CHAPTER I

PAST PERFECT TENSE

Past Perfect

FORM

[had + past participle]

Examples:

 You had studied English before you moved to New York.

 Had you studied English before you moved to New York?
 You had not studied English before you moved to New York.

USE 1 Completed Action Before Something in the Past

The Past Perfect expresses the idea that something occurred before another action in the past.
It can also show that something happened before a specific time in the past.

Examples:

 I had never seen such a beautiful beach before I went to Kauai.

 I did not have any money because I had lost my wallet.
 Tony knew Istanbul so well because he had visited the city several times.
 Had Susan ever studied Thai before she moved to Thailand?
 She only understood the movie because she had read the book.
 Kristine had never been to an opera before last night.
 We were not able to get a hotel room because we had not booked in advance.
 A: Had you ever visited the U.S. before your trip in 2006?
B: Yes, I had been to the U.S. once before.

USE 2 Duration Before Something in the Past (Non-Continuous Verbs)

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With Non-Continuous Verbs and some non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, we use the Past
Perfect to show that something started in the past and continued up until another action in the
past.

Examples:

 We had had that car for ten years before it broke down.
 By the time Alex finished his studies, he had been in London for over eight years.
 They felt bad about selling the house because they had owned it for more than forty
years.

Although the above use of Past Perfect is normally limited to Non-Continuous Verbs and
non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, the words "live," "work," "teach," and "study" are
sometimes used in this way even though they are NOT Non-Continuous Verbs.

IMPORTANT Specific Times with the Past Perfect

Unlike with the Present Perfect, it is possible to use specific time words or phrases with the
Past Perfect. Although this is possible, it is usually not necessary.

Example:

 She had visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved in with them in
1996.

MOREOVER

If the Past Perfect action did occur at a specific time, the Simple Past can be used instead of
the Past Perfect when "before" or "after" is used in the sentence. The words "before" and
"after" actually tell you what happens first, so the Past Perfect is optional. For this reason,
both sentences below are correct.

Examples:

 She had visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved in with them in
1996.
 She visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved in with them in
1996.

HOWEVER

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If the Past Perfect is not referring to an action at a specific time, Past Perfect is not optional.
Compare the examples below. Here Past Perfect is referring to a lack of experience rather
than an action at a specific time. For this reason, Simple Past cannot be used.

Examples:

 She never saw a bear before she moved to Alaska. Not Correct
 She had never seen a bear before she moved to Alaska. Correct

ADVERB PLACEMENT

The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never,
ever, still, just, etc.

Examples:

 You had previously studied English before you moved to New York.
 Had you previously studied English before you moved to New York.

A) Supply a suitable SIMPLE PAST or PAST PERFECT TENSE:

1. I ………………………. (worry) a lot about her before I ………………………..

(hear) that she was safe.
2. I I didn’t like the flat. It …………………….. (be) much smaller than I
………………….. (think) at first.
3. He told us he ………………………….. (shoot) a big tiger.
4. They ……………………….. (drink) tea after they ……………………………….
(finish) dinner.
5. She ……………. just ……………….. (fold) the pink apron and placed it in a table
drawer when the door …………………………… (open) and Joe ……………….
(enter).
6. The police wanted to know why he …………………………….. (bring) a gun to
school.
7. After he ………………………………. (work) at the hospital for two years he
………….. (decide) to give up the job.
8. When I …………………………. (arrive) at the party John ……………. already
……….. (go) home.
9. We ………………………… (wait) until the match ……………………………..
(finish).
10. They …………………………… (leave) the room before the meeting
…………………… (finish).
11. I ……………………………….. (buy) a new camera before I …………………. (go)
to London.
12. I ……………….. just ………………… (turn off) the lights when the telephone
………… (ring).

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B) Supply a suitable SIMPLE PAST or PAST PERFECT TENSE:

1. …………. he …………….. (know) her for a long time before they

……………………… (get) married?
2. He ………………………………. (drive) down the hotel where they
……………………. (spend) their honeymoon years ago.
3. When we ………………………… (get) to the station the train
…………………………... (already / leave).
4. He …………………………. (sit) at a table by the window where he
…………………….. (have) a meal with Jane.
5. Why ………………. he ………………… (not / ask) her to wait and think again
before she ………………………….. (leave) Paris.
6. He was wondering why he ………………………………… (let) her leave so easily.
7. He knew he ………………………………… (earn) that money with a great difficulty.
8. After they …………………………… (go), he …………………….. (sit) down and
……………………… (light) a cigarette.
9. He ………………………….. (have to) go to work by bus because his car
………………. (break) down.
10. He …………………………… (angry) before he ……………………… (hear) my
offer.

