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Cambridge IGCSE: Physics 0625/42

This document is a Cambridge IGCSE Physics exam paper (0625/42) for February/March 2022, consisting of various questions covering topics such as motion, forces, energy, and electricity. The exam lasts 1 hour and 15 minutes, and students are instructed to answer all questions using specific writing tools and to show their workings. The paper includes diagrams, graphs, and calculations, with a total mark of 80.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

18 views116 pages

Cambridge IGCSE: Physics 0625/42

Uploaded by

ginopod367

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

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Cambridge IGCSE™

* 5 1 9 7 8 4 2 8 8 5 *

PHYSICS 0625/42
Paper 4 Theory (Extended) February/March 2022

1 hour 15 minutes

You must answer on the question paper.

No additional materials are needed.

INSTRUCTIONS
● Answer all questions.
● Use a black or dark blue pen. You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs.
● Write your name, centre number and candidate number in the boxes at the top of the page.
● Write your answer to each question in the space provided.
● Do not use an erasable pen or correction fluid.
● Do not write on any bar codes.
● You may use a calculator.
● You should show all your working and use appropriate units.
● Take the weight of 1.0 kg to be 10 N (acceleration of free fall = 10 m / s2).

INFORMATION
● The total mark for this paper is 80.
● The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [ ].

This document has 16 pages. Any blank pages are indicated.

DC (NF/CGW) 302381/2
© UCLES 2022 [Turn over
2

1 A ball rolls down a ramp and onto a horizontal surface. The first section of the horizontal surface is
smooth. The second section of the horizontal surface is rough. Fig. 1.1 shows a speed–time graph
for the ball.

14.0

speed
m/s
12.0

10.0

8.0

6.0

4.0

2.0

0
0 1.0 2.0 3.0
time / s

Fig. 1.1

(a) State the time when the ball reaches the start of the rough section of the horizontal surface.

time = ..................................................... [1]

(b) Explain how Fig. 1.1 shows that there is no resultant force on the ball when it rolls along the
smooth section of the horizontal surface.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

© UCLES 2022 0625/42/F/M/22

acceleration = ..................................................... [3]

(d) The ball starts from rest at the top of the ramp.

Show that the length of the ramp is 9.6 m.

[2]

[Total: 8]

© UCLES 2022 0625/42/F/M/22 [Turn over

2 Fig. 2.1 shows a spring balance used to measure the weight of a baby. The spring inside the
balance extends when a mass is suspended from it. The dial shows the extension of spring as a
value of mass in kg.

dial

cradle with
negligible mass

Fig. 2.1

The spring obeys Hooke’s law up to a weight of 175 N.

(a) (i) State Hooke’s law.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) State the relationship between the mass of the baby and the force exerted on the spring
due to the baby.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) The reading on the spring balance is 8.0 kg.

Determine the force exerted on the spring due to the baby.

force = ..................................................... [1]

© UCLES 2022 0625/42/F/M/22

(b) The limit of proportionality for the spring is at a force of 175 N.

Sketch the extension–load graph for the spring. The sketch must continue beyond a force of
175 N.

extension

0
0 175 load / N
[2]

(c) The baby is carried from the ground floor to the bedroom. The vertical height of the bedroom
above the ground floor is 3.5 m.

Calculate the change in gravitational potential energy of the baby when it is carried from the
ground floor to the bedroom.

change in gravitational potential energy = ..................................................... [2]

[Total: 7]

© UCLES 2022 0625/42/F/M/22 [Turn over

3 Fig. 3.1 and Fig. 3.2 show how a puddle of water changes on a warm windy day.

puddle of
water puddle of water
three hours later

solid road
surface

Fig. 3.1 Fig. 3.2

(a) Describe the process by which the volume of water in the puddle decreases.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) State and explain one change in the weather that would cause the volume of water in the
puddle to decrease more slowly.

statement ..................................................................................................................................

explanation ...............................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[2]

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 7]

© UCLES 2022 0625/42/F/M/22

4 (a) A sample of sand has a volume of 0.050 m3. The density of the sand is 1900 kg / m3. The
specific heat capacity of the sand is 1500 J / (kg °C).

(i) Calculate the mass of the sample of sand.

mass = ..................................................... [2]

(ii) Calculate the thermal capacity of the sample of sand.

thermal capacity = ..................................................... [2]

(iii) The initial temperature of the sample of sand is 7.0 °C. The sample of sand is heated
using an electrical heater. The power of the heating element is 50 W.

Calculate the time taken to increase the temperature of the sand to 19.0 °C.

time = ..................................................... [3]

(b) In some countries, the soil is too cold for plants to grow well. In these countries, plants are
grown in plastic pots and kept inside. The pots, containing soil, are placed on sand. The sand
is heated using an electrical heater, as shown in Fig. 4.1.

plant
soil

plastic sand
plant pot

heating element in sand

Fig. 4.1

(i) Describe, in terms of molecules, how thermal energy is transferred from the heated sand
through the base of the plastic pot.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]
© UCLES 2022 0625/42/F/M/22 [Turn over
8

(ii) The heating element in Fig. 4.1 remains switched on. The temperature of the sand
remains constant at a value above room temperature.

Explain why the temperature of the sand remains constant.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 11]

© UCLES 2022 0625/42/F/M/22

5 A boy looks at the image of a clock in a plane mirror. Fig. 5.1 shows the mirror, the clock and the
position of one of the boy’s eyes.

mirror

boy’s eye
clock

Fig. 5.1

(a) (i) On Fig. 5.1, draw a ray of light from the clock, reflected to the boy’s eye. [2]

(ii) On Fig. 5.1, mark with an X the position of the image of the clock. [1]

(iii) State whether the image formed by the mirror is virtual or real.

Explain your answer.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iv) Fig. 5.2 shows the image of the clock seen by the boy.

Fig. 5.2

The boy now looks directly at the clock.

On Fig. 5.3, draw what the boy sees.

Fig. 5.3
[1]
© UCLES 2022 0625/42/F/M/22 [Turn over
10

(b) (i) The clock is illuminated by a source of monochromatic green light.

State the meaning of monochromatic.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) The green light has a wavelength of 5.6 × 10–7 m.

Calculate the frequency of this green light.

frequency = ..................................................... [3]

[Total: 9]

© UCLES 2022 0625/42/F/M/22

6 Fig. 6.1 shows two bar magnets.

N S

Fig. 6.1

(a) On Fig. 6.1, sketch the pattern and the direction of the magnetic field lines between the bar
magnets. [2]

(b) Fig. 6.2 shows the same bar magnets with a coil of wire between them.

direction of
rotation handle

N S

galvanometer
A

Fig. 6.2

(i) Name the parts labelled A in Fig. 6.2.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) The coil of wire is rotated in the direction shown in Fig. 6.2.

On Fig. 6.2, draw an arrow to show the direction of the current in the coil. Explain your
answer.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(iii) Explain how rotating the coil in Fig. 6.2 continuously causes the galvanometer needle to
show an alternating current.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

[Total: 9]
© UCLES 2022 0625/42/F/M/22 [Turn over
12

7 Fig. 7.1 shows a circuit including a 12 V battery and two identical lamps.

A
Q

Fig. 7.1

(a) The 12 V battery consists of cells connected in series. Each cell in the battery has an
electromotive force (e.m.f.) of 1.5 V.

Determine how many cells are in the battery.

number of cells = ..................................................... [1]

(b) (i) When the switch is closed, the ammeter reading is 2.4 A.

Calculate the total resistance of the circuit.

resistance = ..................................................... [2]

(ii) Each lamp has a resistance of 3.0 Ω.

Calculate the resistance of Q.

resistance of Q = ..................................................... [2]

(c) (i) On Fig. 7.1, draw the symbol for a voltmeter that measures the potential difference (p.d.)
across the two lamps. [1]

(ii) Calculate the power supplied to one lamp.

power = ..................................................... [3]

[Total: 9]
© UCLES 2022 0625/42/F/M/22
13

8 A radio is connected to the mains supply using a step-down transformer.

(a) Draw a labelled diagram of the structure of a basic step-down transformer.

