Optical Fibre Technology
Basic System Components
Darryl Otzen
Regional Technical Marketing Manager
Fibre Optics
Types of Optical Fibre
core cladding buffer/Coating
n2 =1.517
100 µm 140µm 250...900 µm
multimode fibre n1=1.527
step index N.A.
SI 100/140
0.28
n2 =1.540
multimode fibre 62.5 µm 125 µm 250...900 µm n1=1.540...1.562
50 µm
graded-index N.A.
GI 62.5/125
0.21
GI 50/125
n2 =1.457
9 to 12 µm 125 µm 250...900 µm
singlemode fibre n1=1.471
step index
N.A.
SI 9/125
0.13
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Types of Fibre
Singlemode Fibre 9 µm
1310/1550 nm
Multimode Fibres 50 µm 62.5 µm
850 nm 850/1300
nm
Plastic Fibres > 200 µm
660/780 nm
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Multimode step index fibre
The refractive index is uniform in the core.
Total reflection on the boundary between core and cladding.
Modes propagation Input Output
Fibre Section Index profile
Signal Signal
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Multimode graded-index fibre
Non uniform refractive index.
Sinusoidal propagation into the core
Modes propagation Input Output
Fibre Section Index profile
Signal Signal
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Singlemode step index fibre
Singlemode fibre allows only one propagation mode for the light.
High performance with respect to bandwidth and attenuation.
Modes propagation Input Output
Fibre Section Index profile
Signal Signal
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Singlemode fibre types
ITU-T G.652 Singlemode fibre
ITU-T G.653 Dispersion Shifted Singlemode fibre
ITU-T G.655 Non Zero Dispersion Shifted Singlemode fibre
ITU-T G.656 Non Zero Dispersion Shifted for Wideband use
ITU-T G.657 Bend Insensitive Single Mode fibre
Polarization Maintaining fibre
Dispersion Compensating fibre
Doped fibre
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Connector types
▪ FC connector
– Ceramic ferrule (Ø 2.5 mm)
– Screw mechanism with key –aligned
– Mainly used with singlemode fibers
▪ SC connector
– Ceramic ferrule (Ø 2.5 mm)
– Push-Pull latching mechanism
– Mainly used with singlemode fibers
▪ LC connector
– Ceramic ferrule (Ø 1.25 mm)
– Push-Pull latching mechanism
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Connector types
▪ ST connector
– Ceramic ferrule (Ø 2.5 mm)
– Twist-lock mechanism
– Mainly used with multimode fibers
▪ E2000 connector
– Ceramic ferrule (Ø 2.5 mm)
– Push-Pull latching mechanism with a
protective cap over the ferrule
▪ DIN connector
– Ceramic ferrule (Ø 2.5 mm)
– Anti-rotation keyed
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End face Geometry
▪ PC (Physical Contact) connectors are often called ‘flat’
connectors, as the fibre endface is cleaved at a right angle,
to present a flat connection mating face.
▪ UPC (Ultra-Polish Connectors) are a sub-type of PC
connector, with a more even polish of the fibre endface to
reduce reflections. Sometimes called ‘Super PC.’
▪ APC (Angled Physical Contact) connectors are cleaved at
an 8 degree angle, which reduces reflections caused by
mating.
APC connectors are identified by a green colour coding,
either on the strain relief boot, and/or on the end cap.
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Fibre Coupling & Connector-Specs
../ PC-Connector ../ APC-Connector
0°
8°
IL = 0...0.5 dB IL = 0...0.5 dB
RL = 0.1 % = 40 dB RL = < 1ppm = >60 dB
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Fibre Coupling & Mismatching
PC - APC Connection APC - PC Connection
0° 8° 8° 0°
IL = 3...7 dB IL = 3...7 dB
RL = <14 dB RL = 30...40 dB
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LED vs Laser Diode
Characteristics LEDs Lasers
Linearly proportional to drive Proportional to current above the
Output Power
current threshold
Current Drive Current: 50 to 100 mA Peak Threshold Current: 5 to 40 mA
Speed Slower Faster
Wavelengths Available 0.66 to 1.65 µm 0.78 to 1.65 µm
Narrower (0.00001 nm to 10 nm
Spectral Width Wider (40-190 nm FWHM)
FWHM)
Fiber Type MM SM, MM
Ease of Use Easier Harder
Lifetime Longer Long
Cost Low High
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LED vs Laser Diode
Spectral Width Comparison
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LED Types
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Laser Diodes
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FP Laser vs DWDM grid
8 emission lines
of 8 different DFB lasers
Sideband lines of a single
Fabry-Perot laser
ITU-T
grid
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Laser Diode Chirp
Laser “Chirp” is caused by the fluctuating drive
I
current. 2
Optical Power P
I1
Is Current I
Wavelength
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Detectors
S
(A/W)
InGaAs
1.0
Si
0.5
Ge
T
850 1310 1550 (nm)
Different semiconductor material for different applications:
short range: Si = Silicon
long range: Ge = Germanium
InGaAs = Indium Gallium Arsenide
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