COU CACAO CTR OC (Cryo tomer a) Gothic architecture began mainly in France, where architects were inspired by Romanesque architecture and the pointed arches of Spanish Moorish architecture. It's easy to recognise Gothic buildings because of their arches, ribbed vaulting, flying buttresses, elaborate sculptures (like gargoyles) and stained glass windows. Gothic architecture was originally known as “French Style”. During the period of Renaissance it fell out of fashion and it was not respected by many artists. They marked it as “Gothic” to suggest it was the crude work of German barbarians (Goths). Examples of Gothic architecture: Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris and St. Patrick's Cathedral in Dublin.Gothic Architecture * Meaning of Gothic — “Dark Age” * Invading barbarians from the north ruined ancient art and replaced it with their own culture — Goths took Rome in 410 * little damage but became known as the first tribe of barbarians and thus the name “Gothic”Structure of a typical Gothic Churchairy and bright focus on verticality pointed arches rib vaults flying buttresses large stained glass windows ornaments and pinnaclesGothic Architecture: The Pointed Arch * Builders turned from the semicircular, unbroken arch to the pointed arch — Looked lighter and pointed upward — Exert less thrust than semicircular arch of the same span — Solves geometric difficulty inherent in ribbed vaults * Impossible to arrange all arches and ribs to a common. level using exclusively semicircular ribs + With a pointed arch, ribs could easily be made levelDIRECTION OF THBUst AT hauncn RECTION O Teost ar SBRING BOUND AtenThe Rib Vault © Rib Vaults — Organic metaphor alluding to the role of ribs in anatomy as the body’s skeletal structure supporting tissues — Arches, usually three pairs per rectangular bay, running diagonally * Cross ribs act together with outer frame to create a complete armature of arches along the edges and main folds of the vaultRibbed Vaulting Earlier Romanesque churches relied on barrel vaulting. Gothic builders introduced the dramatic technique of ribbed vaulting. While barrel vaulting carried weight on continuous solid walls, ribbed vaulting used columns to support the weight. The ribs also delineated the vaults and gave a sense of unity to the structure.Gothic Architecture: The Rib Vaultpointed arches ‘semicircular vurrel vvulte sures. vitbbed vaults Romanesque vault Gothic vault View fram top,ee Ts SR ep ge Siig bam teed aod ‘thrust Rae td Cothic): ribbed, pointed arch De eed ts te Bite rerece er enti n edGothic Architecture: The Flying Buttress Flying Buttress — Effected by powerful external arches swung above the side aisles and the ambulatory * Arches rise from colossal freestanding piers — Absorb and channel disruptive forces, such as wind and weight, safely to the ground — Towering piers could be erected without much affecting the nave or choir interiorNa CTT the effect of liGargoyles Cathedrals in the High Gothic style became increasingly elaborate. Over several centuries, builders added towers, pinnacles, and hundreds of sculptures. In addition to religious figures, many Gothic cathedrals are heavily ornamented with strange, leering creatures. These gargoyles are not merely decorative. Originally, the sculptures were waterspouts to protect the foundation from rain. Since most people in Medieval days could not read, the carvings took on the important role of illustrating lessons from the from the scriptures.Hf Hy ee UBL g ra nk\ Tad ene Se emcee tea EE ees Eee eter (at triforium level)Gothic Floor Plans Gothic buildings were based on the traditional plan used by basilicas. However, single units were integrated into a unified spatial scheme.+ Most Gothic churches, unless they are entitled chapels, are of the Latin cross (or "cruciform") plan, with a long nave making the body of the church, a transverse arm called the transept and, beyond it, an extension which may be called the Ameins cathedral choir, chancel. There are several regional variations on this plan. * The nave is generally ienked on either side by aisles, usually singly, but sometimes double. * The nave is generally considerably taller than the aisles, having clerestory windows which light the central space. Wells cathedralIn some churches with double aisles, like Notre Dame, Paris, the transept does not project beyond the aisles. In English cathedrals transepts tend to project boldly and there may be two of them, as at Salisbury Cathedral, though this is not the case with lesser churches. In France the eastern end is often polygonal and surrounded by a walkway called an ambulatory and sometimes a ring of chapels called a "chevet". While German churches are often similar to those of France, in Italy, the eastern projection beyond the transept is usually just a shallow apsidal chapel containing the sanctuary, as at Florence Cathedral.