[3]

(b) Explain the operation of a basic transformer.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

(c) The voltage of the mains supply is 230 V. The output voltage of the transformer is 6.0 V.
Ns
Calculate the value of the turns ratio ( ). Give your answer to two significant figures.
Np

value of turns ratio = ..................................................... [2]

[Total: 8]

© UCLES 2022 0625/42/F/M/22 [Turn over

9 Fig. 9.1 shows a digital circuit.

A C D
B

Fig. 9.1

(a) (i) Explain what is meant by digital.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Table 9.1 is a truth table for the digital circuit shown in Fig. 9.1.

Complete the columns C and D in Table 9.1.

Table 9.1

A B C D
0 0

0 1

1 0

1 1
[2]

(b) State the single logic gate that would produce the same output D from inputs A and B.

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 4]

© UCLES 2022 0625/42/F/M/22

10 The isotope americium-241 is represented by

241 Am.
95

This isotope decays by an α-emission to an isotope of neptunium (Np).

(a) Complete the nuclide equation for this decay.

........ ........
241 Am
........Np ........α
+
95
[3]

(b) Fig. 10.1 shows a simple diagram of a smoke detector. The smoke detector contains a
small sample of americium-241. This isotope ionises the air between the metal plates in the
detector.

detector circuit
radioactive
source

metal plates
air flow

Fig. 10.1

(i) Describe how the americium-241 ionises air.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(ii) Suggest and explain two reasons why smoke detectors use an isotope that emits
α-particles rather than an isotope that emits γ-radiation.

1. .......................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2. .......................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

[Total: 8]
© UCLES 2022 0625/42/F/M/22
16

BLANK PAGE

Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every
reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the
publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.

To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge
Assessment International Education Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download
at www.cambridgeinternational.org after the live examination series.

Cambridge Assessment International Education is part of Cambridge Assessment. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of the University of Cambridge
Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is a department of the University of Cambridge.

© UCLES 2022 0625/42/F/M/22

Cambridge IGCSE™
* 9 0 5 3 9 4 8 9 8 5 *

PHYSICS 0625/41
Paper 4 Theory (Extended) May/June 2022

1 hour 15 minutes

You must answer on the question paper.

No additional materials are needed.

INFORMATION
● The total mark for this paper is 80.
● The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [ ].

This document has 16 pages.

DC (LK/SW) 214895/1
© UCLES 2022 [Turn over
2

1 A car of mass m is travelling along a straight, horizontal road at a constant speed v.

At time t = 0, the driver of the car sees an obstruction in the road ahead of the car and applies the
brakes.

The car does not begin to decelerate at t = 0.

(a) Explain what is meant by deceleration.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) Suggest one reason why the car does not begin to decelerate at t = 0.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

distance / m

0
0 1 2 3 4 5
time / s

Fig. 1.1

(i) State the property of a distance–time graph that corresponds to speed.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Using Fig. 1.1, determine the initial speed v of the car.

v = ......................................................... [2]

© UCLES 2022 0625/41/M/J/22

(d) When the car is decelerating, there is a constant resistive force F on the car due to the
brakes.
F and is not constant.
The deceleration of the car is greater than m

Explain why:

(i) F
the deceleration of the car is greater than m

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) the deceleration is not constant.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 9]

© UCLES 2022 0625/41/M/J/22 [Turn over

2 Fig. 2.1 shows water stored in a reservoir behind a hydroelectric dam.

reservoir

150 m
generator

turbine

Fig. 2.1 (not to scale)

(a) State the form of the energy stored in the water in the reservoir that is used to generate
electricity.

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) The turbine is 150 m below the level of the water in the reservoir.

Atmospheric pressure is 1.0 × 105 Pa. The density of water is 1000 kg / m3.

(i) Calculate the total pressure in the water at the turbine.

pressure = ......................................................... [3]

© UCLES 2022 0625/41/M/J/22

(ii) The turbine has a cross-sectional area of 3.5 m2.

Calculate the force exerted on the turbine by the water.

force = .......................................................... [2]

Explain why the kinetic energy of the water in the pipe remains constant as it flows through
the pipe.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 8]

© UCLES 2022 0625/41/M/J/22 [Turn over

3 During a picnic on a warm, dry day, a metal can of lemonade is wrapped in a damp cloth.

Evaporation cools the water in the cloth.

(a) Explain, in terms of molecules, how evaporation cools the water in the cloth.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

(b) As the water in the cloth cools, so does the lemonade.

Explain how electrons transfer thermal energy through the metal of the can.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 6]

© UCLES 2022 0625/41/M/J/22

4 A thermocouple is a device that is used as a thermometer.

(a) Fig. 4.1 shows a beaker that contains molten sulfur at an initial temperature greater than
400 °C.

(i) On Fig. 4.1, sketch and label a diagram of a thermocouple that is used to determine the
temperature of the sulfur as it cools to room temperature.

sulfur

Fig. 4.1
[4]

(ii) Describe briefly how the temperature of the sulfur in the beaker is deduced.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) State one advantage of using a thermocouple to measure temperature rather than using a
liquid-in-glass thermometer.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 7]

© UCLES 2022 0625/41/M/J/22 [Turn over

5 Fig. 5.1 shows a kitchen tap that supplies instant boiling water.

Fig. 5.1

Cold water passes over an electric immersion heater inside the tap.

The boiling point of water is 100 °C.

(a) State what is meant by boiling point.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) The immersion heater is powered by the mains at a voltage of 230 V. When the tap is opened,
the heater switches on and the current in the heater is 13 A.

(i) Calculate the thermal energy produced by the heater in 60 s.

thermal energy = ......................................................... [2]

(ii) The specific heat capacity of water is 4200 J / (kg °C). The cold water that enters the tap
is at 22 °C.

Calculate the rate at which water at its boiling point emerges from the tap.

rate = ......................................................... [4]

© UCLES 2022 0625/41/M/J/22

1. Explain how the earth wire protects the user.

...................................................................................................................................................

2. Explain how the fuse protects the circuit.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[3]

[Total: 11]

© UCLES 2022 0625/41/M/J/22 [Turn over

6 Fig. 6.1 shows a road next to the sea.

Fig. 6.1

(a) On a sunny day, the Sun warms the road.

Describe how energy from the Sun reaches the Earth and warms the road.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

(b) The temperature of the road is greater than the temperature of the sea.

The surface of the road is black.

Suggest one reason why the temperature of the road is greater than that of the sea.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(i) Describe how this affects the molecules of the air.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

© UCLES 2022 0625/41/M/J/22

(ii) A cyclist travelling along the road notices that a cool breeze is blowing from the sea to
the land.

Explain how convection produces this breeze. You may include a diagram if it helps your
answer.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

[Total: 9]

© UCLES 2022 0625/41/M/J/22 [Turn over

7 Fig. 7.1 is a full-scale diagram of a small nail N in front of a thin converging lens. The line L
represents the lens.

X Y

1.0 cm
1.0 cm

Fig. 7.1 (full scale)

The focal length of the lens is 3.0 cm.

(a) Rays of light, parallel to XY, are travelling towards the lens.

Describe what happens to the light after it passes through the lens.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

(b) On Fig. 7.1, mark and label with an F each of the two principal focuses of the lens. [1]

(i) By drawing on Fig. 7.1, find the position of the image I of N and add image I to the
diagram. [3]

(ii) State and explain whether I is a real or a virtual image.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) State the name given to a lens when it is used in this way.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 9]
© UCLES 2022 0625/41/M/J/22
13

8 Fig. 8.1 shows two vertical, cylindrical tubes and a cylindrical magnet all held in a vacuum.

cylindrical
magnet

plastic tube copper tube

Fig. 8.1 (not to scale)

One tube is made of plastic and the other tube is made of copper. The two cylindrical tubes have
identical dimensions.

The magnetic field of the small, cylindrical magnet is extremely strong.

Initially, the magnet is at rest at the top of the plastic tube.