C) Supply a suitable SIMPLE PAST or PAST PERFECT TENSE:

1. They ……………………………. (go) home after they …………………………..

(finish) their work.
2. She ………………………………….. (just / go) out when I called her.
3. My brother ………………………………. (eat) all the pie before we got back.
4. He wondered why I …………………………………………. (not / visit) him before.
5. She said that she ……………………………………………. (already / see) the
Pyramids.
6. The fire ………………………………………….. (spread) to the next building before
the firemen ………………………………………….. (arrive).
7. They drank small cups of coffee, after they ……………………………………….
(finish) dinner.
8. He told me he ……………………………………………….. (catch) a young lion.
9. His mother …………………………………………. (worry) a lot about him before
she ……………………………………… (hear) that he was asfe.
10. He ……………………………………………….. (already / learn) English before he
…………………………………………. (leave) for England, but before he arrived in
England, he ……………………………………… (forget) some.
11. Mary ………………………………………….. (go) swimming after she
…………………
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 (come) home. After she ………………………………… (swim), she
…………………….
(call) her friend Judy.
12. I ……………………………………… (go) to the theatre with my friends yesterday. I
……………………………… (not / go) to the theatre for a year. We
…………………….. (have) a very good time.
13. After they ……………………………… (finish) their breakfast, they
…………………… (leave) for school.
14. Linda ……………………………………. (play) tennis after she
………………………… (do) her homework.
15. My father ……………………………. (water) the flowers after he
………………………. (clean) the car. After he …………………………………..
(water) the flowers, he …………………………….. (have) dinner.

D) Combine the following sentences by using AFTER / BEFORE:

1. My mother took her umbrella. She went out.

……………………………………………………………………………………….
2. Frank called me. I went to school.
……………………………………………………………………………………….
3. I washed the dishes. I watched TV.
………………………………………………………………………………………
4. She washed her hands. She had lunch.
………………………………………………………………………………………
5. The boys bought a ball. They played football.
………………………………………………………………………………………
6. My mother made a cake. The guests came.
………………………………………………………………………………………
7. He put sugar in his tea. He drank it.
………………………………………………………………………………………
8. I got up. I had breakfast.
………………………………………………………………………………………
9. The children ran away. They broke the window.
……………………………………………………………………………………..
10. I fastened my seat belt. The plane took off.
……………………………………………………………………………………..

Past Perfect Continuous

FORM

[had been + present participle]

Examples:

 You had been waiting there for more than two hours when she finally arrived.

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  Had you been waiting there for more than two hours when she finally arrived?
 You had not been waiting there for more than two hours when she finally arrived.

USE 1 Duration Before Something in the Past

We use the Past Perfect Continuous to show that something started in the past and continued
up until another time in the past. "For five minutes" and "for two weeks" are both durations
which can be used with the Past Perfect Continuous. Notice that this is related to the Present
Perfect Continuous; however, the duration does not continue until now, it stops before
something else in the past.

Examples:

 They had been talking for over an hour before Tony arrived.
 She had been working at that company for three years when it went out of business.
 How long had you been waiting to get on the bus?
 Mike wanted to sit down because he had been standing all day at work.
 James had been teaching at the university for more than a year before he left for
Asia.
 A: How long had you been studying Turkish before you moved to Ankara?
B: I had not been studying Turkish very long.

USE 2 Cause of Something in the Past

Using the Past Perfect Continuous before another action in the past is a good way to show
cause and effect.

Examples:

 Jason was tired because he had been jogging.

 Sam gained weight because he had been overeating.
 Betty failed the final test because she had not been attending class.

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Past Continuous vs. Past Perfect Continuous

If you do not include a duration such as "for five minutes," "for two weeks" or "since Friday,"
many English speakers choose to use the Past Continuous rather than the Past Perfect
Continuous. Be careful because this can change the meaning of the sentence. Past Continuous
emphasizes interrupted actions, whereas Past Perfect Continuous emphasizes a duration of
time before something in the past. Study the examples below to understand the difference.

Examples:

 He was tired because he was exercising so hard.

This sentence emphasizes that he was tired because he was exercising at that exact
moment.
 He was tired because he had been exercising so hard.
This sentence emphasizes that he was tired because he had been exercising over a
period of time. It is possible that he was still exercising at that moment OR that he
had just finished.

