Sorted array in ascending order: \n";

printArray(data, n);
}
 4. IMPLEMENTATION OF BINARY SEARCH TREE

AIM:

To write a java program for implementing Binary Search Tree.

ALGORITHM:
1. Read the search element from the user
2. Compare, the search element with the value of root node in the tree.
3. If both are matching, then display "Given node found!!!" and terminate the function
4. If both are not matching, then check whether search element is smaller or larger than that
node value.
5. If search element is smaller, then continue the search process in left subtree.
6. If search element is larger, then continue the search process in right subtree.
7. Repeat the same until we found exact element or we completed with a leaf node
8. If we reach to the node with search value, then display "Element is found" and terminate
the function.
9. If we reach to a leaf node and it is also not matching, then display "Element not found"
and terminate the function.

PROGRAM :
// Binary Search Tree operations in C++
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
struct node {
int key;
struct node *left, *right;
};
// Create a node
struct node *newNode(int item) {
struct node *temp = (struct node *)malloc(sizeof(struct node));
temp->key = item;
temp->left = temp->right = NULL;
return temp;
}
// Inorder Traversal
void inorder(struct node *root) {
if (root != NULL) {
// Traverse left
inorder(root->left);
// Traverse root
cout << root->key << " -> ";
 // Traverse right
inorder(root->right);
}
}

// Insert a node
struct node *insert(struct node *node, int key) {
// Return a new node if the tree is empty
if (node == NULL) return newNode(key);

// Traverse to the right place and insert the node

if (key < node->key)
node->left = insert(node->left, key);
else
node->right = insert(node->right, key);

return node;
}

// Find the inorder successor

struct node *minValueNode(struct node *node) {
struct node *current = node;

// Find the leftmost leaf

while (current && current->left != NULL)
current = current->left;

return current;
}

// Deleting a node
struct node *deleteNode(struct node *root, int key) {
// Return if the tree is empty
if (root == NULL) return root;

// Find the node to be deleted

if (key < root->key)
root->left = deleteNode(root->left, key);
else if (key > root->key)
root->right = deleteNode(root->right, key);
else {
// If the node is with only one child or no child
 if (root->left == NULL) {
struct node *temp = root->right;
free(root);
return temp;
} else if (root->right == NULL) {
struct node *temp = root->left;
free(root);
return temp;
}

// If the node has two children

struct node *temp = minValueNode(root->right);

// Place the inorder successor in position of the node to be deleted

root->key = temp->key;

// Delete the inorder successor

root->right = deleteNode(root->right, temp->key);
}
return root;
}
 5 RED-BLACK TREE IMPLEMENTATION

AIM:
To write a java program to implement Red-Black Tree.
ALGORITHM:
1. Check whether tree is Empty.
2. If tree is Empty then insert the newNode as Root node with color Black and exit from the
operation.
3. If tree is not Empty then insert the newNode as a leaf node with Red color.
4. If the parent of newNode is Black then exit from the operation.
5. If the parent of newNode is Red then check the color of parent node's sibling of newNode.
6. If it is Black or NULL node then make a suitable Rotation and Recolor it.
7. If it is Red colored node then perform Recolor and Recheck it. Repeat the same until tree
becomes Red Black Tree.

PROGRAM:
// Implementing Red-Black Tree in C++
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

struct Node {
int data;
Node *parent;
Node *left;
Node *right;
int color;
};
typedef Node *NodePtr;
class RedBlackTree {
private:
NodePtr root;
NodePtr TNULL;
void initializeNULLNode(NodePtr node, NodePtr parent) {
node->data = 0;
node->parent = parent;
node->left = nullptr;
node->right = nullptr;
node->color = 0;
}
// Preorder
void preOrderHelper(NodePtr node) {
if (node != TNULL) {
 cout << node->data << " ";
preOrderHelper(node->left);
preOrderHelper(node->right);
}
}

// Inorder
void inOrderHelper(NodePtr node) {
if (node != TNULL) {
inOrderHelper(node->left);
cout << node->data << " ";
inOrderHelper(node->right);
}
}

// Post order
void postOrderHelper(NodePtr node) {
if (node != TNULL) {
postOrderHelper(node->left);
postOrderHelper(node->right);
cout << node->data << " ";
}
}

NodePtr searchTreeHelper(NodePtr node, int key) {

if (node == TNULL || key == node->data) {
return node;
}

if (key < node->data) {

return searchTreeHelper(node->left, key);
}
return searchTreeHelper(node->right, key);
}

// For balancing the tree after deletion

void deleteFix(NodePtr x) {
NodePtr s;
while (x != root && x->color == 0) {
if (x == x->parent->left) {
s = x->parent->right;
if (s->color == 1) {
s->color = 0;
 x->parent->color = 1;
leftRotate(x->parent);
s = x->parent->right;
}

if (s->left->color == 0 && s->right->color == 0) {

s->color = 1;
x = x->parent;
} else {
if (s->right->color == 0) {
s->left->color = 0;
s->color = 1;
rightRotate(s);
s = x->parent->right;
}

s->color = x->parent->color;
x->parent->color = 0;
s->right->color = 0;
leftRotate(x->parent);
x = root;
}
} else {
s = x->parent->left;
if (s->color == 1) {
s->color = 0;
x->parent->color = 1;
rightRotate(x->parent);
s = x->parent->left;
}

if (s->right->color == 0 && s->right->color == 0) {

s->color = 1;
x = x->parent;
} else {
if (s->left->color == 0) {
s->right->color = 0;
s->color = 1;
leftRotate(s);
s = x->parent->left;
}

s->color = x->parent->color;
 x->parent->color = 0;
s->left->color = 0;
rightRotate(x->parent);
x = root;
}
}
}
x->color = 0;
}

void rbTransplant(NodePtr u, NodePtr v) {

if (u->parent == nullptr) {
root = v;
} else if (u == u->parent->left) {
u->parent->left = v;
} else {
u->parent->right = v;
}
v->parent = u->parent;
}

