Skeletal system
Dr. Binod Ghimire
BAMS, MD in yoga and
rehabilitation
Introduction to skeleton
• The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate
animals and protects many of their internal organs.
• The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone, cartilage,
joints and ligaments.
• Cartilage
– This smooth and flexible substance covers the tips of the bones
where they meet.
• Joints
– A joint is where two or more bones in the body come together.
• Ligaments
– Bands of strong connective tissue called ligaments hold bones
together.
• Tendons
– Tendons are bands of tissue that connect the ends of a muscle to
the bone.
Introduction to skeletal system
• Introduction to the Skeletal System In 7
Minutes
• https://youtu.be/38MsEkhdECM
• Human Skeleton: Anatomy and Physiology
3d animation
• https://youtu.be/W7EqLtD6Twc
The Skeletal System
• Parts
• Bones (skeleton)
• Joints
• Cartilages
• Ligaments
• Divisions
• Axial skeleton- skull, spinal column
• Appendicular skeleton – limbs and girdle
Structure of bone
• Introduction to Bone Biology
•
https://youtu.be/inqWoakkiTc
Functions of Bones
• Support of the body
• Protection of soft organs
• Movement due to attached skeletal
muscles
• Storage of minerals and fats
• Blood cell formation
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Bones of the Human Body
• The skeleton has 206 bones
• Two basic types of bone tissue
• Compact bone
• Homogeneous
• Spongy bone
• Small needle-like
pieces of bone
Figure 5.2b
• Many open spaces
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Classification of Bones on the
Basis of Shape
Figure 5.1
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure – Components of a long bone.
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved.
Types of Bone Cells
• Osteocytes
• Mature bone cells
• Osteoblasts
• Bone-forming cells
• Osteoclasts
• Bone-destroying cells
• Break down bone matrix for remodeling and
release of calcium
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Skull
•8 sutured bones in cranium
•Facial bones: 13 sutured bones 1
mandible
•Cranium
• Encases brain
• Attachments for muscles sinuses
Bones of the Skull
Figure 5.11
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Vertebral Column
• Vertebrae separated
by intervertebral
discs made of
cartilage
• The spine has a
normal S curvature
• Each vertebrae is
given a name
according to its
location
Figure 5.14
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 5.28
Skull bones
• https://youtu.be/hmNI38Gwrl0
Divisions of the vertebral column.
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved.
Appendicular Skeleton
• Includes bones of:
– Pectoral girdle
– Upper extremity
– Pelvic girdle
– Lower extremity
Anatomy of spine
• https://youtu.be/AR41M2nybg0
Figure – Anatomical and common names for the pelvic girdle and lower
extremity.
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved.
Introduction of joints
• Joints are where two bones meet.
• They provide stability to the skeletal system as well as
allowing for specialized movement
• Joints allow our bodies to move in many ways.
• Joint stability and movement are related to each other.
• Stable joints allow for little or no mobility between the
adjacent bones.
• Joints that provide the most movement between bones
are the least stable.
• Understanding the relationship between joint structure
and function will help to explain why particular types of
joints are found in certain areas of the body.
Types of joints
• Structural classifications of joints include fibrous,
cartilaginous, and synovial joints.
• Functional classifications of joints include immovable,
slightly movable, and freely movable joints.
• Freely movable (synovial) joints are most abundant
and include six types:
– Pivot joint
– Hinge joint
– Condyloid joint
– Saddle joint
– Plane joint
– ball-and-socket joint
Types of joints
Types of synovial joints
• The 6 Types of Joints - Human Anatomy
for Artists
•
https://youtu.be/0cYal_hitz4
Impact of yoga in skeletal system
• Yoga increases bone density, reducing osteoporosis risk.
• It improves joint flexibility and reduces stiffness.
• Yoga enhances posture and spinal alignment, easing back pain.
• It strengthens muscles that support bones, improving stability.
• Yoga relieves chronic pain, especially in the lower back.
• It improves balance and reduces fall risk, especially in older
adults.
• Regular practice increases joint range of motion and movement.
• Yoga prevents excessive wear on joints, supporting long-term
health.
• It reduces stress, which helps maintain bone mass.
• Yoga improves circulation, delivering nutrients to bones and
joints.
Thank you