The magnet is released and it falls through the plastic tube without experiencing a resistive force.
The magnet takes 0.67 s to fall to the lower end of the plastic tube.

(a) The mass of the magnet is 0.012 kg.

Calculate the kinetic energy of the magnet when it reaches the lower end of the plastic tube.

kinetic energy = ......................................................... [4]

(b) The magnet is then held at the top of the copper tube and released. As it falls through the
copper tube, an electric current is generated in the copper.

(i) Explain why there is a current in the copper.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

© UCLES 2022 0625/41/M/J/22 [Turn over

(ii) The current in the copper produces a magnetic field of its own in the tube.

The magnet falls much more slowly in the copper tube than in the plastic tube.

Explain why the magnet falls more slowly in the copper tube.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 8]

© UCLES 2022 0625/41/M/J/22

9 Combinations of logic gates are used when digital signals are processed.

(a) Describe the difference between a digital signal and an analogue signal. You may include a
diagram if it helps your answer.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) Fig. 9.1 is the truth table for a logic gate X.

input A input B output

0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 0

Fig. 9.1

State the name of logic gate X and draw the symbol that represents it.

name .........................................................................................................................................

symbol

[1]

(c) Logic gate Y is identical to logic gate X.

Draw a combination of logic gates X and Y that behaves like an OR gate. Label the inputs A
and B and label the output Q.

[2]

[Total: 5]
© UCLES 2022 0625/41/M/J/22 [Turn over
16

10 Two of the isotopes of hydrogen are hydrogen-2 ( 12H ) and hydrogen-3 ( 13H ).

(a) (i) State one similarity in the composition of their nuclei.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Describe how a nucleus of hydrogen-3 differs from a nucleus of hydrogen-2.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) In a nuclear fusion reactor, a nucleus of hydrogen-2 fuses with a nucleus of hydrogen-3 at
an extremely high temperature. This fusion reaction produces an isotope of element X and
releases a neutron.

(i) Explain why an extremely high temperature is needed when forcing these two nuclei
together.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(ii) Using nuclide notation, complete the equation for this reaction.

2 3
1H + 1H

[2]

[Total: 8]

© UCLES 2022 0625/41/M/J/22

Cambridge IGCSE™
* 6 2 9 6 1 5 9 9 1 2 *

PHYSICS 0625/42
Paper 4 Theory (Extended) May/June 2022

1 hour 15 minutes

You must answer on the question paper.

No additional materials are needed.

INFORMATION
● The total mark for this paper is 80.
● The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [ ].

This document has 16 pages. Any blank pages are indicated.

DC (KS/FC) 301887/2
© UCLES 2022 [Turn over
2

1 Fig. 1.1 shows an electrically powered bicycle.

battery

electric motor

Fig. 1.1

When fully charged, the battery can deliver a power of 600 W for 60 min.

(a) (i) Calculate the energy, in joules, stored in the battery when fully charged.

energy = ...................................................... J [3]

(ii) State the form of energy stored by the battery.

......................................................... [1]

(b) The bicycle has a motor with an electrical input power of 250 W.

Calculate the time for which the battery can power the bicycle.

time = ......................................................... [2]

(c) Consider this bicycle compared to a small motorcycle.

State two environmental benefits of the electrically powered bicycle.

1. ...............................................................................................................................................

2. ...............................................................................................................................................
[2]

[Total: 8]
© UCLES 2022 0625/42/M/J/22
3

2 Fig. 2.1 shows an object of mass 2.0 kg on a bench. This object is connected by a cord, passing
over a pulley, to an object of mass 3.0 kg.

card
cord
pulley 2.0 cm 2.0 kg object

F
bench

3.0 kg object

Fig. 2.1

The 2.0 kg object is released from rest and accelerates at 4.0 m / s2.

(a) Calculate the resultant force acting on the 2.0 kg object.

force = ......................................................... [2]

(b) Calculate the upward force F exerted by the cord on the 3.0 kg object.

force F = ......................................................... [3]

(c) The objects have a constant acceleration.

(i) Show that the speed of the objects 0.80 s after release is 3.2 m / s.

[2]

(ii) A card, of width 2.0 cm, is fixed to the 2.0 kg object. As the 2.0 kg object moves to the left,
the card passes through a beam of light that is perpendicular to the card.

Using the speed given in (c)(i), calculate the time taken for the card to pass through the
beam of light.

time = ......................................................... [2]

[Total: 9]
© UCLES 2022 0625/42/M/J/22 [Turn over
4

3 (a) Fig. 3.1 shows water in a river moving parallel to the river bank at 4.0 m / s and a canoe
travelling in the river.

river bank

canoe travels at 2.5 m / s

38° relative to the water
water moving at 4.0 m / s

river bank

Fig. 3.1

The canoe travels at 2.5 m / s relative to the water and heads at an angle of 38° to the river
bank.

Draw a scale diagram to determine the canoe’s resultant velocity and state the scale you
used.

scale ...............................................................

magnitude of resultant velocity ...............................................................

direction of resultant velocity (angle from the river bank) ...............................................................

[4]

© UCLES 2022 0625/42/M/J/22

(b) The mass of the canoeist is 65 kg.

Calculate her kinetic energy when travelling on still water at 2.5 m / s.

energy = ......................................................... [2]

[Total: 6]

© UCLES 2022 0625/42/M/J/22 [Turn over

4 (a) State and explain the two features of a liquid-in-glass thermometer that are necessary for
linearity.

statement 1 ...............................................................................................................................

explanation ...............................................................................................................................

statement 2 ...............................................................................................................................

explanation ...............................................................................................................................
[4]

(b) The value of the heat capacity of the hot junction of a thermocouple thermometer is important
in ensuring that it can measure temperature changes very rapidly.

Explain why.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

Calculate the thermal energy required to increase the temperature of the hot junction from
20 °C to 345 °C.

energy = ......................................................... [3]

[Total: 9]

© UCLES 2022 0625/42/M/J/22

5 Sound waves are longitudinal and electromagnetic waves are transverse.

(a) A sound wave used for a medical examination has a frequency of 1.5 MHz.

(i) State and explain what type of sound wave this is.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) The wave travels through soft human tissue at a speed of 1.3 km / s.

Calculate the wavelength of the wave in soft human tissue.

wavelength = ......................................................... [3]

(b) Describe one use of X-rays in medicine.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 7]

© UCLES 2022 0625/42/M/J/22 [Turn over

6 Fig. 6.1 is a full-size ray diagram showing the formation of an image by a thin glass lens.

Fig. 6.1 (full size)

(a) Determine the focal length of the lens.

focal length = ......................................................... [1]

(b) Circle three items in the list which describe the nature of the image formed.

enlarged same size diminished inverted

upright real virtual [3]

(c) State one feature of a virtual image.

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 5]

© UCLES 2022 0625/42/M/J/22

BLANK PAGE

© UCLES 2022 0625/42/M/J/22 [Turn over

7 Fig. 7.1 shows a small plotting compass which is aligned with the magnetic field between magnetic
poles A and B of a U-shaped magnet.

A S N B

Fig. 7.1

(a) State the polarity of the poles.

pole A ........................................................................................................................................

pole B .......................................................................................................................................
[1]

(b) Fig. 7.2 shows a wire, placed between two poles, carrying a current in the direction of the
arrow.

Fig. 7.2

On Fig. 7.2, draw an arrow to show the direction of the force on the wire due to the magnetic
field. [2]

© UCLES 2022 0625/42/M/J/22

S
β-particle

N
direction of travel of β-particle
when in the position shown

Fig. 7.3

On Fig. 7.3, draw an arrow to show the direction of the force on the β-particle due to the
magnetic field. [2]

[Total: 5]

© UCLES 2022 0625/42/M/J/22 [Turn over

8 Fig. 8.1 shows how the electromotive force (e.m.f.) of a 60 Hz alternating current (a.c.) power
supply varies with time.

e.m.f.