void deleteNodeHelper(NodePtr node, int key) {

NodePtr z = TNULL;
NodePtr x, y;
while (node != TNULL) {
if (node->data == key) {
z = node;
}

if (node->data <= key) {

node = node->right;
} else {
node = node->left;
}
}

if (z == TNULL) {
cout << "Key not found in the tree" << endl;
return;
}

y = z;
int y_original_color = y->color;
 if (z->left == TNULL) {
x = z->right;
rbTransplant(z, z->right);
} else if (z->right == TNULL) {
x = z->left;
rbTransplant(z, z->left);
} else {
y = minimum(z->right);
y_original_color = y->color;
x = y->right;
if (y->parent == z) {
x->parent = y;
} else {
rbTransplant(y, y->right);
y->right = z->right;
y->right->parent = y;
}

rbTransplant(z, y);
y->left = z->left;
y->left->parent = y;
y->color = z->color;
}
delete z;
if (y_original_color == 0) {
deleteFix(x);
}
}

// For balancing the tree after insertion

void insertFix(NodePtr k) {
NodePtr u;
while (k->parent->color == 1) {
if (k->parent == k->parent->parent->right) {
u = k->parent->parent->left;
if (u->color == 1) {
u->color = 0;
k->parent->color = 0;
k->parent->parent->color = 1;
k = k->parent->parent;
} else {
if (k == k->parent->left) {
k = k->parent;
 rightRotate(k);
}
k->parent->color = 0;
k->parent->parent->color = 1;
leftRotate(k->parent->parent);
}
} else {
u = k->parent->parent->right;

if (u->color == 1) {
u->color = 0;
k->parent->color = 0;
k->parent->parent->color = 1;
k = k->parent->parent;
} else {
if (k == k->parent->right) {
k = k->parent;
leftRotate(k);
}
k->parent->color = 0;
k->parent->parent->color = 1;
rightRotate(k->parent->parent);
}
}
if (k == root) {
break;
}
}
root->color = 0;
}

void printHelper(NodePtr root, string indent, bool last) {

if (root != TNULL) {
cout << indent;
if (last) {
cout << "R----";
indent += " ";
} else {
cout << "L----";
indent += "| ";
}

string sColor = root->color ? "RED" : "BLACK";

 cout << root->data << "(" << sColor << ")" << endl;
printHelper(root->left, indent, false);
printHelper(root->right, indent, true);
}
}

public:
RedBlackTree() {
TNULL = new Node;
TNULL->color = 0;
TNULL->left = nullptr;
TNULL->right = nullptr;
root = TNULL;
}

void preorder() {
preOrderHelper(this->root);
}

void inorder() {
inOrderHelper(this->root);
}

void postorder() {
postOrderHelper(this->root);
}

NodePtr searchTree(int k) {
return searchTreeHelper(this->root, k);
}

NodePtr minimum(NodePtr node) {

while (node->left != TNULL) {
node = node->left;
}
return node;
}

NodePtr maximum(NodePtr node) {

while (node->right != TNULL) {
node = node->right;
}
return node;
}

NodePtr successor(NodePtr x) {
if (x->right != TNULL) {
return minimum(x->right);
}

NodePtr y = x->parent;
while (y != TNULL && x == y->right) {
x = y;
y = y->parent;
}
return y;
}

NodePtr predecessor(NodePtr x) {
if (x->left != TNULL) {
return maximum(x->left);
}

NodePtr y = x->parent;
while (y != TNULL && x == y->left) {
x = y;
y = y->parent;
}

return y;
}

void leftRotate(NodePtr x) {
NodePtr y = x->right;
x->right = y->left;
if (y->left != TNULL) {
y->left->parent = x;
}
y->parent = x->parent;
if (x->parent == nullptr) {
this->root = y;
} else if (x == x->parent->left) {
x->parent->left = y;
} else {
x->parent->right = y;
}
 y->left = x;
x->parent = y;
}

void rightRotate(NodePtr x) {
NodePtr y = x->left;
x->left = y->right;
if (y->right != TNULL) {
y->right->parent = x;
}
y->parent = x->parent;
if (x->parent == nullptr) {
this->root = y;
} else if (x == x->parent->right) {
x->parent->right = y;
} else {
x->parent->left = y;
}
y->right = x;
x->parent = y;
}

// Inserting a node
void insert(int key) {
NodePtr node = new Node;
node->parent = nullptr;
node->data = key;
node->left = TNULL;
node->right = TNULL;
node->color = 1;

NodePtr y = nullptr;
NodePtr x = this->root;

while (x != TNULL) {
y = x;
if (node->data < x->data) {
x = x->left;
} else {
x = x->right;
}
}
 node->parent = y;
if (y == nullptr) {
root = node;
} else if (node->data < y->data) {
y->left = node;
} else {
y->right = node;
}
if (node->parent == nullptr) {
node->color = 0;
return;
}
if (node->parent->parent == nullptr) {
return;
}
insertFix(node);
}
NodePtr getRoot() {
return this->root; }
void deleteNode(int data) {
deleteNodeHelper(this->root, data);
}
void printTree() {
if (root) {
printHelper(this->root, "", true); }
}
};
int main() {
RedBlackTree bst;
bst.insert(55);
bst.insert(40);
bst.insert(65);
bst.insert(60);
bst.insert(75);
bst.insert(57);
bst.printTree();
cout << endl
<< "After deleting" << endl;
bst.deleteNode(40);
bst.printTree(); }
 6. HEAP IMPLEMENTATION

AIM:
To write a java program for heap implement

ALGORITHM:
1. Call the buildMaxHeap() function on the list. Also referred to as heapify(), this builds a
heap from a list in O(n) operations.
2. Swap the first element of the list with the final element. Decrease the considered range of
the list by one.
3. Call the siftDown() function on the list to sift the new first element to its appropriate index
in the heap.
4. Go to step (2) unless the considered range of the list is one element.
5. The buildMaxHeap() operation is run once, and is O(n) in performance. The siftDown()
function is O(log n), and is called n times. Therefore, the performance of this algorithm is
O(n + n log n) = O(n log n).