* Medieval man considered himself an imperfect reflection of the divine light of God, and Gothic architecture was the ideal expression of this view. * New techniques of construction permitted buildings to soar to amazing new heights, dwarfing anyone who stepped inside. * Moreover, the concept of divine light was suggested by the airy quality of Gothic buildings, which were much lighter than churches in the earlier Romanesque style.“The entire sanctuary is thus pervaded by a wonderful and continuous light Cr Re Be ees RM A a getsGothic Architecture in FranceGothic Architecture: Gothic Architecture in France * First coherent example of Gothic architecture — Appear in Gothic 12** century Paris — Ile-de-France * Cut stone masonry employed into vaulting, rather than rubble masonry of the Normans * Arches and ribs designed with independent curvaturesGothic Architecture in France * Abbey Church of St. Denis — Definitive turning point in early French Gothic — Space, light, line, and geometry create transcendent modernist architectural visionom a rn j \ it iGothic Architecture: Gothic Architecture in France * Gothic came to be associated with urban settings and the extension of the French King’s political influence Two important French gothic structures preceding Suger — Cathedral of Notre-Dame at Laon — Cathedral of Notre-Dame at ParisGothic Architecture: Gothic Architecture in FranceGothic Architecture: Gothic Architecture in FranceGothic Architecture: Gothic Architecture in France * Cathedral of Notre-Dame at Paris — Bishop of Paris began construction in 1163 — Avery tall church, reaching some 108 feet from the floor to the crown of the vaults — The clerestories were enlarged around 1225 to bring in additional light — Not as well preserved as at LaonNotre Dame Cathedral Names: Notre Dame Cathedral; Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Paris (Cathedral of Our Lady of Paris) Location: Paris, lle-de- France, France Date: 1163-1345 Features: Medieval Stained Glass; Romanesque Sculptureat ri iri neHistory of the Cathedral The towers were finished around 1245 and the cathedral was finally completed around 1345. During the reigns of Louis XIV and Louis XV at the end of the 17th century the cathedral underwent major alterations, during which many tombs and stained glass windows were destroyed. In 1793, the cathedral fell victim to the French Revolution. Many sculptures and treasures were destroyed or plundered The cathedral also came to be used as a warehouse for the storage of food.Gothic Architecture: Gothic Architecture in France ayNotre Dame, Paris (1163-1250) - flying buttresses ed ee Se meg eee rd w/ the significantly greater size and height of Notre Dame, a new invention, in ee a eeeNorth ambulatory looking eastGothic Architecture: Gothic Architecture in France The west front of the cathedral is one of its most notable features, with its two 69-meter (228-feet) tall towers. The Galerie des Chiméres or Grand Gallery connects the two west towers, and is where the cathedral's legendary gargoyles (chiméres) can be found. The gargoyles are full of Gothic character but are not medieval - they were added during the 19th-century restoration. The King's Gallery is a line of statues of the 28 Kings | of Judah and Israel, which was redesigned by Viollet- le-Duc to replace the statues destroyed during the French Revolution. The revolutionaries mistakenly believed the statues to be French kings instead of biblical kings, so they decapitated them. Some of the heads were found during a 1977 excavation nearby and are now on display at the Museum of the Middle Ages.Gothic Architecture: Gothic Architecture in France The beautiful West Rose Window dates from about 1220. The west rose window at Notre Dame is 10 meters in diameter and exceptionally beautiful. Dating from about 1220, it retains most of its original glass and tracery. The main theme of the west rose is human life, featuring symbolic scenes such as the Zodiacs and Labors of the Months. On the exterior, it is fronted by a statue of the Virgin and Child accompanied by angels. Unfortunately, the interior view of its colorful medieval glass is now more than half blocked by the great organ.The south rose window installed around 1260. its general themes are the New Testament, the Triumph of Christ The south rose is 12.9 meters in diameter and contains 84 panes of glass. Radiating out froma central medallion of Christ, it consists of four concentric circles of 12 medallions, 24 medallions, quadrilob SOUTH ROSE es, and 24 trilobes.Gothic Architecture in / France Notre- Dame, Paris — West front has asolid quality — Triple portals — Gallery of Kings * Represents twenty-eight kings of the Old Testamentexamples of early Gothic art. Sculpted between 1200 and 1240, they depict scenes from the life of the Virgin Mary, the Last Judgment, and scenes from the life of St. Anne (the Virgin Mary's mother).Portal of St. Anne