REMEMBER Non-Continuous Verbs / Mixed Verbs

It is important to remember that Non-Continuous Verbs cannot be used in any continuous

tenses. Also, certain non-continuous meanings for Mixed Verbs cannot be used in continuous
tenses. Instead of using Past Perfect Continuous with these verbs, you must use Past Perfect.

Examples:

 The motorcycle had been belonging to George for years before Tina bought it. Not
Correct
 The motorcycle had belonged to George for years before Tina bought it. Correct

ADVERB PLACEMENT

The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never,
ever, still, just, etc.

Examples:

 You had only been waiting there for a few minutes when she arrived.
 Had you only been waiting there for a few minutes when she arrived?

A) Fill in the following sentences by using PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE:

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 1. We ………………………………………………… (play) football for half an hour
when it started to rain.
2. I …………………………………………………. (study) English for a short time
when the electricity went off.
3. She ……………………………………………… (do) her homework before you came
in.
4. His knees and hands were very dirty. He …………………………………………..
(crawl) in the garden.
5. I ……………………………………………… (drive) the car for five years when I
sold it.
6. We were very tired. We ………………………………………………. (travel) for
about sixteen hours.
7. They were out of breath. They ……………………………………………… (run) for a
long time.
8. He ……………………………………………. (live) in London for ten years when he
had an accident.
9. He was tired because he ……………………………………………….. (write) letters
all morning.
10. He …………………………………………….. (repair) the radio for an hour when you
arrived.

B) Fill in the following sentences by using PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE:

1. I was tired because I …………………………………………. (type) for a long time.

2. Her boss was very angry with her because she ………………………………………….
(come) to work very late.
3. I didn’t know about the earthquake because I ………………………………………
(not / watch) television.
4. She was too fat because she …………………………………………….. (not / keep)
her doctor’s advice.
5. I took my car to the garage because the brakes
……………………………………………. (not / work).
6. She had to go to the dentist because she ………………………………………. (not /
clean) her teeth.
7. He got bad marks because he …………………………………………… (not / study)
hard.
8. She wasn’t at home. She ……………………………………………. (go) out with her
boyfriend.
9. I thought I …………………………………………………… (behave) like an ididot.
10. He ……………………………………………….. (study) English) very hard for the
last few days.

C) Fill in the following sentences by using PAST PERFECT or PAST PERFECT

CONTINUOUS TENSE:

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I'm sorry I left without you last night, but I told you to meet me early because the show
started at 8:00. I (try) to get tickets for that play for months, and I didn't want to
miss it. By the time I finally left the coffee shop where we were supposed to meet, I (have)
five cups of coffee and I (wait) over an hour. I had to leave
because I (arrange) to meet Kathy in front of the theater.

When I arrived at the theater, Kathy (pick, already) up the tickets and she
was waiting for us near the entrance. She was really angry because she (wait)
for more than half an hour. She said she (give, almost) up and (go)
into the theater without us.

Kathy told me you (be) late several times in the past and that she would not
make plans with you again in the future. She mentioned that she (miss) several
movies because of your late arrivals. I think you owe her an apology. And in the future, I
suggest you be on time!

D) Fill in the following sentences by using PAST PERFECT or PAST PERFECT

CONTINUOUS TENSE:

1. Peter was Sally's best friend. She (know) him all her life.
2. The children were wet because they (play) football in the rain.

3. We were very hungry because we (not / eat).

4. I was delighted when I found my keys. I (look) for them for hours.

5. She was exhausted because she (work) since eight o'clock that
morning.

6. Everything was white because it (snow).

7. The passengers were cross because the airline (lose) everyone's bags.

8. I (not / see) Jacob for several years, but I recognised him immediately.

E) Fill in the following sentences by using PAST PERFECT or PAST PERFECT

CONTINUOUS TENSE:

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 1. He (marry) her two years before we met.
2. I (want / always) to travel that's why I was delighted to go abroad with
them.
3. She was no stranger to him. They (be introduced) to each other a few
days before.
4. We (stay) there since 1980, you know.
5. I (stay / never) in London before. How expensive hotels are !
6. Did I tell you that when I saw you, I realised that we (meet / already) ?
7. James told me you (buy) the old vicarage two years before your son's
birth.
8. I wish we (buy) it before.
CHAPTER II
QUESTIONS
Types of questions

There are two types of questions:

 Yes or no questions
 Wh questions

Yes-no questions

Yes or no questions are questions whose expected answer is either "yes" or "no".