PROGRAM :
Heapify(array, size, i)
set i as largest
leftChild = 2i + 1
rightChild = 2i + 2

if leftChild > array[largest]

set leftChildIndex as largest
if rightChild > array[largest]
set rightChildIndex as largest

swap array[i] and array[largest]

// Max-Heap data structure in C++

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
using namespace std;

void swap(int *a, int *b)

{
int temp = *b;
*b = *a;
*a = temp;
}
void heapify(vector<int> &hT, int i)
{
int size = hT.size();
int largest = i;
int l = 2 * i + 1;
int r = 2 * i + 2;
if (l < size && hT[l] > hT[largest])
largest = l;
if (r < size && hT[r] > hT[largest])
largest = r;

if (largest != i)
{
swap(&hT[i], &hT[largest]);
heapify(hT, largest);
}
}
void insert(vector<int> &hT, int newNum)
{
int size = hT.size();
if (size == 0)
{
hT.push_back(newNum);
}
else
{
hT.push_back(newNum);
for (int i = size / 2 - 1; i >= 0; i--)
{
heapify(hT, i);
}
}
}
void deleteNode(vector<int> &hT, int num)
{
int size = hT.size();
int i;
for (i = 0; i < size; i++)
{
if (num == hT[i])
break;
}
 swap(&hT[i], &hT[size - 1]);

hT.pop_back();
for (int i = size / 2 - 1; i >= 0; i--)
{
heapify(hT, i);
}
}
void printArray(vector<int> &hT)
{
for (int i = 0; i < hT.size(); ++i)
cout << hT[i] << " ";
cout << "\n";
}

int main()
{
vector<int> heapTree;

insert(heapTree, 3);
insert(heapTree, 4);
insert(heapTree, 9);
insert(heapTree, 5);
insert(heapTree, 2);

cout << "Max-Heap array: ";

printArray(heapTree);

deleteNode(heapTree, 4);

cout << "After deleting an element: ";

printArray(heapTree);
}
 7. FIBONACCI HEAP IMPLEMENTATION

AIM:
To write a java program for Fibonacci heap implement.

ALGORITHM:
1. Call the buildMinHeap() function on the list.
2. insert(x) inserts a node x into the heap.
3. minimum() returns the node in the heap with minimum key.
4. extractMin() deletes the node with minimum key from the heap.
5. union(H) merge heap H and create a new one.
6. decreaseKey(x,k) assigns to node x within the heap the new key value k, which is assumed
to be no greater than its current key value.
7. delete(x) deletes node x from the heap.

PROGRAM :
// Operations on a Fibonacci heap in C++

#include <cmath>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

// Node creation
struct node {
int n;
int degree;
node *parent;
node *child;
node *left;
node *right;
char mark;

char C;
};

// Implementation of Fibonacci heap

class FibonacciHeap {
private:
int nH;
 node *H;

public:
node *InitializeHeap();
int Fibonnaci_link(node *, node *, node *);
node *Create_node(int);
node *Insert(node *, node *);
node *Union(node *, node *);
node *Extract_Min(node *);
int Consolidate(node *);
int Display(node *);
node *Find(node *, int);
int Decrease_key(node *, int, int);
int Delete_key(node *, int);
int Cut(node *, node *, node *);
int Cascase_cut(node *, node *);
FibonacciHeap() { H = InitializeHeap(); }
};

// Initialize heap
node *FibonacciHeap::InitializeHeap() {
node *np;
np = NULL;
return np;
}

// Create node
node *FibonacciHeap::Create_node(int value) {
node *x = new node;
x->n = value;
return x;
}

// Insert node
node *FibonacciHeap::Insert(node *H, node *x) {
x->degree = 0;
x->parent = NULL;
x->child = NULL;
x->left = x;
x->right = x;
x->mark = 'F';
x->C = 'N';
if (H != NULL) {
 (H->left)->right = x;
x->right = H;
x->left = H->left;
H->left = x;
if (x->n < H->n)
H = x;
} else {
H = x;
}
nH = nH + 1;
return H;
}

// Create linking
int FibonacciHeap::Fibonnaci_link(node *H1, node *y, node *z) {
(y->left)->right = y->right;
(y->right)->left = y->left;
if (z->right == z)
H1 = z;
y->left = y;
y->right = y;
y->parent = z;

if (z->child == NULL)
z->child = y;

y->right = z->child;
y->left = (z->child)->left;
((z->child)->left)->right = y;
(z->child)->left = y;

if (y->n < (z->child)->n)

z->child = y;
z->degree++;
}

// Union Operation
node *FibonacciHeap::Union(node *H1, node *H2) {
node *np;
node *H = InitializeHeap();
H = H1;
(H->left)->right = H2;
(H2->left)->right = H;
 np = H->left;
H->left = H2->left;
H2->left = np;
return H;
}

// Display the heap

int FibonacciHeap::Display(node *H) {
node *p = H;
if (p == NULL) {
cout << "Empty Heap" << endl;
return 0;
}
cout << "Root Nodes: " << endl;

do {
cout << p->n;
p = p->right;
if (p != H) {
cout << "-->";
}
} while (p != H && p->right != NULL);
cout << endl;
}

// Extract min
node *FibonacciHeap::Extract_Min(node *H1) {
node *p;
node *ptr;
node *z = H1;
p = z;
ptr = z;
if (z == NULL)
return z;

node *x;
node *np;

x = NULL;

if (z->child != NULL)
x = z->child;
 if (x != NULL) {
ptr = x;
do {
np = x->right;
(H1->left)->right = x;
x->right = H1;
x->left = H1->left;
H1->left = x;
if (x->n < H1->n)
H1 = x;

x->parent = NULL;
x = np;
} while (np != ptr);
}

(z->left)->right = z->right;
(z->right)->left = z->left;
H1 = z->right;

if (z == z->right && z->child == NULL)

H = NULL;

else {
H1 = z->right;
Consolidate(H1);
}
nH = nH - 1;
return p;
}

// Consolidation Function
int FibonacciHeap::Consolidate(node *H1) {
int d, i;
float f = (log(nH)) / (log(2));
int D = f;
node *A[D];

for (i = 0; i <= D; i++)