q i i 4 i i)Gothic Architecture: Gothic Architecture in FranceInterior of Notre Dame cathedral A ey: aSt. Patrick's Cathedral Notre Dame de ParisChartres is one ‘of the most. famous cathedrals France, and is widely praised forits sculpture, staine d-glass windows, and high gothic style.Flamboyant r Fie ae dominance in stone window tracery of a flame like S-shaped curve. wall space was reduced to the minimum of supporting vertical shafts to allow an almost continuous expanse of glass and tracery. ‘St. Maclou (Rouen) 15-16" Centuries15th CenturyBritish Gothic ArchitectureEnglish Gothic architecture Historians sometimes refer to the styles as "periods" *Early English (c. a *Decorated (c. *Perpendicular (c. Early English Gothic The entirety of Salisbury Cathedral (excluding the tower and spire) is in the Early English style. Lancet windows are used throughout, and a "pure" image is underlined by the relative lack of embellishing as was found in Romanesque buildings, and less detailed tracery than would be used in later buildings. The Early English Period of English Gothic lasted from the late th century until midway through the thCharacteristics of the style the pointed arch known as the lancet. Through the employment of the poe arch, walls could become less massive and window openings could be larger and grouped more closely together, so architects could achieve a more open, airy and graceful building. The high walls and vaulted stone roofs were often supported by flying buttresses: half arches which transmit the outward thrust of the superstructure to supports or buttresses, often visible on the exterior of the building. The barrel vaults and groin vaults characteristic of Romanesque building were replaced by rib vaults, which made possible a wider range of proportions between height, width and length.The arched windows are usually narrow by comparison to their height and are without tracery. For this reason Early English Gothic is sometimes known as the "Lancet" style. Although arches of equilateral proportion are most often employed, lancet arches of very acute proportions are frequently found and are a highly characteristic of the style. Anotable example of steeply pointed lancets being used structurally is the apsidal arcade of Westminster Abbey. The Lancet openings of windows and decorative arcading are often grouped in twos or threes. This characteristic is seen throughout Salisbury Cathedral where there are groups of two lancet windows lining the nave and groups of three lining the clerestory.Characteristics of the style Instead of being massive, solid pillars, the columns were often composed of clusters of slender, detached shafts surrounding a central pillar, or pier, to which they are attached by circular moulded shaft-rings. Characteristic of Early Gothic in England is the great depth given to the hollows of the mouldings with alternating fillets and rolls, by the decoration of the hollows with the dog-tooth ornament and by the circular abaci of the capitals. The arches of decorative wall arcades and galleries are sometimes cusped. Circles with trefoils, quatrefoils, etc., are introduced into the tracery of galleries and large rose windows in the transept or nave At its purest the style was simple and austere, emphasising the height of the building, as if aspiring heavenward.Decorated style(c. = The west front of York Minster is a fine example of Decorated architecture, in particular the elaborate tracery on the main window. This period saw detailed carving reach its peak, with elaborately carved windows and capitals, often with floral patterns. The Decorated Period in architecture is also known as the Decorated Gothic, or simply “Decorated” Traditionally, this period is broken into two periods: the "Geometric" style (1250-90) and the "Curvilinear" style (1290-1350).Elements of the Decorated style Decorated architecture is characterized by its window tracery. Elaborate windows are subdivided by closely spaced parallel mullions (vertical bars of stone), usually up to the level at which the arched top of the window begins. The mullions then branch out and cross, intersecting to fill the top part of the window with a mesh of elaborate patterns called tracery, typically including trefoils and quatrefoils. The style was geometrical at first and flowing in the later period, owing to the omission of the circles in the window tracery. This flowing or flamboyant tracery was introduced in the first quarter of the 14th century and lasted about fifty years. This evolution of decorated tracery is often used to subdivide the period into an earlier "Geometric" and later "Curvilinear" period.Elements of the Decorated style Interiors of this period often feature tal! columns of more slender and elegant form than in previous periods. Vaulting became more elaborate, with the use of increasing number of ribs, initially for structural and then aesthetic