0
0 time

time period

Fig. 8.1

(a) Calculate the time period of the a.c.

time period = ......................................................... [1]

(b) Fig. 8.2 shows this power supply connected in a circuit.

A B C

Fig. 8.2

(i) State the name of component A.

.......................................................... [1]

(ii) In each time period of the a.c., 1.5 × 1017 electrons pass through component A. The
charge on an electron is 1.6 × 10–19 C.

Calculate the average current in the circuit during one time period.

current = ......................................................... [3]

(c) On Fig. 8.3:

1. mark, with an arrow labelled E, the direction of the electron flow through component B

2. mark, with an arrow labelled I, the direction of the conventional current in component C.

A B C

Fig. 8.3
[2]

(d) Fig. 8.4 shows a circuit with components B and C connected to a direct current (d.c.) power
supply of e.m.f. 12 V.

B C

Fig. 8.4

The current in the circuit is 0.35 A.

Calculate the power delivered by the power supply to the circuit.

power = ......................................................... [2]

[Total: 9]

© UCLES 2022 0625/42/M/J/22 [Turn over

9 Fig. 9.1 shows a circuit with a 3-position switch.

12 V

C
B
X
Y
A

Fig. 9.1

The moving part of the switch is always connected to point Y around which it pivots. The other end
of the moving part, labelled X, can be connected to one of the points A, B or C.

(a) The resistance of the motor is 2.0 Ω and the resistance of the resistor is 3.0 Ω.

Determine the current in the motor when the switch is connected to:

(i) point A

current = ......................................................... [1]

(ii) point B

current = ......................................................... [2]

(iii) point C.

current = ......................................................... [2]

(b) Two resistors of resistance 2.0 Ω and 3.0 Ω are connected in parallel.

Calculate the combined resistance of the resistors in this arrangement.

resistance = ......................................................... [3]

[Total: 8]
© UCLES 2022 0625/42/M/J/22
15

10 Fig. 10.1 is a simplified diagram of a digital circuit. The output of logic gate Y controls a buzzer.

logic gate X

input
A

input
B

logic gate Y

Fig. 10.1

(a) Complete Table 10.1, the truth table for the circuit.

Table 10.1

input A input B output of X output of Y

0 0

0 1

1 0

1 1
[3]

(b) Input A is the output of a humidity sensor which gives logic 1 when the humidity is high and
logic 0 when the humidity is low.

Input B is the output of a light sensor which gives logic 1 in bright light and logic 0 in darkness.
The buzzer sounds when the output of Y is logic 1.

State the conditions of humidity and light when the buzzer is on.

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

Ring the component from the list that must be connected between the output of the digital
circuit and the buzzer.

fuse heater relay resistor thermistor

Explain your answer.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[3]

[Total: 7]
© UCLES 2022 0625/42/M/J/22 [Turn over
16

11 (a) Fig. 11.1 shows the paths of three α-particles moving towards a thin gold foil. Four gold nuclei
are shown.

gold nuclei

paths of
α-particles

Fig. 11.1 (not to scale)

(i) On Fig. 11.1, complete the paths of the three α-particles. [3]

(ii) State the sign of the charge on the α-particles.

.......................................................... [1]
198
(b) The nuclide notation for a nucleus of gold-198 is
79
Au.
State the numbers of electrons, neutrons and protons in a neutral atom of gold-198.

number of electrons = .............................

number of neutrons = .............................

number of protons = ...............................

[3]

[Total: 7]

© UCLES 2022 0625/42/M/J/22

Cambridge IGCSE™
* 5 2 0 5 6 1 2 3 3 8 *

PHYSICS 0625/43
Paper 4 Theory (Extended) May/June 2022

1 hour 15 minutes

You must answer on the question paper.

No additional materials are needed.

INFORMATION
● The total mark for this paper is 80.
● The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [ ].

This document has 16 pages. Any blank pages are indicated.

DC (RW/JG) 301888/3
© UCLES 2022 [Turn over
2

1 A battery provides energy to an electric car.

(a) The electric car has an acceleration of 2.9 m / s2 when it moves from rest.
The combined mass of the car and its driver is 1600 kg.

(i) Calculate the time taken to reach a speed of 28 m / s.

time = ......................................................... [2]

(ii) Calculate the force required to produce this acceleration.

force = ......................................................... [2]

(iii) Calculate the kinetic energy of the car when its speed is 28 m / s.

kinetic energy = ......................................................... [2]

(b) The time taken for the car battery to be recharged from zero charge to full charge is 8.3 h.
The charge is delivered to the battery by a charger with a current of 32 A.

Calculate the charge supplied by the charger.

charge = ......................................................... [3]

Suggest why, in normal use, the car needs to be recharged after travelling less than 390 km.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 10]

© UCLES 2022 0625/43/M/J/22

2 Water is held behind a dam in a hydroelectric power scheme.

(a) State the main form of energy stored in the water behind the dam.

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) The water is released from the dam and falls a vertical height of 410 m at a rate of 480 kg / s.

(i) Calculate the rate at which energy is transferred by the falling water.

rate of energy transfer = ......................................................... [3]

(ii) The power scheme supplies a current of 270 A at a voltage of 6000 V.

Calculate the efficiency of the power scheme.

efficiency = ......................................................% [3]

(c) Hydroelectric energy is a renewable form of energy.

(i) State one disadvantage of hydroelectric power schemes.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) State one other renewable source of energy.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 9]

© UCLES 2022 0625/43/M/J/22 [Turn over

3 (a) Fig. 3.1 shows a boat stored in a shed. The boat is suspended from the ceiling of the shed by
two ropes.

ceiling
60° 60°

ropes
T T

boat

Fig. 3.1

The tension T in each of the ropes is 75 N.

(i) Draw a vector diagram to determine the resultant of the forces exerted by the two ropes
on the boat. State the scale you used.

scale = ...............................................................

magnitude of resultant force = ...............................................................

direction of resultant force = ......................................................... [4]

(ii) Determine the mass of the boat.

mass = ......................................................... [1]

(b) Force is a vector.

Draw a circle around two other quantities in the list which are vectors.

acceleration density energy mass

momentum power refractive index

[2]

[Total: 7]

© UCLES 2022 0625/43/M/J/22 [Turn over

4 (a) Fig. 4.1 shows apparatus used to observe the motion of smoke particles (Brownian motion).

microscope

glass cover

smoke glass cell

Fig. 4.1

The glass cell has light shining on it from the side.

The smoke particles are seen as bright specks of light when looking through the microscope.

(i) Draw the path of one of the bright specks of light.

[2]

(ii) Explain, in terms of forces and the motion of air molecules, the cause of the motion of
the smoke particles.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

(b) The temperature of the air in a sealed glass container is increased.

(i) Explain, in terms of molecules, why the internal energy of the air increases.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Explain, in terms of molecules, why the pressure of the air also increases.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 9]
© UCLES 2022 0625/43/M/J/22
7

5 (a) Define specific heat capacity.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) A bowl contains 500 cm3 of water at a temperature of 5.0 °C. The bowl of water is placed in
a freezer for several hours. When the bowl is removed from the freezer, it contains ice at a
temperature of –18.0 °C. The density of water is 1000 kg / m3.

(i) Calculate the mass of water in the bowl when it is placed in the freezer.

mass = ......................................................... [2]

(ii) The specific heat capacity of water is 4200 J / (kg °C). The specific heat capacity of ice is
2100 J / (kg °C). The specific latent heat of fusion of water is 3.3 × 105 J / kg.

Calculate the energy given out as the water cools from 5.0 °C to ice at –18.0 °C.

energy = ......................................................... [5]

[Total: 9]

© UCLES 2022 0625/43/M/J/22 [Turn over

6 (a) (i) Fig. 6.1 shows crests of a plane water wave approaching a barrier with a gap.

crests barrier

direction of travel
of water wave

Fig. 6.1

On Fig. 6.1, draw three crests of the water wave to the right of the barrier. [2]

(ii) Fig. 6.2 shows crests of a plane water wave in deep water approaching a region of
shallow water.

boundary

direction of travel
of water wave

deep shallow
water water

Fig. 6.2

The water wave moves more slowly in shallow water.