A[i] = NULL;

node *x = H1;
node *y;
node *np;
node *pt = x;

do {
pt = pt->right;

d = x->degree;

while (A[d] != NULL)

{
y = A[d];

if (x->n > y->n)

{
np = x;

x = y;

y = np;
}

if (y == H1)
H1 = x;
Fibonnaci_link(H1, y, x);
if (x->right == x)
H1 = x;
A[d] = NULL;
d = d + 1;
}

A[d] = x;
x = x->right;

while (x != H1);
H = NULL;
for (int j = 0; j <= D; j++) {
if (A[j] != NULL) {
A[j]->left = A[j];
A[j]->right = A[j];
 if (H != NULL) {
(H->left)->right = A[j];
A[j]->right = H;
A[j]->left = H->left;
H->left = A[j];
if (A[j]->n < H->n)
H = A[j];
} else {
H = A[j];
}
if (H == NULL)
H = A[j];
else if (A[j]->n < H->n)
H = A[j];
}
}
}

// Decrease Key Operation

int FibonacciHeap::Decrease_key(node *H1, int x, int k) {
node *y;
if (H1 == NULL) {
cout << "The Heap is Empty" << endl;
return 0;
}
node *ptr = Find(H1, x);
if (ptr == NULL) {
cout << "Node not found in the Heap" << endl;
return 1;
}

if (ptr->n < k) {
cout << "Entered key greater than current key" << endl;
return 0;
}
ptr->n = k;
y = ptr->parent;
if (y != NULL && ptr->n < y->n) {
Cut(H1, ptr, y);
Cascase_cut(H1, y);
}

if (ptr->n < H->n)

 H = ptr;

return 0;
}

// Cutting Function
int FibonacciHeap::Cut(node *H1, node *x, node *y)

{
if (x == x->right)
y->child = NULL;
(x->left)->right = x->right;
(x->right)->left = x->left;
if (x == y->child)
y->child = x->right;
y->degree = y->degree - 1;
x->right = x;
x->left = x;
(H1->left)->right = x;
x->right = H1;
x->left = H1->left;
H1->left = x;
x->parent = NULL;
x->mark = 'F';
}

// Cascade cut
int FibonacciHeap::Cascase_cut(node *H1, node *y) {
node *z = y->parent;
if (z != NULL) {
if (y->mark == 'F') {
y->mark = 'T';
} else

{
Cut(H1, y, z);
Cascase_cut(H1, z);
}
}
}

// Search function
node *FibonacciHeap::Find(node *H, int k) {
 node *x = H;
x->C = 'Y';
node *p = NULL;
if (x->n == k) {
p = x;
x->C = 'N';
return p;
}

if (p == NULL) {
if (x->child != NULL)
p = Find(x->child, k);
if ((x->right)->C != 'Y')
p = Find(x->right, k);
}

x->C = 'N';
return p;
}

// Deleting key
int FibonacciHeap::Delete_key(node *H1, int k) {
node *np = NULL;
int t;
t = Decrease_key(H1, k, -5000);
if (!t)
np = Extract_Min(H);
if (np != NULL)
cout << "Key Deleted" << endl;
else
cout << "Key not Deleted" << endl;
return 0;
}

int main() {
int n, m, l;
FibonacciHeap fh;
node *p;
node *H;
H = fh.InitializeHeap();

p = fh.Create_node(7);
H = fh.Insert(H, p);
 p = fh.Create_node(3);
H = fh.Insert(H, p);
p = fh.Create_node(17);
H = fh.Insert(H, p);
p = fh.Create_node(24);
H = fh.Insert(H, p);

fh.Display(H);

p = fh.Extract_Min(H);
if (p != NULL)
cout << "The node with minimum key: " << p->n << endl;
else
cout << "Heap is empty" << endl;

m = 26;
l = 16;
fh.Decrease_key(H, m, l);

m = 16;
fh.Delete_key(H, m);
}
 8. GRAPH TRAVERSALS

AIM:
To write a java program to implement Graph Traversals using Depth First Search tree
algorithm.

ALGORITHM:
1. Start at some node, and is now our current node.
2. State that our current node is ‘visited’.
3. Now look at all nodes adjacent to our current node.
4. If we see an adjacent node that has not been ‘visited’, add it to the stack.
5. Then pop of the top node on the stack and traverse to it.
6. And go back to step 1.

PROGRAM :
// BFS algorithm in C++

#include <iostream>
#include <list>

using namespace std;

class Graph {
int numVertices;
list<int>* adjLists;
bool* visited;

public:
Graph(int vertices);
void addEdge(int src, int dest);
void BFS(int startVertex);
};

// Create a graph with given vertices,

// and maintain an adjacency list
Graph::Graph(int vertices) {
numVertices = vertices;
adjLists = new list<int>[vertices];
}

// Add edges to the graph

void Graph::addEdge(int src, int dest) {
adjLists[src].push_back(dest);
 adjLists[dest].push_back(src);
}

// BFS algorithm
void Graph::BFS(int startVertex) {
visited = new bool[numVertices];
for (int i = 0; i < numVertices; i++)
visited[i] = false;

list<int> queue;

visited[startVertex] = true;
queue.push_back(startVertex);

list<int>::iterator i;

while (!queue.empty()) {
int currVertex = queue.front();
cout << "Visited " << currVertex << " ";
queue.pop_front();
for (i = adjLists[currVertex].begin(); i != adjLists[currVertex].end(); ++i) {
int adjVertex = *i;
if (!visited[adjVertex]) {
visited[adjVertex] = true;
queue.push_back(adjVertex); } } } }

int main() {
Graph g(4);
g.addEdge(0, 1);
g.addEdge(0, 2);
g.addEdge(1, 2);
g.addEdge(2, 0);
g.addEdge(2, 3);
g.addEdge(3, 3);

g.BFS(2);

return 0;
}}
 9a. SPANNING TREE IMPLEMENTATION (KRUSKAL’S)

