a) Explain the anthropological factors that influence vernacular architecture of a

place.​
Ans:

1.​ Anthropology studies human societies and cultures, which directly impact how people
build their homes.​

2.​ Beliefs, traditions, and rituals define space usage—e.g., separate areas for men and
women.​

3.​ Occupation and lifestyle affect dwelling types—nomads build mobile structures,
farmers need storage.​

4.​ Social hierarchy can reflect in house sizes and decorations.​

5.​ Settlement patterns are influenced by kinship and communal living practices.​

6.​ Religious and spiritual beliefs shape orientation, entrance location, and sacred
spaces.​

b) Write a short note on the work principle of Building Centers in Auroville.​

Ans:

1.​ Auroville Building Centre promotes sustainable construction using earth-based

technologies.​

2.​ Focuses on low-cost, eco-friendly materials like stabilized mud blocks and
compressed earth blocks.​

3.​ Encourages community involvement and skill training in local building techniques.​

4.​ Promotes passive design, rainwater harvesting, and energy-efficient methods.​

5.​ Emphasizes self-sufficiency, innovation, and the revival of traditional craftsmanship.​

c) Write a note on Hassan Fathy’s life and his principles.​

Ans:
 1.​ Egyptian architect who promoted traditional, climate-responsive, low-cost
architecture.​

2.​ Advocated the use of mud brick (adobe), arches, vaults, and domes.​

3.​ Believed in community participation in building processes.​

4.​ Designed New Gourna Village for poor farmers using vernacular methods.​

5.​ Opposed modern industrial materials; stressed harmony with environment and
culture.​

d) Define the 3 C’s that contribute towards the development of vernacular

architecture.​
Ans:

1.​ Climate – Guides design decisions like roof types, openings, and orientation.​

2.​ Culture – Influences space usage, layout, and symbolism in built forms.​

3.​ Context – Includes site conditions, available materials, topography, and local skills.​

e) How does culture play an important role in determining the style of architecture?​
Ans:

1.​ Architecture reflects traditions, religion, and social customs.​

2.​ Cultural identity affects the use of motifs, colors, and layouts.​

3.​ Spatial arrangements follow rituals and beliefs, e.g., inner courtyards in Indian
homes.​

4.​ Cultural festivals and practices influence material selection and decorative features.​

5.​ Community structure defines housing density and neighborhood layout.​

f) Explain the work of Laurie Baker with reference to his practice of vernacular
architecture.​
Ans:
 1.​ Laurie Baker promoted low-cost, eco-friendly architecture in India.​

2.​ Used local materials like brick, mud, and laterite stone.​

3.​ Introduced cost-effective techniques like rat-trap bond brick walls.​

4.​ Designed buildings that responded to climate and topography.​

5.​ Advocated user-centric, simple, and functional design.​

g) Write a short note on Kath Kuni Architecture—its origin, characteristics, and

principles with examples.​
Ans:

1.​ Originates from Himachal Pradesh, suited for cold and earthquake-prone regions.​

2.​ Uses alternating layers of wood (deodar) and stone without mortar.​

3.​ Offers thermal insulation and earthquake resistance.​

4.​ Sloped slate roofs and carved wooden facades are common.​

5.​ Seen in temples and homes in Kullu and Kinnaur regions.​

h) Note the importance of Vernacular Architecture in today's context.​

Ans:

1.​ Promotes sustainability using local, eco-friendly materials.​

2.​ Preserves cultural identity and traditional knowledge.​

3.​ Cost-effective and energy-efficient.​

4.​ Climate-responsive design reduces environmental impact.​

5.​ Encourages community participation and local employment.​

i) What is Heritage Preservation?​

Ans:
 1.​ It involves protecting historical buildings and cultural sites.​

2.​ Ensures architectural and cultural legacy is passed to future generations.​

3.​ Includes documentation, conservation, and adaptive reuse.​

4.​ Maintains identity, promotes tourism, and supports education.​

5.​ Supported by legal frameworks and institutions like UNESCO.​

j) Write a note on the work of Hunnarshala in Kutch in promoting vernacular

architecture.​
Ans:

