a. Define "Ping." Discuss a traditional data communication system.
b. What is a channel? Briefly discuss the major impairments introduced in a communication system.
c. Show the relationship between antenna length, frequency, and wavelength.
d. Why is a low-frequency signal not feasible to send through an antenna?
e. Define "Page." Concisely point out the process of how a cellular telephone call is made.
a. Define "Roamer." Calculate the required length of a dipole antenna for a carrier frequency of 900 MHz and analyze
their relationship.
b. Why is a cell hexagonal in shape? Out of 7, 13, 14, and 19, which of these is not a valid cluster size? Justify your
answer.
c. Define "handoff." Describe the handoff strategies.
a. Define "MSC." Discuss a cellular system and its working principles.
b. Define "GOS." Discuss different trunked systems and their differences.
c. Describe small-scale and large-scale fading in the free-space propagation model. Calculate the aperture area if
the antenna gain is 20 dB, the wavelength is 6 m, and the efficiency is 10%.
a. Define control channel, handoff, roamer, and transceiver.
b. Write a short note on frequency division duplexing and time division duplexing.
c. Explain paging systems with a proper diagram.
a. How does an MS (Mobile Station) attach to the network when it is switched on?
b. Describe how the BSC (Base Station Controller) handles MS connections.
c. Illustrate the handover process between cells controlled by the same BSC.
a. Define MSISDN, IMEI, and LAI.
b. Describe the procedures for a call to an MS from the PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network).
a. Illustrate the MS authentication process in the GSM system.
b. Define VLR. What are the main functions of the VLR in a GSM system?
c. Write a brief discussion on the MSC function in the GSM system.
a) What are the key advantages of 4G technology compared to 3G?
b) Explain the 2.5G TDMA standards for GSM technology.
c) Why is frequency reuse critical in wireless communication? Explain a method for identifying a co-channel cell in a
cellular system.
a) Describe the process of Location Area (LA) updating when a mobile station (MS) moves.
b) Enumerate the stages of the GSM transmission process, providing descriptions and figures for the first four
stages.
a) List the components of the Switching System, Network Monitoring Center, and Base Station System in GSM
architecture.
b) With a proper diagram, explain the architecture of the GSM system.
a) Provide the names of different digital modulation techniques.
b) Describe the BPSK receiver with a carrier recovery circuit.
c) Illustrate the block diagram of a frequency hopping system with a single channel module.
a) Define Erlang. How many users can be supported with 40 channels at a 2% blocking probability? Assume H=105 s,
λ=1 call/hour.
b) What is a Guard Band, and what is its purpose? Explain how TDMA works with the help of a diagram.
c) How beam forms in Smart Antennas. Discuss the impact of cluster size on system capacity.
a) Define ping. Discuss the characteristics on which the effectiveness of data communication depends.
b) Write the differences between data and information. Explain different modes of communication between two
devices.
c) Discuss the following concepts (any two):
i. Cell splitting
ii. Handoff
iii. Trunking System
a) How does the EM wave propagate? What is the difference between a transmitter and a transceiver?
b) Describe the elements of a communication system with a block diagram.
c) What is an antenna? How does it function?
a) Why was wireless broadcasting of television signals replaced by cable television? Write the advantages of wireless
communication.
b) Calculate the required length of a dipole antenna whose carrier wave is 300 MHz. Why is low-frequency signal
transmission not feasible through an antenna?
c) Define cluster. Why is each cell hexagonal in shape? Out of 5, 9, 11, and 19, which of them is not a valid cluster
size? Justify your answer.
a) Define GOS. Prove that for a hexagonal geometry, the co-channel reuse ratio is given by Q=3N,where N=i2+ij+j2Q
= \sqrt{3N}, \text{where } N = i^2 + ij + j^2Q=3N,where N=i2+ij+j2.
b) What is the maximum system capacity (total and per channel) in Erlangs when providing a 2% blocking
probability with 40 channels and 20 channels respectively?
c) What is fading? Discuss small-scale and large-scale fading with examples.
(a) What is the frequency planning in cellular systems? Draw frequency reuse pattern locating the co-channels for
N=4N = 4N=4, where N=i2+ij+j2N = i^2 + ij + j^2 N=i2+ij+j2.
(b) Discuss the two major types of cellular interference. How can we address these issues in the cellular system?
(c) Calculate the antenna gain (in dB) where the aperture area is 20 sq. m, the wavelength is 200 cm, and the
efficiency is 80%.
(a) Define link budget. Discuss the parameters of the link budget with a proper diagram.
(b) The far field distance for a transmitter antenna is 600m, where the largest carrier wavelength is 6mHz. Find the
linear dimension of the antenna aperture.
(c) Explain Guard band and its purpose? Write the difference(s) between FDMA, CDMA, and TDMA.
(a) What is GSM? Concisely describe the concepts of GSM architecture and how it works.
(b) Explain different interfaces used in GSM. Write the services that GSM provides.
(c) Shortly explain how a cellular call is made and received.
(a) Briefly describe 5G technology and its advantages.
(b) Define smart antennas. Why do we need smart antennas?
(c) How does a smart antenna work? Discuss the leveraging technologies applied in smart antennas.
a) Explain jitter in data communication. Discuss wireless communication system using diagram.
(b) Briefly describe radio wave propagation and its types. How does antenna work?
(c) Show the relationship between antenna length, frequency, and wavelength. Discuss the following terms:
i. Frequency reuse
ii. Handoff
a) What is ping? Briefly discuss data communication considering its different components.
b) Considering free space propagation model, derive the relationship between gain of antenna and its effective
aperture.
c) Briefly explain paging system. Find the far field distance for a transmitter antenna, where the largest linear
dimension of the antenna aperture is 500 cm and carrier wavelength of 1/4 m.
a) Define cell. Why cell is hexagonal in shape? Out of 7, 13, 14, and 19, which of them is not a valid cluster size?
Justify your answer.
b) Draw the architecture of a cellular system and shortly describe the main operation.
c) Discuss the two major types of cellular interference. How can we address these issues in cellular system?