AIM:
To write a java program to implement Spanning tree implementation using kruskal’s
algorithm.
ALGORITHM:
1. Create a graph F (a set of trees), where each vertex in the graph is a separate tree.
2. Step:create a set S containing all the edges in the graph.
3. While S is nonempty and F is not yet spanning.
3.1. Remove an edge with minimum weight from S.
`3.2. If the removed edge connects two different trees then add it to the forest F,
combining two trees into a single tree.
PROGRAM :
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.Comparator;
import java.util.LinkedList;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Scanner;
import java.util.Stack;
public class KruskalAlgorithm
{
private List<Edge> edges;
private int numberOfVertices;
public static final int MAX_VALUE = 999;
private int visited[];
private int spanning_tree[][];
public KruskalAlgorithm(int numberOfVertices)
{
this.numberOfVertices = numberOfVertices;
edges = new LinkedList<Edge>();
visited = new int[this.numberOfVertices + 1];
spanning_tree = new int[numberOfVertices + 1][numberOfVertices + 1];
}
public void kruskalAlgorithm(int adjacencyMatrix[][])
{
boolean finished = false;
for (int source = 1; source <= numberOfVertices; source++)
{
for (int destination = 1; destination <= numberOfVertices; destination++)
{
if (adjacencyMatrix[source][destination] != MAX_VALUE && source != destination)
{
Edge edge = new Edge();
edge.sourcevertex = source;
edge.destinationvertex = destination;
edge.weight = adjacencyMatrix[source][destination];
adjacencyMatrix[destination][source] = MAX_VALUE;
edges.add(edge);
}
}
}
Collections.sort(edges, new EdgeComparator());
CheckCycle checkCycle = new CheckCycle();
for (Edge edge : edges)
{
spanning_tree[edge.sourcevertex][edge.destinationvertex] = edge.weight;
spanning_tree[edge.destinationvertex][edge.sourcevertex] = edge.weight;
if (checkCycle.checkCycle(spanning_tree, edge.sourcevertex))
{
spanning_tree[edge.sourcevertex][edge.destinationvertex] = 0;
spanning_tree[edge.destinationvertex][edge.sourcevertex] = 0;
edge.weight = -1;
continue;
}
visited[edge.sourcevertex] = 1;
visited[edge.destinationvertex] = 1;
for (int i = 0; i < visited.length; i++)
{
if (visited[i] == 0)
{
finished = false;
break;
} else
{
finished = true;
}
}
if (finished)
break;
}
System.out.println("The spanning tree is ");
for (int i = 1; i <= numberOfVertices; i++)
System.out.print("\t" + i);
System.out.println();
for (int source = 1; source <= numberOfVertices; source++)
{
System.out.print(source + "\t");
for (int destination = 1; destination <= numberOfVertices; destination++)
{
System.out.print(spanning_tree[source][destination] + "\t");
}
System.out.println();
}
}
public static void main(String... arg)
{
int adjacency_matrix[][];
int number_of_vertices;
Scanner scan = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("Enter the number of vertices");
number_of_vertices = scan.nextInt();
adjacency_matrix = new int[number_of_vertices + 1][number_of_vertices + 1];
System.out.println("Enter the Weighted Matrix for the graph");
for (int i = 1; i <= number_of_vertices; i++)
{
for (int j = 1; j <= number_of_vertices; j++)
{
adjacency_matrix[i][j] = scan.nextInt();
if (i == j)
{
adjacency_matrix[i][j] = 0;
continue;
}
if (adjacency_matrix[i][j] == 0)
{
adjacency_matrix[i][j] = MAX_VALUE;
}
}
}
KruskalAlgorithm kruskalAlgorithm = new KruskalAlgorithm(number_of_vertices);
kruskalAlgorithm.kruskalAlgorithm(adjacency_matrix);
scan.close();
}
}
class Edge
{
int sourcevertex;
int destinationvertex;
int weight;
}
class EdgeComparator implements Comparator<Edge>
{
@Override
public int compare(Edge edge1, Edge edge2)
{
if (edge1.weight < edge2.weight)
return -1;
if (edge1.weight > edge2.weight)
return 1;
return 0;
}
}
class CheckCycle
{
private Stack<Integer> stack;
private int adjacencyMatrix[][];
public CheckCycle()
{
stack = new Stack<Integer>();
}
public boolean checkCycle(int adjacency_matrix[][], int source)
{
boolean cyclepresent = false;
int number_of_nodes = adjacency_matrix[source].length - 1;
adjacencyMatrix = new int[number_of_nodes + 1][number_of_nodes + 1];
for (int sourcevertex = 1; sourcevertex <= number_of_nodes; sourcevertex++)
{
for (int destinationvertex = 1; destinationvertex <= number_of_nodes; destinationvertex++)
{
adjacencyMatrix[sourcevertex][destinationvertex] = adjacency_matrix[sourcevertex]
[destinationvertex];
}
}
int visited[] = new int[number_of_nodes + 1];
int element = source;
int i = source;
visited[source] = 1;
stack.push(source);
while (!stack.isEmpty())
{
element = stack.peek();
i = element;
while (i <= number_of_nodes)
{
if (adjacencyMatrix[element][i] >= 1 && visited[i] == 1)
{
if (stack.contains(i))
{
cyclepresent = true;
return cyclepresent;
}
}
if (adjacencyMatrix[element][i] >= 1 && visited[i] == 0)
{
stack.push(i);
visited[i] = 1;
adjacencyMatrix[element][i] = 0;// mark as labelled;
adjacencyMatrix[i][element] = 0;
element = i;
i = 1;
continue;
}
i++;
}
stack.pop();
}
return cyclepresent;
}
 9b SPANNING TREE IMPLEMENTATION(PRIM’S)

AIM:
To write a java program to implement Spanning tree implementation using Prim’s algorithm.