1.​ Hunnarshala Foundation helps communities rebuild using traditional methods

post-disasters.​

2.​ Promotes Bhungas, rammed earth, bamboo, and other local materials.​

3.​ Works with local artisans to revive and upgrade old skills.​

4.​ Focuses on disaster resilience and sustainability.​

5.​ Supports community-driven planning and self-built housing models.​

k) Write a short note on Gujar House of Kashmir.​

Ans:

1.​ Gujar houses are built by nomadic pastoralists in Kashmir.​

2.​ Typically made of timber, mud, and slate roofing.​

3.​ Designed for seasonal migration—lightweight and mobile.​

4.​ Focus on warmth, minimalism, and easy dismantling.​

5.​ Reflect cultural identity and adaptation to hilly terrain.​

l) Write down the influences of Kashmiri Dhoongas on the local context.​

Ans:
 1.​ Dhoongas are traditional boat houses used for living and trade in Kashmir.​

2.​ Encouraged water-based settlements and floating communities.​

3.​ Influenced spatial planning—compact design, linear layouts.​

4.​ Promoted timber craftsmanship in interiors and joinery.​

5.​ Became an iconic part of Kashmir’s cultural and architectural heritage.

**a) Discuss the dwelling typologies in rural architecture. What are some typical features of
rural architecture?**

Ans:

1. **Dwelling Typologies:**

* **Linear type** – Houses arranged along roads or rivers.

* **Clustered type** – Compact groups around a central open space.

* **Scattered type** – Individual homes separated by fields or forests.

2. **Typical Features:**

* Use of local materials like mud, bamboo, stone, and thatch.

* Thick walls for thermal comfort and sloped roofs for rain protection.

* Central courtyard for light, ventilation, and community interaction.

* Simple layouts with minimal ornamentation.

* Spaces for storage of grains and cattle included in the design.

**b) Discuss the importance of social sustainability in urban development.**

Ans:1. Social sustainability ensures inclusive, safe, and supportive communities.

2. Focuses on equality, access to resources, and quality of life for all groups.

3. Promotes participation in planning and decision-making processes.

4. Encourages mixed-use development and walkable neighborhoods.

5. Supports cultural diversity, public spaces, and affordable housing.

6. Leads to more resilient, cohesive, and engaged urban communities.

**c) What are some key sociological perspectives on urban planning and development? How
does social stratification affect access to housing and services in urban areas?**

Ans:1. **Sociological Perspectives:**

* **Functionalist View** – Urban systems must work together to maintain social order.

* **Conflict Theory** – Focuses on inequality in resource distribution.

* **Symbolic Interactionism** – Examines people's interactions and social behavior in

urban spaces.

2. **Social Stratification Effects:**

* Divides people based on income, caste, or status, leading to spatial segregation.

* Poor communities often lack access to quality housing, water, education, and healthcare.

* Creates slums and informal settlements in urban margins.

* Results in unequal access to infrastructure and opportunities.

**d) Describe the impact of socio-economic factors on housing affordability. What are some
examples of successful community development?**

Ans:1. **Socio-Economic Factors:**

* Income levels, employment, land cost, and inflation directly impact housing affordability.

* Rapid urbanization increases demand, raising real estate prices.

* Poor credit access prevents low-income groups from securing homes.

2. **Successful Community Development Examples:**

* **Auroville Earth Institute** – Promotes affordable, sustainable housing using local

materials.

* **Hunnarshala Foundation** – Helps build cost-effective homes post-disasters.

* **Indore Slum Networking Project** – Integrated slums into the city with infrastructure
support.
 * **Ahmedabad Slum Upgradation Program** – Provided basic services to improve living
conditions.

-**e) Describe the role of anthropology in studying architectural heritage. Explain the concept
of adaptive reuse in architecture.**

Ans:1. **Role of Anthropology:**

* Studies how architecture evolves from human culture, beliefs, and traditions.