reasons. - Arches are generally equilateral, and the mouldings bolder than in the Early English Period, with less depth in the hollows and with the fillet (a narrow flat band) largely used. The foliage in the capitals is less conventional than in Early English and more flowing.Perpendicular Gothic * The interior of Gloucester Cathedral conveys an impression of a "cage" of stone and glass, typical of Perpendicular architecture. Elaborate Decorated style tracery is no longer in evidence, and the lines on both walls and windows have become sharper and less flamboyant. is so-called because it is characterised by an emphasis on vertical lines; it is also known as International Gothic, the Rectilinear style, or Late Gothic.Features of the style This perpendicular linearity is particularly obvious in the design of windows Windows became very large, sometimes of immense size, with slimmer stone mullions than in earlier periods, allowing greater scope for stained glass craftsmen. The mullions of the windows are carried vertically up into the arch moulding of the windows, and the upper portion is subdivided by additional mullions and transoms, forming rectangular compartments, known as panel tracery. wall surfaces are likewise divided up into vertical panels.Features of the style eee are Hedcenty enclosed within a ad over the arch mor , the spandrels being filled with quatrefo: S or tracery. Pointed arches were still used throughout the period, but ogee and four-centred Tudor arches were also introduced. ae the church the triforium ares & or its place is filled with panelling, and greater importance is given to the clerestory windows, which are often the finest features in the churches of this period. The mouldi are flatter than those of the earlier periods Some of the finest features of this period are the magnificent timber roofsy Added beginning of 16" CenturyGloucester Ph ny ti it Ho ap ENCEGloucester Weert oC Nema kun te aeBritish cothic ‘Westminster Abbey in London is one of the world's most famous examples of Medieval Gothic architecture.Abbey * An abbey (from Latin abbatia, abba, "father”) is a Christian monastery or convent, under the authority of an Abbot or an Abbess, who serves as the spiritual father or mother of the community. * The term can also refer to an establishment which has long ceased to function as an abbey, but continues to carry the name — in some cases for centuries (for example, Westminster Abbey).Cottegiste Church of St Petorin Westminster do Ba Hi fans Accuses Wy eek seen Pen “hae hash of Beg Meow WAta Bh Seah otters deme haaes Bh Sieasees ouapee* Hampton Court Palace is a royal palace in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames, Greater London, and the historic county of Middlesex; it has not been inhabited by the British Royal Family since the 18th century. The palace is located 11.7 miles (18.8 kilometres) south west of Charing Cross and upstream of central London on the River Thames, It was originally built for Cardinal Thomas Wolsey, a favourite of King Henry VIII, circa 1514; in 1529, as Wolsey fell from favour, the palace was passed to the King, who enlarged it. The following century, William III's massive rebuilding and expansion project intended to rival Versailles was begun. Work halted in 1694, leaving the palace in two distinct contrasting architectural styles, domestic Tudor and Baroque. While the palace's styles are an accident of fate, a unity exists due to the use of pink bricks and a symmetrical, albeit vague, balancing of successive low wings.* Milan Cathedral (Italian: Duomo di Milano) is the cathedral church of Milan in Lombardy, northern Italy. * The Gothic cathedral took to complete. * Itis the and the in the world.The plan consists of a nave with four side- aisles, crossed by a transept and then followed by choir and apse. The cathedral's five broad naves, divided by 40 pillars, are reflected in the hierarchic Openings of the facade. Even the transepts have aisles. The nave columns are 24.5 metres (80 ft) high, and the apsidal windows are 20.7 x 8.5 metres (68 x 28 feet). The huge building is of brick construction, faced with marble The height of the nave is about 45 meters, the highest Gothic vaults of a complete church, The roof carries spectacular sculpture that can be enjoyed only from top. The roof of the cathedral is renowned for the forest of openwork pinnacles and spires, set upon delicate flying buttresses.The famous "Madonnina" atop the main spire of the cathedral, a baroque gilded bronze artwork. “(D)JIRANSVERSE SECTION ON xMilan Cathedral (Duomo) The biggest and greatest late gothic architecture in Italy. 