ALGORITHM:
1. Create a set mstSet that keeps track of vertices already included in MST.
2. Assign a key value to all vertices in the input graph. Initialize all key values as INFINITE.
Assign key value as 0 for the first vertex so that it is picked first.
3. While mstSet doesn’t include all vertices
3.1. Pick a vertex u which is not there in mstSet and has minimum key value.
3.2. Include u to mstSet.
3.3. Update key value of all adjacent vertices of u. To update the key values, iterate through all
adjacent vertices. For every adjacent vertex v, if weight of edge u-v is less than the previous key
value of v, update the key value as weight of u-v.

PROGRAM :
// Prim's Algorithm in C++
#include <cstring>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
#define INF 9999999
// number of vertices in grapj
#define V 5
// create a 2d array of size 5x5
//for adjacency matrix to represent graph
int G[V][V] = {
{0, 9, 75, 0, 0},
{9, 0, 95, 19, 42},
{75, 95, 0, 51, 66},
{0, 19, 51, 0, 31},
{0, 42, 66, 31, 0}};
int main() {
int no_edge; // number of edge

// create a array to track selected vertex

// selected will become true otherwise false
int selected[V];

// set selected false initially

memset(selected, false, sizeof(selected));
 // set number of edge to 0
no_edge = 0;

// the number of egde in minimum spanning tree will be

// always less than (V -1), where V is number of vertices in
//graph

// choose 0th vertex and make it true

selected[0] = true;

int x; // row number

int y; // col number

// print for edge and weight

cout << "Edge"
<< " : "
<< "Weight";
cout << endl;
while (no_edge < V - 1) {
//For every vertex in the set S, find the all adjacent vertices
// , calculate the distance from the vertex selected at step 1.
// if the vertex is already in the set S, discard it otherwise
//choose another vertex nearest to selected vertex at step 1.

int min = INF;

x = 0;
y = 0;

for (int i = 0; i < V; i++) {

if (selected[i]) {
for (int j = 0; j < V; j++) {
if (!selected[j] && G[i][j]) { // not in selected and there is an edge
if (min > G[i][j]) {
min = G[i][j];
x = i;
y = j; } } } } }
cout << x << " - " << y << " : " << G[x][y];
cout << endl;
selected[y] = true;
no_edge++; }
return 0;
}
 10a. DIJKSTRAS ALGORITHM
AIM:
To write a java program to implement Dijkstra Algorithm.

ALGORITHM:
1.Initialization of all nodes with distance "infinite"; initialization of the starting node with 0
2.Marking of the distance of the starting node as permanent, all other distances as temporarily.
3.Setting of starting node as active.
4.Calculation of the temporary distances of all neighbour nodes of the active node by summing
up its distance with the weights of the edges.
5.If such a calculated distance of a node is smaller as the current one, update the distance and
set the current node as antecessor. This step is also called update and is Dijkstra's central idea.
6.Setting of the node with the minimal temporary distance as active. Mark its distance as
permanent.
Repeating of steps 4 to 7 until there aren't any nodes left with a permanent distance, which
neighbours still have temporary distance

PROGRAM:
int printSolution(int dist[], int n)
{
printf("Vertex Distance from Source\n");
for (int i = 0; i < V; i++)
printf("%d \t\t %d\n", i, dist[i]);
}

// Function that implements Dijkstra's single source shortest path algorithm

// for a graph represented using adjacency matrix representation
void dijkstra(int graph[V][V], int src)
{
int dist[V]; // The output array. dist[i] will hold the shortest
// distance from src to i

bool sptSet[V]; // sptSet[i] will be true if vertex i is included in shortest

// path tree or shortest distance from src to i is finalized

// Initialize all distances as INFINITE and stpSet[] as false

for (int i = 0; i < V; i++)
dist[i] = INT_MAX, sptSet[i] = false;

// Distance of source vertex from itself is always 0

dist[src] = 0;

// Find shortest path for all vertices

 for (int count = 0; count < V - 1; count++) {
// Pick the minimum distance vertex from the set of vertices not
// yet processed. u is always equal to src in the first iteration.
int u = minDistance(dist, sptSet);

// Mark the picked vertex as processed

sptSet[u] = true;

// Update dist value of the adjacent vertices of the picked vertex.

for (int v = 0; v < V; v++)

// Update dist[v] only if is not in sptSet, there is an edge from

// u to v, and total weight of path from src to v through u is
// smaller than current value of dist[v]
if (!sptSet[v] && graph[u][v] && dist[u] != INT_MAX
&& dist[u] + graph[u][v] < dist[v])
dist[v] = dist[u] + graph[u][v];
}

// print the constructed distance array

printSolution(dist, V);
}

// driver program to test above function

int main()
{
/* Let us create the example graph discussed above */
int graph[V][V] = { { 0, 4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 8, 0 },
{ 4, 0, 8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 11, 0 },
{ 0, 8, 0, 7, 0, 4, 0, 0, 2 },
{ 0, 0, 7, 0, 9, 14, 0, 0, 0 },
{ 0, 0, 0, 9, 0, 10, 0, 0, 0 },
{ 0, 0, 4, 14, 10, 0, 2, 0, 0 },
{ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 1, 6 },
{ 8, 11, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 7 },
{ 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 6, 7, 0 } };
dijkstra(graph, 0);
return 0;
}
 10b. IMPLEMENTATION OF BELLMANFORD ALGORITHM

AIM:
To write a java program to implement quick sort.