* Explores rituals, social behavior, and spatial use across communities.

* Helps preserve intangible heritage linked with building practices.

2. **Adaptive Reuse:**

* Reusing old buildings for new purposes without destroying their historical value.

* Example: Converting an old haveli into a boutique hotel or museum.

* Conserves resources, maintains cultural identity, and adds functionality.

**f) Describe the settlement patterns in rural architecture. Discuss the dwelling typologies in
rural architecture.**

Ans:1. **Settlement Patterns:**

* **Nucleated** – Dwellings grouped around a central open space or temple.

* **Linear** – Houses arranged along a road or water body.

* **Dispersed** – Homes spread across large areas due to agriculture.

2. **Dwelling Typologies:**

* Mud huts with thatched roofs in plains.

* Stone houses in hilly regions.

* Bamboo and timber structures in tribal and forest areas.

* Use of courtyards, verandahs, and multipurpose spaces.

**g) Name the construction materials and techniques used in tribal architecture in Andhra
Pradesh.**

Ans: 1. **Materials Used:** * Mud, bamboo, timber, thatch, cow dung, and stone.

* Locally available and cost-effective.

2. **Construction Techniques:** **Wattle and daub** for walls using bamboo frame filled with
mud and cow dung.

* **Thatch roofing** made from dry grass or palm leaves.

* Use of earthen floors, often polished with cow dung.

* Circular or rectangular plan with central hearth.

* Decorated with traditional tribal motifs and patterns.

**h) How does sociology help in identifying the needs and preferences of different social
groups in community planning?**

Ans: 1. Sociology studies society and group behavior, helping planners understand diverse
needs.

2. Reveals how caste, class, gender, and religion influence space usage.

3. Helps design inclusive spaces for all age groups, women, and marginalized sections.

4. Supports participatory planning based on real community needs.

5. Aids in equitable distribution of services like parks, schools, and healthcare.

6. Ensures social harmony through sensitive spatial design.

**i) Discuss the concept of place-making in urban planning.**

Ans: 1. Place-making creates meaningful, user-friendly spaces that promote community

interaction.

2. Encourages local identity, culture, and functionality in public spaces.

3. Involves the community in planning, designing, and managing urban spaces.

4. Examples include pedestrian plazas, public parks, and cultural hubs.

5. Improves mental well-being, safety, and quality of urban life.

6. Focuses on human-scale design, accessibility, and diversity of use.

**j) How do economic factors influence the development of communities and

neighborhoods?**

Ans: 1. Availability of jobs, income levels, and affordability shape where and how people live.

2. Areas with better infrastructure and employment attract dense populations.

3. Poor economic conditions can lead to informal settlements or slums.

4. Investment in real estate boosts development but may cause gentrification.

5. Economic policies influence housing, transportation, and service delivery.

6. Local economy affects quality of education, healthcare, and opportunities.

*k) Describe the settlement patterns in Rajasthan’s rural Jat houses. Discuss the dwelling
typologies in Rajasthan’s rural Jat houses.**

Ans:1. **Settlement Patterns:**

* Often dispersed or semi-clustered in arid zones to access grazing land.

* Enclosures made for cattle and storage around the house.

2. **Dwelling Typologies:**

* Circular or rectangular huts made of mud and dung with thatched or flat roofs.

* Use of thick walls for insulation against heat.

* Verandahs used for social interaction and shade.

* Small windows and minimal openings to reduce heat gain.

**l) What are some common challenges faced by urban planners in addressing social
issues?**

Ans: 1. Urban poverty and rising slum populations.

2. Lack of affordable housing and basic infrastructure.

3. Social segregation based on caste, class, or religion.

4. Inadequate participation of marginalized groups in planning.

5. Rapid urbanization leads to congestion and strain on services.

6. Conflicts between heritage conservation and modern development.

7. Limited funds and lack of political will to address equity issues.