How to form yes-no questions

In English, a special word order (Verb Subject Object) is used to form yes-no questions.

Examples:

Affirmative Yes or No Question

They are American Are they American?

She is nice Is she nice?

The rules

1. If the main verb of the sentence is "to be", simply invert the subject and the verb to be:

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Examples:

 They are American. — Are they American?

 They are nice. — Are they nice?

2. If the sentence includes a main verb and another or other helping (auxiliary) verb(s), invert
the subject and the (first) helping (auxiliary) verb.

Examples:

 They are visiting Paris. — Are they visiting Paris?

 She has done the housework. — Has she done the housework
 Nancy has been working all night long. — Has Nancy been working all night long?
 He will be reading the book. — Will he be reading the book?

3. If the sentence includes a verb which is not the verb "to be" and doesn't include a helping
(auxiliary) verb, the transformation is more complex.

a. If the verb is in the present tense, add either do or does and put the main verb in its base
form:

 do if the subject is the first person singular, second person singular, first person
plural, second person plural and third person plural (I, you, we, they)
Examples:
I like apples. — Do you like apples?
They go to a high school. — Do they go to a high school?
 does if the subject is the third person singular (he, she, it).
Examples:
Nancy reads a lot. — Does Nancy read a lot?
He hates basketball. — Does he hate basketball?

b.If the verb is in the past tense, add did and put the main verb in its base form:

Examples:

 He discovered the truth. — Did he discover the truth?

 She wrote a nice essay. — Did she write a nice essay?
 They did the homework. — Did they do the homework?

A) Transform these sentences into a yes or no question

1. He loves this town.

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 2. They like soccer.

3. She can drive a lorry.

4. They are nice.

5. They went to the swimming pool.

6. She wastes her money on jewelery.

7. He decided to leave his wife.

8. She wakes up early.

9. They should revise their lessons.

10. He was born in this town.

Wh questions (Question Words)

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Question words

Question words are also called wh questions because they include the letters 'W' and 'H'.

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 Question
Meaning Examples
words
who person Who's that? That's Nancy.
where place Where do you live? In Boston
Why do you sleep early? Because I've got to get
why reason
up early
when time When do you go to work? At 7:00
How do you go? By car
how manner
How can I learn English quickly?
what object, idea or action What do you do? I am an engineer
which choice Which one do you prefer? The red one.
whose possession Whose is this book? It's Alan's.
what kind description What kind of music do you like? I like quiet songs
what time time What time did you come home?
how many quantity (countable) How many students are there? There are twenty.
amount, price
how much How much time have we got? Ten minutes
(uncountable)
How long did you stay in that hotel? For two
how long duration, length
weeks.
how often frequency How often do you go to the gym? Twice a week.
how far distance How far is your school? It's one mile far.
how old age How old are you? I'm 16.
how come reason How come I didn't see you at the party?

Questions: wh-questions

Wh-questions begin with what, when, where, who, whom, which, whose, why and how. We
use them to ask for information. The answer cannot be yes or no:

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A:When do you finish college?
B:Next year.
A:Who is your favourite actor?
B:George Clooney for sure!

Forming wh-questions

With an auxiliary verb

We usually form wh-questions with wh- + an auxiliary verb (be, do or have) + subject + main
verb or with wh- + a modal verb + subject + main verb:

Be: When are you leaving? Who’s been paying the bills?
Do: Where do they live? Why didn’t you call me?
Have: What has she done now? What have they decided?
Modal: Who would she stay with? Where should I park?

Without an auxiliary verb

Warning:

When what, who, which or whose is the subject or part of the subject, we do not use the
auxiliary. We use the word order subject + verb:

What fell off the wall? Which horse won?

Who bought this? Whose phone rang?

Compare
Who owns this Who is the subject of the sentence and this bag is the object. We use no
bag? auxiliary verb.
Who do you love Who is the object of the sentence and you is the subject. We use the
most? auxiliary verb do.

Responding to wh-questions

Wh-questions ask for information and we do not expect a yes-no answer to a wh-question. We
expect an answer which gives information:

A:Where’s the coffee machine? (We expect an answer about the location of the coffee
machine.)

B:It’s in the room next to the reception.

A:How old is your dog? (We expect an answer about the age of the dog.)
B:She’s about five. I’m not very sure.