On Fig. 6.2, draw:

1. three crests of the water wave in the shallow water [2]

2. the direction of travel of the wave in the shallow water. [1]

© UCLES 2022 0625/43/M/J/22

(b) State two ways in which transverse waves differ from longitudinal waves.

1. ...............................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

2. ...............................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[2]

(c) (i) State a typical value of the speed of sound in water.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Explain why sound travels faster in water than in air.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 9]

© UCLES 2022 0625/43/M/J/22 [Turn over

7 (a) Fig. 7.1 shows a plan view of a room. There is a plane mirror on one wall and a picture across
the whole of wall AB.

plane mirror
A

X
B

Fig. 7.1 (plan view)

A person is standing at point X and is looking at the mirror. The person cannot see all of the
picture on wall AB reflected in the mirror.

There is a point P on wall AB which is the closest point to A that the person can see reflected
in the mirror.

On Fig. 7.1, draw a reflected ray and an incident ray to show the position of the point P. [2]

(b) State two properties of the image formed by the mirror.

1. ...............................................................................................................................................

2. ...............................................................................................................................................
[2]

(c) Visible light is an electromagnetic wave.

State the name of one region of the electromagnetic spectrum in which the waves have:

(i) shorter wavelengths than visible light

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) longer wavelengths than visible light.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 6]

© UCLES 2022 0625/43/M/J/22

8 (a) Fig. 8.1 shows a circuit.

Fig. 8.1

(i) State the name of component X.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) The potential difference (p.d.) across component Y is measured with a voltmeter.

On Fig. 8.1, draw the symbol for the voltmeter and its connections to the circuit. [1]

(iii) The electromotive force (e.m.f.) of the battery is 12 V.

Component Y has a resistance of 400 Ω.

In a brightly lit room, the resistance of component X is 350 Ω.

1. Calculate the current in the circuit.

current = ......................................................... [2]

2. Calculate the p.d. across component Y.

p.d. = ......................................................... [1]

(iv) In a dark room, the resistance of component X is very large.

State the effect this will have on the p.d. across component Y.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Suggest a practical use for component X.

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 7]
© UCLES 2022 0625/43/M/J/22 [Turn over
12

9 (a) Fig. 9.1 shows a magnet on the end of a spring and a coil of wire connected to a sensitive
centre-zero galvanometer. The magnet can move freely through the coil.

spring

coil of wire
N

centre-zero
galvanometer

Fig. 9.1

(i) The magnet is pulled down and released.

Describe and explain what happens to the needle of the sensitive galvanometer.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

(ii) The magnet is replaced with a stronger magnet.

State the effect of using a stronger magnet on what happens to the needle of the
galvanometer.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

© UCLES 2022 0625/43/M/J/22

(b) A step-up transformer is used to step up the output voltage of a power station from 25 000 V
to 400 000 V for transmission along power lines.

The number of turns on the secondary coil is 36 000.

Calculate the number of turns on the primary coil.

number of turns = ......................................................... [2]

[Total: 7]

© UCLES 2022 0625/43/M/J/22 [Turn over

10 A student places a sample of an isotope of protactinium (Pa-234) near a radiation detector.

The readings on the detector, taken every 20 s, are recorded in Table 10.1.

Table 10.1

count rate
time / s
counts / min
0 101
20 88
40 76
60 66
80 58
100 51
120 46
140 42
160 38
180 35

Fig. 10.1 shows a graph of the count rate due to this sample against time.

80
count rate
counts / min
70

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
time / s

Fig. 10.1

(a) Explain why the readings in Table 10.1 are not the same as those plotted on the graph.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

© UCLES 2022 0625/43/M/J/22

(b) Using the graph in Fig. 10.1, determine the half-life of this isotope of protactinium.

half-life = ....................................................... s [2]

234
(c) The nuclide notation for this isotope of protactinium is 91Pa.

Protactinium-234 decays to an isotope of uranium (U) by β-emission.

Write down the nuclide equation for this decay of protactinium-234.

[3]

[Total: 7]

© UCLES 2022 0625/43/M/J/22

BLANK PAGE

© UCLES 2022 0625/43/M/J/22

Cambridge IGCSE™
* 3 2 4 5 9 8 2 4 0 3 *

PHYSICS 0625/41
Paper 4 Theory (Extended) October/November 2022

1 hour 15 minutes

You must answer on the question paper.

No additional materials are needed.

INFORMATION
● The total mark for this paper is 80.
● The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [ ].

This document has 20 pages. Any blank pages are indicated.

DC (CE/SG) 301683/2
© UCLES 2022 [Turn over
2

1 Two blocks, A and B, are joined by a thin thread that passes over a frictionless pulley. Block A is at
rest on a rough horizontal surface and block B is held at rest, just below the pulley.

Fig. 1.1 shows the thread hanging loose.

pulley
block A thread

block B

rough horizontal surface

Fig. 1.1 (not to scale)

Block B is released and it falls vertically. The thread remains loose until block B has fallen a
distance of 0.45 m.

The mass of block B is 0.50 kg.

(a) Calculate the change in the gravitational potential energy (g.p.e.) of block B as it falls through
0.45 m.

change in g.p.e. ......................................................... [2]

(b) The mass of block A is 2.0 kg.

When the thread tightens, it pulls on block A which moves to the right at a speed of 0.60 m / s.

(i) Calculate the impulse exerted on block A as it accelerates from rest to 0.60 m / s.

impulse = ......................................................... [3]

© UCLES 2022 0625/41/O/N/22

(ii) Both of the blocks now move at a constant speed of 0.60 m / s until block B hits the
ground and the thread becomes loose.

Explain the energy change that takes place in block A after block B stops moving.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

[Total: 8]

© UCLES 2022 0625/41/O/N/22 [Turn over

2 A force is a vector quantity.

(a) (i) State two features of a vector quantity.

1. .......................................................................................................................................

2. .......................................................................................................................................
[2]

(ii) State the names of two other quantities that are vectors.

1. .......................................................................................................................................

2. .......................................................................................................................................
[2]

(b) A student suspends a spring from a clamp stand and measures the length l0 of the spring.

Fig. 2.1 shows the apparatus.

Fig. 2.1 (not to scale)

The student then suspends loads of different weights from the spring and measures the
length of the spring for each load. He then plots a graph of the length of the spring against
weight.

Fig. 2.2 is the graph that the student plots.

© UCLES 2022 0625/41/O/N/22

0.80

length / m

0.60

0.40

0.20

0
0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0
weight / N

Fig. 2.2

(i) Using Fig. 2.2, determine the initial length l0 of the spring.

l0 = ......................................................... [1]

(ii) State what is meant by the limit of proportionality and, using Fig. 2.2, determine the
weight of the load that causes this spring just to reach the limit of proportionality.

limit of proportionality ........................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

weight = .............................................................................................................................
[2]

(iii) Using Fig. 2.2, determine the spring constant of this spring.

spring constant = ......................................................... [3]

[Total: 10]

© UCLES 2022 0625/41/O/N/22 [Turn over

3 A rock climber, of total mass 62 kg, holds herself in horizontal equilibrium against a vertical cliff.
She pulls on a rope that is fixed at the top of the cliff and presses her feet against the cliff.

Fig. 3.1 shows her position.

rope

cliff

0.90 m

60°

rock climber
1.2 m
centre of mass

Fig. 3.1 (not to scale)

(a) Calculate the total weight of the climber.

weight = ......................................................... [1]

(b) State the two conditions needed for equilibrium.

1. ...............................................................................................................................................

2. ...............................................................................................................................................
[2]

(c) The climber’s centre of mass is 0.90 m from the cliff.

(i) Calculate the moment about her feet due to her weight.

moment = ......................................................... [2]

© UCLES 2022 0625/41/O/N/22

(ii) The line of the rope meets the horizontal line through her centre of mass at a distance of
1.2 m from the cliff, as shown in Fig. 3.1. The rope is at an angle of 60° to the horizontal.