1386-1577, west front 1616-1813The cathedral as it appeared in 1745. The Cathedral in 1856,Milan Cathedral Flying ButtressThe Cathedral of Santa Eulalia (also called La Seu) in Barcelona is both Gothic and Victorian.Regional variations - France The distinctive characteristic of French cathedrals, and those in Germany and poem that were strongly influenced by them, is their height and their impression of verticality. They are compact, with slight or no projection of the transepts and subsidiary chapels. The west fronts are highly consistent, having three poral surmounted by a rose window, and two large towers. Sometimes there are additional towers on the transept ends. The east end is polygonal with ambulatory and sometimes a chevette of radiating chapels. In the south of France, many of the major churches are without transepts and some are without aisles.Regional differences - Building materials France - limestone. It was good for building because it was soft to cut, but got much harder when the air and rain got on it. It was usually a pale grey colour, France also had beautiful white from Caen which was perfect for making very fine carvings. England had coarse limestone, red sandstone and dark green Purbeck marble which was often used for architectural aecseront like thin columns. In Italy, limestone was used for city walls and castles, but brick was used for other buildings. Because Italy had lots of beautiful marble in many different colours, many buildings have fronts or "facades" decorated in coloured marble. Some churches have very rough brick facades because the marble was never put on. Florence Cathedral, for example, did not get its marble facade until the 1800s. In some parts of Europe, there were many tall straight trees that were good for making very large roofs. But in England, by the 1400s, the long straight trees were running out. Many of the trees were used for building ships. The architects had to think of a new way to make a wide roof from short pieces of timber. That is how they invented the hammer-beam roofs which are one of the beautiful features seen in many old English churches.‘aie Show Span meer Bas To + Hammer-beam roof: consists of a series of trusses, repeated at intervals, * and its object is to transmit the weight and thrust of the roof as low as possible in the supporting wallRegional variations -British The thing that makes English cathedrals different from the others is that they are long, and look horizontal English cathedrals nearly all took hundreds of years to build, and every part is in a style that is quite different to the next part. (Only salisbury Cathedral was not built in lots of styles.) The West window is very large and is never a rose window. The west front may have two towers like a French Cathedral, or none. There is nearly always a tower at the middle of the building, which may have a big spire. The distinctive English east end is square, but it may take a completely different form. Both internally and externally, the stonework is often richly decorated with carvings, particularly the capitals.Regional variations -ltaly The plan is usually regular and symmetrical. With the exception of Milan Cathedral which is Germanic in style, Italian cathedrals have few and widely spaced columns. The proportions are generally mathematically simple, based on the square, and except in Venice where they loved flamboyant arches, the arches are almost always equilateral. Colours and moldings define the architectural units rather than blending them. Italian cathedral facades are often polychrome and may include mosaics in the lunettes over the doors.Italy Haled Gothic cathedrals use lots of colour, both outside and inside. On the outside, the facade is often decorated with marble. On the inside, the walls are often painted plaster. The columns and arches are often decorated with bright coloured paint. There are also mosaics with gold backgrounds and beautifully tiled floors is geometric patterns. The facades often have an open porch with a wheel windows above it. There is often a dome at the centre of the building. The bell tower is hardly ever attached to the building, because Italy has quite a few earthquakes. The windows are not as large as in northern and, althoush : stained glass windows are ohen Ie found, the favorite way of decorating the churches is fresco (wallRegional variations -ltaly The facades have projecting open porches and occular or wheel windows rather than roses, and do not usually have a tower. The crossing is usually surmounted by a dome. There is often a free-standing tower and baptistry. The eastern end usually has an apse of comparatively low projection. The windows are not as large as in northern Europe and, although stained glass windows are often found, the favourite narrative medium for the interior is the fresco. The distinctive characteristic of Italian Gothic is the use of polychrome decoration, both externally as marble veneer on the brick facade and also internally where the arches are often made of alternating black and white segments, and where the columns may be painted red, the walls decorated with frescoes and the apse with mosaic.