ALGORITHM:
1. Start with the weighted graph
2.Choose the starting vertex and assign infinity path values to all other vertex
3.Visit each edge and relax the path distance if they are inaccurate
4.We need to do this V times because in the worst case the vertex path length might need to
be readjusted V times
5.Notice how the vertex at the top right corner had its path length adjusted
6.After all vertices have their path lengths we check if a negative cycle is present

#include <bits/stdc++.h>

// Struct for the edges of the graph

struct Edge {
int u; //start vertex of the edge
int v; //end vertex of the edge
int w; //w of the edge (u,v)
};

// Graph - it consists of edges

struct Graph {
int V; // Total number of vertices in the graph
int E; // Total number of edges in the graph
struct Edge* edge; // Array of edges
};

// Creates a graph with V vertices and E edges

struct Graph* createGraph(int V, int E) {
struct Graph* graph = new Graph;
graph->V = V; // Total Vertices
graph->E = E; // Total edges

// Array of edges for graph

graph->edge = new Edge[E];
return graph;
}
// Printing the solution
void printArr(int arr[], int size) {
int i;
for (i = 0; i < size; i++) {
printf("%d ", arr[i]);
}
printf("\n");
}

void BellmanFord(struct Graph* graph, int u) {

int V = graph->V;
int E = graph->E;
int dist[V];

// Step 1: fill the distance array and predecessor array

for (int i = 0; i < V; i++)
dist[i] = INT_MAX;

// Mark the source vertex

dist[u] = 0;

// Step 2: relax edges |V| - 1 times

for (int i = 1; i <= V - 1; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < E; j++) {
// Get the edge data
int u = graph->edge[j].u;
int v = graph->edge[j].v;
int w = graph->edge[j].w;
if (dist[u] != INT_MAX && dist[u] + w < dist[v])
dist[v] = dist[u] + w;
}
}
// Step 3: detect negative cycle
// if value changes then we have a negative cycle in the graph
// and we cannot find the shortest distances
for (int i = 0; i < E; i++) {
int u = graph->edge[i].u;
int v = graph->edge[i].v;
int w = graph->edge[i].w;
if (dist[u] != INT_MAX && dist[u] + w < dist[v]) {
printf("Graph contains negative w cycle");
return; } }
 // No negative weight cycle found!
// Print the distance and predecessor array
printArr(dist, V);
return;
}
int main() {
// Create a graph
int V = 5; // Total vertices
int E = 8; // Total edges
// Array of edges for graph
struct Graph* graph = createGraph(V, E);
//------- adding the edges of the graph
//edge 0 --> 1
graph->edge[0].u = 0;
graph->edge[0].v = 1;
graph->edge[0].w = 5;
//edge 0 --> 2
graph->edge[1].u = 0;
graph->edge[1].v = 2;
graph->edge[1].w = 4;
//edge 1 --> 3
graph->edge[2].u = 1;
graph->edge[2].v = 3;
graph->edge[2].w = 3;
//edge 2 --> 1
graph->edge[3].u = 2;
graph->edge[3].v = 1;
graph->edge[3].w = 6;

//edge 3 --> 2
graph->edge[4].u = 3;
graph->edge[4].v = 2;
graph->edge[4].w = 2;

BellmanFord(graph, 0); //0 is the source vertex

return 0;
}
 11. IMPLEMENTATION OF MATRIX CHAIN MULTIPLICATION

AIM:
To write a java program to implement Matrix Chain Multiplication.

ALGORITHM:
1. A chain of matrices to be multiplied is given as input.
2. For a sequence A1,A2,A3,A4 of 4 matrices, there are 5 different orderings=5 different
parethesization.
i) (A1,(A2(A3 A4)))
ii) (A1((A2 A3)A4))
iii) ((A1 A2)(A3 A4))
iv) ((A1(A2 A3))A4)
v) (((A1 A2)A3)A4)
3. Matrix_Multiply(A,B)
If coloumns[A]!=rows[B]
Then error “incomplete dimensions”
Else for i <- 1 to rows[A]
Do for j <- 1 to columns[B]
Do c[I,j] <- 0
For k<- 1 to columns[A]
Do c[i,j]=C[i,j]+A[i,k]+B[i,j]
Return c
4. A parenthesizing of the chain of the matrices is obtained as output.

PROGRAM :
#include<stdio.h>
#include<limits.h>
// Matrix Ai has dimension p[i-1] x p[i] for i = 1..n
int MatrixChainMultiplication(int p[], int n)
{
int m[n][n];
int i, j, k, L, q;
for (i=1; i<n; i++)
m[i][i] = 0; //number of multiplications are 0(zero) when there is only one matrix
//Here L is chain length. It varies from length 2 to length n.
for (L=2; L<n; L++) {
for (i=1; i<n-L+1; i++) {
j = i+L-1;
m[i][j] = INT_MAX; //assigning to maximum value
for (k=i; k<=j-1; k++) {
q = m[i][k] + m[k+1][j] + p[i-1]*p[k]*p[j];
 if (q < m[i][j])
{
m[i][j] = q; //if number of multiplications found less that number will be updated.
}
} } }
return m[1][n-1]; //returning the final answer which is M[1][n]
}
int main()
{
int n,i;
printf("Enter number of matrices\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
n++;
int arr[n];
printf("Enter dimensions \n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("Enter d%d :: ",i);
scanf("%d",&arr[i]);
}

int size = sizeof(arr)/sizeof(arr[0]);

printf("Minimum number of multiplications is %d ", MatrixChainMultiplication(arr, size));

return 0;
}

Output
Enter number of matrices
4
Enter dimensions
Enter d0 :: 10
Enter d1 :: 100
Enter d2 :: 20
Enter d3 :: 5
Enter d4 :: 80
Minimum number of multiplications is 19000
 12 a. IMPLEMENTATION OF ACTIVITY SELECTION

AIM:
To write a java program to implement Activity Selection.

ALGORITHM:
1.Sort the activities as per finishing time in ascending order
2.Select the first activity
3.Select the new activity if its starting time is greater than or equal to the previously selected
activity
4.REPEAT step 3 till all activities are checked

PROGRAM :
#include<bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
//store the elements in ascending order on the basis of finishing time
bool comp(pair<int,int>i,pair<int,int>j){
return i.second<j.second;
}
int main() {
int n;
cout<<"enter the number of elements:"<<endl;
cin>>n;
map<pair<int,int>,int>m;
vector<pair<int,int> >vec(n);
cout<<" Enter the starting time of activity:"<<endl;
//store starting time
for(int i=0;i<n;i++){
cin>>vec[i].first;
}
cout<<"Enter the finishing time of activity:"<<endl;
//store finishing time
for(int i=0;i<n;i++){
cin>>vec[i].second;
}
for(int i=0;i<n;i++){
m[vec[i]]=i;
}
//sorting
sort(vec.begin(),vec.end(),comp);
//store the activity
vector<int>v;
vector<int>::iterator i;
v.push_back(m[vec[0]]);
pair<int,int>current=vec[0];
for(int j=1;j<n;j++){
if(vec[j].first>current.second){
v.push_back(m[vec[j]]);
current=vec[j];
}
}
cout<<"Order in ehich the activity take place"<<endl;
for(i=v.begin();i!=v.end();i++){
cout<<*i+1<<" ";
}
cout<<endl;
return 0;
}
OUTPUT
enter the number of elements:
6
Enter the starting time of activity:
130585
Enter the finishing time of activity:
246799
Order in ehich the activity take place
1245
 12 b IMPLEMENTATION OF HUFFMAN CODING