Determine the tension in the rope.

tension = ......................................................... [3]

[Total: 8]

© UCLES 2022 0625/41/O/N/22 [Turn over

4 A quantity of gas is trapped by a piston in a cylinder with thin metal walls. The piston is free to
move without friction within the cylinder.

Fig. 4.1 shows the cylinder and piston.

gas

cylinder

piston

Fig. 4.1

The cylinder is placed inside a freezer.

(a) The air in the freezer is at atmospheric pressure, which is 1.0 × 105 Pa. The area of the piston
in contact with the air in the freezer is 2.4 × 10–3 m2.

(i) Calculate the force exerted on the piston by the air in the freezer.

force = ......................................................... [2]

(ii) When the cylinder is first placed into the freezer, the temperature of the gas in the
cylinder decreases and the air pushes the piston into the cylinder.

Calculate the work done on the piston by the air in the freezer as the air pushes the
piston a distance of 0.021 m into the cylinder.

work done = ......................................................... [2]

(b) The initial temperature of the cylinder and the gas is 21 °C and, in the freezer, the temperature
of the cylinder decreases to –18 °C.

The thermal capacity of the cylinder is 89 J / °C.

Calculate the change in the internal energy of the cylinder.

change in internal energy = ......................................................... [2]

© UCLES 2022 0625/41/O/N/22

(c) When the temperature reaches –18 °C, the pressure of the gas in the cylinder is still equal to
that of the atmosphere.

Explain, in terms of the particles of the gas, how the pressure remains equal to its original
value.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

(d) As the temperature of the metal cylinder decreases, the volume of the metal decreases. The
decrease in the volume of the metal is much less than the decrease in the volume of the gas.

Explain, in terms of the particles of the metal, why the decrease in the volume of the metal is
less than that of the gas.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 11]

© UCLES 2022 0625/41/O/N/22 [Turn over

5 Fig. 5.1 shows a heater in a bathroom.

heater

Fig. 5.1

The heater is at a very high temperature and it glows red. The manufacturer states:

“The heater emits light and radiation and it transfers thermal energy by radiation.”

(a) State the part of the electromagnetic spectrum that transfers thermal energy.

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) State:

(i) one way in which visible light and the radiation identified in (a) are similar

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) one way in which visible light differs from the radiation identified in (a).

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

© UCLES 2022 0625/41/O/N/22

(c) Some surfaces are better at emitting radiation than others.

(i) Describe an experiment to show whether a black surface or a white surface is the better
emitter of radiation. You may draw a diagram.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(ii) To ensure that the conclusion reached in the experiment in (c)(i) is correct, several
details of the experiment must be identical when testing the two different surfaces.

State two quantities in the experiment that you described that must be identical during
the test.

1. .......................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2. .......................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

[Total: 8]

© UCLES 2022 0625/41/O/N/22 [Turn over

6 The red light produced by a laser is monochromatic.

(a) State what is meant by monochromatic.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) The red light from the laser hits the curved surface of a semicircular transparent plastic block
at point P and passes into the plastic.

The red light travels through the plastic and hits the straight edge of the block at its midpoint M.
Fig. 6.1 shows that some of the light is reflected and that some light travels in the air along
the straight edge of the plastic block.

laser
reflected light

P
red light
plastic block

37°

Fig. 6.1

The speed of light in air is 3.0 × 108 m / s.

(i) Explain why the red light does not change direction as it enters the plastic block.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) At M, the angle between the red light in the plastic and the normal is 37°.

Calculate the speed of the red light in the plastic.

speed = ......................................................... [4]

© UCLES 2022 0625/41/O/N/22

(iii) In the plastic, blue light travels slightly slower than red light and so the critical angle for
blue light is smaller than the critical angle for red light.

The laser that emits red light is replaced by one that emits blue light. Now blue light
enters the block at P and hits the straight edge at M.

Explain what happens to the blue light after it hits the straight edge at M.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

[Total: 10]

© UCLES 2022 0625/41/O/N/22 [Turn over

7 The electric starter motor in a car is switched on and off using a relay.

The relay consists of a plastic case and two flexible springy strips, X and Y, which are made of
soft iron. These iron strips act as the switch when a circuit is connected between the terminals W
and Z.

Fig. 7.1 shows X, Y and the plastic case.

W W
S
springy iron
X strips X

12 V car
battery
Y Y

magnetising coil
plastic case
Z Z

Fig. 7.1 Fig. 7.2

Fig. 7.2 shows the equipment from Fig. 7.1 inside a magnetising coil. The magnetising coil is in
series with the 12 V car battery and switch S, which is open.

(a) Switch S is now closed.

Explain what happens to the springy iron strips X and Y.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

(b) The power of the starter motor is 1.8 kW and it is also operated by the car battery.

(i) Calculate the current in the starter motor when it is used.

current = ......................................................... [2]

© UCLES 2022 0625/41/O/N/22

(ii) The starter motor circuit is connected between terminals W and Z.

Explain why copper wires with a large cross-sectional area are used for this circuit.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

W
S

12 V car
battery
Y

M
starter motor

Fig. 7.3

The springy iron strips X and Y act as the switch for the starter motor circuit.

Complete the circuit diagram for the motor circuit. [2]

[Total: 9]

© UCLES 2022 0625/41/O/N/22 [Turn over

BLANK PAGE

© UCLES 2022 0625/41/O/N/22

8 The unit of the two electrical quantities electromotive force (e.m.f.) and potential difference (p.d.)
is the volt (V).

(a) State one other similarity between e.m.f. and p.d.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) State one difference between e.m.f. and p.d.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(c) A battery consists of four cells, each of e.m.f. 1.2 V, in series.

(i) Calculate the e.m.f. of the battery.

e.m.f. = ......................................................... [1]

(ii) The battery is connected in a circuit with four 12 Ω resistors. Fig. 8.1 is the circuit diagram.

Fig. 8.1

Calculate the total resistance of this arrangement of resistors.

resistance = ......................................................... [3]

(iii) Calculate the reading on the voltmeter in Fig. 8.1.

reading = ......................................................... [2]

[Total: 8]

9 Only one isotope of gold occurs naturally on Earth.

(a) State what this indicates about the nuclear structure of all the naturally occurring atoms of
gold on Earth.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) There are several artificially produced isotopes of gold.

Gold-198 (198
79 Au) is an artificial isotope which is used in medicine and in scientific research.

Gold-198 decays by β (beta)-emission to a stable isotope of mercury.

(i) Determine the number of protons and the number of neutrons in a nucleus of this isotope
of mercury.

number of protons = ...............................................................

number of neutrons = ...............................................................

[2]

(ii) A sample of gold-198 is placed near to a radiation detector in a research laboratory. The
count rate is recorded at the same time every day for 32 days.

The results are used to plot the graph shown in Fig. 9.1.

400
count rate
counts / min

300

200

100

0
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32
time / days

Fig. 9.1

Using Fig. 9.1, determine the background count rate in the research laboratory.

count rate = ......................................................... [1]

(iii) Using Fig. 9.1, determine the half-life of gold-198.

half-life = ......................................................... [4]

[Total: 8]

BLANK PAGE

Cambridge IGCSE™
* 4 8 4 4 8 2 3 2 5 3 *

PHYSICS 0625/42
Paper 4 Theory (Extended) October/November 2022

1 hour 15 minutes

You must answer on the question paper.

No additional materials are needed.

INFORMATION
● The total mark for this paper is 80.
● The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [ ].

This document has 16 pages. Any blank pages are indicated.

1 Fig. 1.1 shows sea water flowing down a channel into a tank without splashing. The water is
flowing at a rate of 800 kg / min. The length and width of the tank are 3.10 m and 1.20 m. The
density of the sea water is 1020 kg / m3.

1.20 m

flowing sea water

3.10 m

channel

tank

Fig. 1.1 (not to scale)

(a) Initially, the tank is empty.

