PRACTICAL 4

DEVELOPMENT OF FINGERPRINTS USING PHYSICAL TECHNIQUES

Aim: To develop and lift latent fingerprints on non-porous surfaces using powder technique.

Materials required: Black powder, pink fluorescent powder, white powder, ostrich feather
brush, fiberglass brush, fingerprint lifting tape, backing material, gloves, mask and cotton.

Theory:
The powder method of development is the oldest method of developing latent fingerprints
and it dates back to the 19th century. It is the simplest and the most commonly used
procedure for developing latent fingerprints. It is used on dry and non-porous surfaces. Over
the years, various organic and inorganic materials have been used to make powders. Powder
development process is the physical or mechanical method of development. It relies on the
mechanical adherence of fingerprint powder particles to the moisture and oily components of
skin ridge deposits. The powder is applied on the fingerprints with the help of a brush. There
are four types of fingerprint powders. They are: regular, luminescent, magnetic, nano-
particles and metallic powders. Following are the most commonly used fingerprint powder
formulas:

1. Black fingerprint powders –

· Ferric oxide powder:

Black ferric oxide 50%
Rosin 25%
Lampblack 25%
· Manganese dioxide powder:
Manganese dioxide 45%
Black ferric oxide 25%
Lampblack 25%
Rosin 5%
· Lampblack powder:
Lampblack 60%
Rosin 25%
Fuller’s earth 15%
 2. White fingerprint powders –

· Titanium oxide powder:

Titanium oxide 60%
Talc 20%
Kaolin lenis 20%
· Chalk titanium oxide powder:
Chalk 15%
Kaolin lenis 15%
Titanium oxide 70%
3. Grey fingerprint powders -
· Chemist grey powder:
Chemist grey 80%
Aluminium powder 20%
· Lead carbonate powder:
Lead carbonate 80%
Gum Arabic15%
Aluminium powder 3%
Lampblack 2%

Development Procedure:

1. Gloves and mask were worn for safety.

2.Required amount of aluminium powder was taken in a bowl.

3. The tips of bristles of brush was dipped into the powder.

4. The brush loaded with powder was brushed onto the surface.

5. The brush was moved in the direction of the ridges that began to appear.

6. Powder was brushed onto ridges until sufficient clarity of the latent print was achieved.

7. Excess powder was cleaned from between ridges using brush.

8. The developed print was photographed.

9. The steps 2 to 8 was also done with fluorescent powder.

Lifting Procedure:

1. Clear lifting tape was obtained from the roll in one swift pull.
2. The required amount of tape was cut and the plastic cover was removed to get the
adhesive tape.
3. The tape was applied on the developed print in upward direction making sure no air
bubbles were trapped.
4. The tape was slightly pressed onto the print to ensure the tape has stuck to the print.
5. The tape was then peeled in downward direction and placed onto suitable backing
material.

Conclusion:
The latent fingerprints on the non-porous surface were successfully developed using
black powder, white powder and fluorescent powder. The developed prints were lifted using
tape lifting method.

Precautions:
1. Avoid using excess powder.
2. The powder must be in contrast to the surface and the backing material must be in contrast
to the powder used.
3. Ensure no air bubbles are present while applying the tape.
4. Gloves and mask must be worn.
ON THE BLANK SIDE STICK THE DEVELOPED AND LIFTED
FINGERPRINT
 PRACTICAL 5
EXAMINATION OF SECURITY FEATURES OF INDIAN CURRENCY
NOTES.
Aim: To study the security features in Indian bank notes of denomination 500.

Materials Required: Bank notes (500), UV chamber, magnifying lens, stereomicroscope.

Theory:

In India, paper money was introduced in 1770 by the Bank of Hindustan, Calcutta. In
India, Printing of currency notes was first started by the Government Security Press, Nasik
which was established in 1928. Presently there are four units which include Indian Security
Press, Nasik, Bank Note Press, Dewas, New Bank Note Press, Mysore and New Bank Note
Press, Salboni (WB) The Security Paper for the manufacture of bank notes is manufactured
by Security Paper Mill, Hoshangabad (Madhya Pradesh). The Reserve Bank of India has the
sole authority to issue banknotes in India. The Reserve Bank, like other central banks over
the world, changes the design of banknotes from time to time in order to prevent them from
regular counterfeiting. The Reserve Bank has introduced banknotes in the Mahatma Gandhi
Series since 1996 and has so far issued notes in the denominations of Rs. 5, Rs. 10, Rs. 20,
Rs. 50, Rs. 100, Rs. 500, Rs. 1000 and Rs. 2000 in this series.

The currency notes contain distinct easily recognizable security features to facilitate
the detection of genuine notes. The security features include:
Security Features of Indian Bank Notes:

1. Watermark: Watermarks are designs created in banknotes during the manufacturing

process by altering the distribution of fibers within a designated space. The RBI banknotes
feature the Mahatma Gandhi watermark, the words 'RBI' arranged vertically across
Mahatma Gandhi’s portrait, along with the denominational numeral situated near the serial
number and an electrotype mark displaying the denominational numeral is present in the
watermark window of each denomination banknote next to the Mahatma Gandhi’s
watermark, observable under transmitted light.
2. Security thread: Security threads are embedded into the paper during the early stages of
banknote production. The security thread in silver color found in banknotes of ₹10, ₹20,
₹50, ₹100, ₹200, and ₹500 denominations is windowed on the front side, divided into six
segments, and fully embedded on the reverse side. The security threads feature the
inscriptions 'भारत' in Hindi and RBI in English on the ₹100, ₹200, and ₹500 notes,
exhibiting an exclusive color shift. When exposed to ultraviolet light, the thread fluoresces
in yellow.