AIM:
To write a java program to implement Huffman Coding

ALGORITHM:
1.Sort the message ensemble by decreasing probability.
2. N is the cardinal of the message ensemble (number of different messages).
3.Compute the integer n_0 such as 2<=n_0<=D and (N-n_0)/(D-1) is integer.
4. Select the n_0 least probable messages, and assign them each a digit code.
5. Substitute the selected messages by a composite message summing their probability, and
re-order it.
6.While there remains more than one message, do steps thru 8.
7. Select D least probable messages, and assign them each a digit code.
8. Substitute the selected messages by a composite message summing their probability,
and re-order it.
9. The code of each message is given by the concatenation of the code digits of the aggregate
they've been put in.

PROGRAM :
// Huffman Coding in C++

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

#define MAX_TREE_HT 50

struct MinHNode {
unsigned freq;
char item;
struct MinHNode *left, *right;
};

struct MinH {
unsigned size;
unsigned capacity;
struct MinHNode **array;
};

// Creating Huffman tree node

struct MinHNode *newNode(char item, unsigned freq) {
struct MinHNode *temp = (struct MinHNode *)malloc(sizeof(struct MinHNode));

temp->left = temp->right = NULL;

temp->item = item;
temp->freq = freq;

return temp;
}

// Create min heap using given capacity

struct MinH *createMinH(unsigned capacity) {
struct MinH *minHeap = (struct MinH *)malloc(sizeof(struct MinH));
minHeap->size = 0;
minHeap->capacity = capacity;
minHeap->array = (struct MinHNode **)malloc(minHeap->capacity * sizeof(struct MinHNode
*));
return minHeap;
}

// Print the array

void printArray(int arr[], int n) {
int i;
for (i = 0; i < n; ++i)
cout << arr[i];

cout << "\n";

}

// Swap function
void swapMinHNode(struct MinHNode **a, struct MinHNode **b) {
struct MinHNode *t = *a;
*a = *b;
*b = t;
}

// Heapify
void minHeapify(struct MinH *minHeap, int idx) {
int smallest = idx;
int left = 2 * idx + 1;
int right = 2 * idx + 2;

if (left < minHeap->size && minHeap->array[left]->freq < minHeap->array[smallest]->freq)

 smallest = left;

if (right < minHeap->size && minHeap->array[right]->freq < minHeap->array[smallest]->freq)

smallest = right;

if (smallest != idx) {
swapMinHNode(&minHeap->array[smallest],
&minHeap->array[idx]);
minHeapify(minHeap, smallest);
}
}

// Check if size if 1
int checkSizeOne(struct MinH *minHeap) {
return (minHeap->size == 1);
}

// Extract the min

struct MinHNode *extractMin(struct MinH *minHeap) {
struct MinHNode *temp = minHeap->array[0];
minHeap->array[0] = minHeap->array[minHeap->size - 1];

--minHeap->size;
minHeapify(minHeap, 0);

return temp;
}

// Insertion
void insertMinHeap(struct MinH *minHeap, struct MinHNode *minHeapNode) {
++minHeap->size;
int i = minHeap->size - 1;

while (i && minHeapNode->freq < minHeap->array[(i - 1) / 2]->freq) {

minHeap->array[i] = minHeap->array[(i - 1) / 2];
i = (i - 1) / 2;
}

minHeap->array[i] = minHeapNode;
}

// BUild min heap

void buildMinHeap(struct MinH *minHeap) {
 int n = minHeap->size - 1;
int i;

for (i = (n - 1) / 2; i >= 0; --i)

minHeapify(minHeap, i);
}

int isLeaf(struct MinHNode *root) {

return !(root->left) && !(root->right);
}

struct MinH *createAndBuildMinHeap(char item[], int freq[], int size) {

struct MinH *minHeap = createMinH(size);

for (int i = 0; i < size; ++i)

minHeap->array[i] = newNode(item[i], freq[i]);

minHeap->size = size;
buildMinHeap(minHeap);

return minHeap;
}

struct MinHNode *buildHfTree(char item[], int freq[], int size) {

struct MinHNode *left, *right, *top;
struct MinH *minHeap = createAndBuildMinHeap(item, freq, size);

while (!checkSizeOne(minHeap)) {
left = extractMin(minHeap);
right = extractMin(minHeap);

top = newNode('$', left->freq + right->freq);

top->left = left;
top->right = right;

insertMinHeap(minHeap, top);
}
return extractMin(minHeap);
}
void printHCodes(struct MinHNode *root, int arr[], int top) {
if (root->left) {
arr[top] = 0;
 printHCodes(root->left, arr, top + 1);
}

if (root->right) {
arr[top] = 1;
printHCodes(root->right, arr, top + 1);
}
if (isLeaf(root)) {
cout << root->item << " | ";
printArray(arr, top);
}
}

// Wrapper function
void HuffmanCodes(char item[], int freq[], int size) {
struct MinHNode *root = buildHfTree(item, freq, size);

int arr[MAX_TREE_HT], top = 0;

printHCodes(root, arr, top);

}

int main() {
char arr[] = {'A', 'B', 'C', 'D'};
int freq[] = {5, 1, 6, 3};

int size = sizeof(arr) / sizeof(arr[0]);

cout << "Char | Huffman code ";

cout << "\n----------------------\n";
HuffmanCodes(arr, freq, size);
}