Calculate the depth of water in the tank after 1.00 minute. Give your answer to three significant
figures.

depth = ......................................................... [3]

(b) The height of the water decreases by 0.420 m as it flows down the channel.

Calculate the decrease in gravitational potential energy of the water each second.

decrease in gravitational potential energy = ......................................................... [3]

Calculate the pressure at the bottom of the tank due to the water.

pressure = ......................................................... [3]

2 (a) A pendulum swings with a time period of approximately one second.

Describe how to use a stop-watch to determine the time period of the pendulum.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

(b) Complete Table 2.1 by writing in each space of the right-hand column which one of the
following devices is used to measure the quantity in the left-hand column.

digital balance measuring cylinder metre rule

micrometer screw gauge stop-watch thermocouple

Table 2.1

quantity device

volume of water in a glass

width of a small swimming pool

thickness of a piece of aluminium foil

[3]

[Total: 6]

3 (a) Tidal power derives most of its energy from the Moon and part of its energy from the Sun.

(i) State one other source of power which derives its energy from the Sun.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) State one source of power which does not derive its energy from the Sun.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Fig. 3.1 shows a small water turbine driven by a tidal flow of water to generate electrical
power.

surface of sea

flow of water

sea bed

Fig. 3.1

(i) Explain whether this method of generation of electrical power is renewable.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) The mass of water passing through the turbine each second is 6.0 × 103 kg. The speed
of the water is 2.0 m / s. 40% of the kinetic energy of the water is converted to electrical
energy.

Calculate the electrical power generated.

power = ......................................................... [4]

[Total: 8]

4 (a) Explain, in terms of the momentum of particles, how a gas exerts a pressure.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

(b) The temperature of a sample of gas is increased at constant volume.

State and explain any change in the pressure of the gas.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(c) Another sample of gas is in a sealed container of volume 170 cm3 and exerts a pressure of
9.0 × 104 Pa. The volume of the container decreases by 70 cm3 at constant temperature.

Calculate the new pressure of the gas.

pressure = ......................................................... [3]

[Total: 8]

5 Fig. 5.1 shows an aluminium block after leaving a furnace in a factory.

furnace

aluminium block

factory worker

solid metal rollers

Fig. 5.1

(a) The mass of the block is 1200 kg and it is heated in the furnace from 20 °C to 380 °C. The
aluminium block does not melt.
The specific heat capacity of aluminium is 960 J / (kg °C).

Calculate the thermal energy gained by the block in the furnace.

thermal energy = ......................................................... [3]

(b) Fig. 5.1 shows a factory worker standing 3 m from the block.

State and explain the main process by which thermal energy is transferred to the worker.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

(c) State and explain the main process by which thermal energy is transferred from the outer
surface of the solid metal rollers to their interior.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 9]

6 (a) Fig. 6.1 shows a converging lens and an object OX. The focuses of the lens are labelled F.

F F
O
principal axis

Fig. 6.1

(i) On Fig. 6.1, carefully draw two rays from X which locate the image of the object. Draw the
image and label it IY.

Measure the distance from IY along the principal axis to the centre line of the lens.

distance = ...............................................................
[4]

(ii) State two reasons why the image IY is virtual.

1. .......................................................................................................................................

2. .......................................................................................................................................
[2]

(b) Fig. 6.2 shows a ray of green light passing into, through and out of a glass prism.

Fig. 6.2

A ray of blue light is incident on the prism on the same path as the incident ray of green light.

On Fig. 6.2, draw the path of the blue light through and out of the prism. [3]

[Total: 9]

7 This question is about the magnetic fields around bar magnets. Fig. 7.1 shows two positions used
by a student doing an experiment.

position 1 position 2

Fig. 7.1

(a) Fig. 7.2 shows a magnet, labelled magnet 1, placed on position 1.

magnet 1 position 2

S N

Fig. 7.2

On Fig. 7.2, draw lines to show the pattern of the magnetic field produced by magnet 1.
Place arrows on the lines to show the direction of the field. [3]

(b) Magnet 1 is removed from position 1. Fig. 7.3 shows another magnet, labelled magnet 2,
placed on position 2.

position 1 magnet 2

N S

Fig. 7.3

On Fig. 7.3, draw, at the right-hand end of position 1, a line with an arrow to show the direction
of the magnetic field produced by magnet 2. [1]

magnet 1 magnet 2

S N N S

Fig. 7.4

(i) State the direction of the force that the N pole of magnet 2 exerts on the N pole of
magnet 1.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Justify your answer to (c)(i).

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 6]

8 Fig. 8.1 shows an electrical circuit.

Y V

Fig. 8.1

(a) The light intensity at the circuit increases from dark to bright.

State any effect on the resistance of component Y.

...................................................................................................................................................

State and explain any effect on the reading of the voltmeter.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[3]

(b) The circuit shown in Fig. 8.2 is switched on for 2.0 min.

12 V

4.0 Ω

Fig. 8.2

The current in the 4.0 Ω resistor is 3.0 A and the magnitude of the charge on an electron is
1.6 × 10–19 C.

(i) Calculate the number of electrons that pass through the resistor each second.

number = ......................................................... [3]

(ii) Calculate the power dissipated by the resistor.

power = ......................................................... [2]

9 (a) Draw the symbol for:

(i) a diode

[1]

(ii) a NOT gate.

[1]

(b) (i) Fig. 9.1 shows a digital circuit.

Z
I1 O

Fig. 9.1

Complete the truth table shown in Table 9.1.

Table 9.1

I1 I2 Z O

0 0

0 1

1 0

1 1
[2]

(ii) State another single gate which is equivalent to the part of the circuit between I1 and Z.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) Using two logic gates, design and draw a digital circuit with two inputs and two outputs which
has the truth table shown in Table 9.2.

Use either the usual logic gate symbols or correctly labelled square boxes in your diagram.

Table 9.2

input 1 input 2 output 1 output 2

0 0 0 1

0 1 1 1

1 0 1 1

1 1 1 0

[4]

[Total: 9]

10 (a) The magnitude of the charge on a β (beta)-particle is 1.6 × 10–19 C.

(i) State the proton number and nucleon number of an α (alpha)-particle.

proton number ...................................................................................................................

nucleon number ................................................................................................................

[2]

(ii) Determine the magnitude of the charge of an α (alpha)-particle.

charge ...............................................................................................................................
[1]

(b) A nucleus of radium-230 consists of 88 protons and 142 neutrons. Radium-230 is radioactive
and decays by β (beta)-emission to an isotope of actinium. The symbol for radium is Ra and
the symbol for actinium is Ac.

Write down the nuclide equation for this decay.

[3]

Calculate the mass of radium in the sample after 279 min.

mass = ......................................................... [2]

[Total: 8]

BLANK PAGE

Cambridge IGCSE™
* 8 7 1 6 5 0 5 8 5 0 *

PHYSICS 0625/43
Paper 4 Theory (Extended) October/November 2022

1 hour 15 minutes

You must answer on the question paper.

No additional materials are needed.

INFORMATION
● The total mark for this paper is 80.
● The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [ ].

This document has 16 pages.

1 An aeroplane accelerates along a horizontal runway before take-off.

The aeroplane accelerates for 35 s. The speed of the aeroplane when it takes off is 72 m / s.

Fig. 1.1 shows how the speed of the aeroplane varies between time t = 0 and t = 35 s.

speed
m/s

0
0 35
t/s

Fig. 1.1

(a) Define acceleration.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) (i) Calculate the average acceleration of the aeroplane between t = 0 and t = 35 s.

acceleration = ......................................................... [1]

(ii) The combined mass of the aeroplane, its passengers and its fuel on take-off
is 1.1 × 105 kg.

Calculate the average resultant force on the aeroplane between t = 0 and t = 35 s.

force = ......................................................... [2]

(iii) The force provided by the engines of the aeroplane is constant.