3. Latent Image: A latent image is positioned in the vertical band adjacent to Mahatma
Gandhi’s portrait (on the right side). This latent image displays the respective
denominational value. The value becomes visible only when the banknote is held
horizontally with light shining on it; otherwise, this feature appears solely as a vertical band.

4. Micro-lettering: Micro lettering are tiny inscriptions that are discernible only under a
microscope or with the aid of a hand lens/magnifier. This characteristic is present at various
locations on the banknotes

5. Identification Mark: To assist visually impaired individuals, identification marks have

been incorporated into RBI banknotes, each featuring distinct geometrical shapes
corresponding to different denominations. The identification mark is printed using intaglio
printing, also referred to as raised printing, allowing the printing to be tactile and felt by
touch.

6. Optically Variable Ink: This security feature was integrated into the banknotes with a
revised color scheme introduced in November 2000. In ₹200 and ₹500 notes, the
denomination is printed on the obverse using optically variable ink, also known as color-
shifting ink. When the note is held flat, the numeral appears green, but it shifts to blue when
the note is tilted.

7. See through Register: The see through register appears as a small floral design on the
obverse and reverse of the banknotes. The precise alignment in a back-to-back manner
creates the impression of a unified numeral when the note is viewed against light.

8. Omron feature: Omron features, also referred to as anti-copying features, are incorporated
into banknotes to prevent photocopying. These features, resembling small circles, are
introduced on both the obverse and reverse sides of the banknote.
 9. Optical fibers: Optical fibers are coloured strands integrated into the cotton pulp during
the paper manufacturing process. Authentic banknotes typically feature dual-colored optical
fibers and come in three colors: blue, yellow, and green. When viewed under ultraviolet
light, the fibers exhibit fluorescence.

10. Bleed lines: Angular bleed lines, used by the visually impaired, are incorporated into
banknotes along the upper left and right edges of the obverse side. These lines are also
printed using intaglio printing and can be felt by touching.
[A] Observation
Rupees 500:
OBVERSE
● The colour is stone grey.
● Size of the note is 66mm x 150mm.
● See through register with denominational numeral 500.
● Latent image with denominational numeral ₹500.
● ₹500 in Devnagari script.
● Guarantee clause, Governor’s signature and RBI emblem.
● Windowed security thread with inscriptions ‘भारत’and ‘RBI’ in optically variable ink.
● Five bleed lines on left and right side of the note in raised print.
● Number panel with numerals growing from small to big on the top left side and bottom
right side.
● Denominational numeral with Rupee Symbol, ₹500 in colour changing ink (green to blue)
on bottom right.
● Ashoka Pillar emblem on the right Mahatma Gandhi portrait.
● For visually impaired Intaglio or raised printing of Reserve Bank of India, Ashoka Pillar
emblem, bleed lines and identification mark.
● Identification mark is a circle with₹500 in raised print.
● Watermark of ‘Mahatma Gandhi’, ‘500’ on the right near the Ashoka pillar emblem,
‘RBI’ across Mahatma Gandhi portrait vertically and ‘500’ near the left upper corner.
● Omron feature above Mahatma Gandhi portrait.
● Micro letterings are present at:
1. ‘RBI’, ‘500’ and ‘भारत’ around the serial no.
2. ‘RBI’, ‘500’and INDIA on the left corner.
3. ‘RBI’and ‘भारत’ on Mahatma Gandhi’s collar and spectacle frame.
 ● Fluorescence was seen in the serial number, security thread and around the security
thread.
REVERSE
• Two latent images of ‘INDIA’ on the left and right side of
पाांचसौŜ पये.
• Swatch Bharat logo with Slogan.
• Year of printing of the note on the left.
• Three latent images of ‘500’ above the language panel.
• Language panel towards the centre.
• Motif of Red Fort.
• Denominational numeral ₹500 in Devnagari script.
• Latent image of ‘500’ in the semi-circle at the right side.
• Omron feature near the motif of Red Fort.
• Micro letterings are present at:
1. ‘500’ and ‘INDIA’ horizontally on left side and right side of Red Fort.
2. ‘INDIA’ and ‘Bharat’ at the centre of Red Fort and near the dome.
3. ‘500’, ‘RBI’ and ‘भारत’ around the national flag.
4. ‘500’ and ‘RBI’ in the semi-circle at the right side.
• Fluorescence was seen in the national flag and microfibers.

Conclusion:
The security features in Indian bank notes of denomination 500 were identified successfully.

STICK THE IMAGES IN THE BLANK SIDE AND LABEL THEM

Obverse view of rupees 500.

Micro lettering on spectacles of Mahatma Gandhi’s Portrait

Micro lettering, See through register and 500 in Devnagari script

Reverse view of rupees 500.

Micro lettering on the Motif

Swatch Bharat symbol

Under UV 365nm obverse side

Under UV 365nm reverse side