Give one possible explanation for the change in acceleration of the aeroplane between
t = 0 and t = 35 s.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iv) On Fig. 1.2, sketch a graph to show how the acceleration of the aircraft varies between
t = 0 and t = 35 s.

acceleration

0
0 35
t/s

Fig. 1.2
[3]

[Total: 8]

2 Fig. 2.1 shows a tennis ball approaching a tennis racket.

Fig. 2.1

The tennis ball hits the racket at a speed of 52 m / s. The average force on the ball during the
time that it is in contact with the racket is 350 N. The speed of the ball after it leaves the racket is
26 m / s in the opposite direction to the initial speed of the ball. The mass of the ball is 58 g.

(a) (i) Calculate the change in momentum of the ball while it is in contact with the racket.

change in momentum = ......................................................... [3]

(ii) State an equation which defines impulse in terms of force and time.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) Calculate the time that the racket is in contact with the ball.

time = ......................................................... [2]

(b) Calculate the difference between the values of the kinetic energy of the ball before and after
the impact with the racket.

difference in kinetic energy = ......................................................... [3]

[Total: 9]

3 Fig. 3.1 shows the cross-section of a barrage built across a tidal bay. The barrage is part of a tidal
power station.

high water
level
barrage

tidal
low water level gates bay

open sea

turbine connected to
generator

Fig. 3.1

The gates are raised to be open when the tide comes in. The gates are lowered to close when it is
high tide. Fig. 3.1 shows the water levels in the open sea and the tidal bay when it is low tide. The
gates are raised and water flows through the turbine.

(a) Complete the sentences to describe the energy transfers which take place when the gates
are opened.

Use words from the list.

tidal bay kinetic gates gravitational potential
open sea turbines water

................................................... energy of the ................................................... in the

.................................................. is transferred to ................................................. energy in the

rotating .............................................. . This energy is used in the generator to produce

electrical power. [3]

(b) State one advantage and one disadvantage of tidal power as an energy resource.

advantage .................................................................................................................................

disadvantage ............................................................................................................................
[2]

(c) State the main source of energy for tidal energy.

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 6]

4 (a) Fig. 4.1 shows a liquid-in-glass thermometer labelled thermometer X.

thermometer X

–10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 °C

bulb

Fig. 4.1

(i) State the physical property which varies with temperature in a liquid-in-glass thermometer.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Thermometer Y has a bulb that contains twice the volume of liquid compared to
thermometer X.

State and explain how the sensitivity of thermometer Y compares with the sensitivity of
thermometer X.

statement ..........................................................................................................................

explanation ........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(iii) State and explain one change that can be made to the design of thermometer X to
increase its range.

statement ..........................................................................................................................

explanation ........................................................................................................................
[2]

(b) A liquid-in-glass thermometer cannot measure a temperature of 1300 °C.

State a physical property which varies with temperature in a thermometer which can measure
a temperature of 1300 °C.

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 6]

5 (a) Three identical dishes, A, B and C, contain an equal volume of water.

Dish A is outside in sunlight and experiences no wind during the day. Dish B is outside in
sunlight and experiences a strong wind during the day. Dish C is in a dark room.

Water evaporates from each dish. After 12 hours, a student measures the volume of water
in each dish. Dish C contains the largest volume of water and dish B contains the smallest
volume of water.

Explain, in terms of particles, why the three dishes have different volumes of water.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [4]

(b) Define specific latent heat of vaporisation.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

thermometer to the
power supply

insulating
beaker immersion heater

crushed ice

Fig. 5.1

The initial temperature of the ice is –60 °C.

The immersion heater is switched on and the temperature is recorded at equal intervals of
time.
Fig. 5.2 shows the temperature–time graph.

D
temperature

time

Fig. 5.2

Describe what occurs in each of the sections A, B, C and D.

A ...............................................................................................................................................

B ...............................................................................................................................................

C ...............................................................................................................................................

D ...............................................................................................................................................
[3]

[Total: 9]

6 Fig. 6.1 shows wave crests and the direction of travel for a water wave approaching a barrier in a
large ripple tank.

large
ripple tank
direction of
travel

wave
crests

barrier

Fig. 6.1

The wavelength of the wave is 1.6 cm.

(a) On Fig. 6.1, draw:

(i) the direction of travel of the reflected wave [1]

(ii) three successive reflected wave crests. [2]

(b) Fig. 6.2 shows an identical wave approaching a barrier with a gap of 1.3 cm.

large
ripple tank

wave
crests

barrier
with gap

Fig. 6.2

On Fig. 6.2, draw three successive wave crests after they pass through the gap in the barrier.
[3]

(c) The frequency of the wave is 4.0 Hz.

Calculate the speed of the wave.

speed = ......................................................... [2]

[Total: 8]

7 (a) State what is meant by total internal reflection.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) Fig. 7.1 shows a ray of light from a light source in a tank containing a liquid.

tank
x
liquid ray of light

light source

Fig. 7.1

The ray of light strikes the surface of the liquid at an angle x.

(i) The refractive index of the liquid is 1.5.

Calculate the largest value of x for which total internal reflection can occur.

x = ......................................................... [3]

(ii) The speed of light in air is 3.0 × 108 m / s.

Calculate the speed of light in the liquid.

speed = ......................................................... [2]

[Total: 7]

8 Fig. 8.1 shows apparatus used to charge a metal plate by induction.

positively charged
plastic rod

metal plate

lead connected
insulator
to earth

Fig. 8.1

(a) Describe and explain how the apparatus shown in Fig. 8.1 can be used to charge the metal
plate.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [4]

(b) Fig. 8.2 shows an electric circuit.

Fig. 8.2

On Fig. 8.2, draw an arrow to show the direction of flow of electrons and explain how you
determined the direction.

explanation ......................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 5]

9 Fig. 9.1 shows a circuit with an alternating current (a.c.) supply, a resistor and a diode.

Fig. 9.1

The frequency of the power supply is 50 Hz.

(a) Calculate the time period (time for one complete cycle) of the a.c. supply.

time = ......................................................... [2]

(b) The peak potential difference (p.d.) across the resistor is 340 V.

p.d. / V

0
0 time / s

Fig. 9.2

On Fig. 9.2:

(i) sketch a graph to show how the p.d. across the resistor varies with time for two cycles
[2]

(ii) label the p.d. axis with the value of p.d. at the peak [1]

(iii) label the time axis with two values of time. [2]

[Total: 7]

10 (a) A cloud chamber can be used to detect α (alpha)-particles and β (beta)-particles. Alcohol in
the cloud chamber exists as a vapour and condenses on ions produced in the air. This forms
visible tracks.

Fig. 10.1 shows the tracks when a source of α-particles and β-particles is present in the cloud
chamber.

cloud chamber

alcohol vapour
in air
source of
α-particles
and β-particles

Fig. 10.1

Some of the tracks are short and thick. Other tracks are longer and thinner.

State and explain which tracks are produced by α-particles and which tracks are produced by
β-particles.

α-particles .................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

β-particles .................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

(b) A radioactive isotope of sodium (Na) is used to detect leaks from water pipes. A nucleus of
this isotope of sodium contains 11 protons and 13 neutrons. This nucleus decays by emitting
a β-particle to form a nucleus of magnesium (Mg).

(i) Describe what is meant by an isotope.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Write down the nuclide equation for the decay of this isotope of sodium to magnesium.

[3]

(iii) This isotope of sodium has a half-life of 15 hours. The isotope of magnesium is stable
and does not undergo radioactive decay.

Suggest why these properties of the isotope of sodium and the isotope of magnesium
make this isotope of sodium suitable to detect leaks from water pipes.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 10]

11 (a) Fig. 11.1 shows a solenoid connected to a battery.

solenoid

battery

Fig. 11.1

On Fig. 11.1, draw the pattern of the magnetic field inside and around the solenoid. Indicate
the direction of the magnetic field with an arrow. [3]

(b) Electrical power is transmitted at a voltage of 400 kV. A transformer reduces the voltage to
33 kV for use by heavy industry in large factories. The number of turns on the primary coil of
the transformer is 11 000.

Calculate the number of turns on the secondary coil of the transformer.

number of turns = ......................................................... [2]

[Total: 5]

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