Negative wh-questions

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When we ask negative wh-questions, we use the auxiliary verb do when there is no other
auxiliary or modal verb, even when the wh-word is the subject of the clause:

Affirmative with no auxiliary Negative with auxiliary do

Who wants an ice cream? Who doesn’t want an ice cream?
Which door opened? Which door didn’t open?

Prepositions and particles with wh-questions

We can use wh-words and phrases after prepositions in more formal questions:

Where will the money come from?

From where will the money come? (formal)

Spoken English:

In informal styles, especially in speaking, the preposition may be separated and placed at the
end of the question clause:

What will I talk to her about?

Who should we send the invitation to? (informal)

Whom should we send the invitation to? (formal)

To whom should we send the invitation? (more formal)

For what reason did she leave him? (formal: preposition + wh-phrase)

Exercises

A) Ask for the underlined part. Write the complete English question.

1. John is writing a letter.

2. She walks home from school.

3. The children are sitting in the garden.

4. Peter runs with his dog on Sundays.

5. My rabbit has a cage in the garden.

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 6. They go to work by bus.

7. David likes cats because they are nice.

8. Jenny isn't sleeping late today.

9. We are going to the cinema.

10. I'm leaving now.

11. She never cleans the van.

12. Kim and Tina are playing ball in the garden.

13. They are running home.

14. Mr Johnson has been living in Montreal for ten years.

15. Anne likes her new job very much.

16. The Barnes are planning a trip to Norway.

17. The shop will be closed until next month.

18. Beverly usually gets up at 6.30 am.

19. He can't meet Sharon because she is very ill.

20. Every evening Steven listens to his new CDs.

21. he is opening a present.

22. The boys are hiding under Tom's bed.

23. My sister prefers porridge for breakfast.

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 24. On Thursday Jack has German, history and maths.

25. Yesterday Carol and Jane went to the swimming pool.

26. The plane is landing at the airport.

27. The telephone is ringing .

28. Sarah has to stop because of a security check.

29. Andrew's new mountain bike costs €1000.

30. At sunset Peter is walking along the beach .

B) Write the correct question.

1. Speak you English? →

2. What can I for you do? →
3. Where live you? →
4. Played you football? →
5. From where do you come? →
6. Understand you the question? →
7. Does Frank works in Sheffield? →
8. What did you last Sunday? →
9. Where did Peter went? →
10. Like you Hip-Hop? →

C) Put in What, Where, Why, When, How into the gaps and form meaningful questions.

1. ………….. do you like best?

2. …………..does Bill get up in the morning?
3. ………….. don't you go by bus, Max?
4. ………….. hobbies does Andrew have?
5. ………….. do they go to every week?
6. …………..old is Mike?
7. …………… is Susan's birthday?
8. …………….are my exercise books?
9. …………… are you doing at the moment, Sally?
10. ……………… do the Robinsons live?

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 CHAPTER III

REPORTED SPEECH

Reported Statements

When do we use reported speech? Sometimes someone says a sentence, for example "I'm
going to the cinema tonight". Later, maybe we want to tell someone else what the first person
said.

We use a 'reporting verb' like 'say' or 'tell'. If this verb is in the present tense, it's easy. We just
put 'she says' and then the sentence:

 Direct speech: “I like ice cream”.

 Reported speech: She says she likes ice cream.

We don't need to change the tense, though probably we do need to change the 'person' from 'I'
to 'she', for example. We also may need to change words like 'my' and 'your'.

But, if the reporting verb is in the past tense, then usually we change the tenses in the
reported speech:

 Direct speech: “I like ice cream”.

 Reported speech: She said she liked ice cream.

Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech

present simple “I like ice cream” She said (that) she liked ice cream.
present
“I am living in London” She said she was living in London.
continuous
She said she had bought a car OR She said she
past simple “I bought a car”
bought a car.
past continuous “I was walking along the She said she had been walking along the street.

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 street”
present perfect “I haven't seen Julie” She said she hadn't seen Julie.
“I had taken English
past perfect* She said she had taken English lessons before.
lessons before”
will “I'll see you later” She said she would see me later.
would* “I would help, but..” She said she would help but...
“I can speak perfect
can She said she could speak perfect English.
English”
“I could swim when I
could* She said she could swim when she was four.
was four”
shall “I shall come later” She said she would come later.
“I should call my
should* She said she should call her mother
mother”
might* "I might be late" She said she might be late
"I must study at the She said she must study at the weekend OR She said
must
weekend" she had to study at the weekend

* doesn't change.

Occasionally, we don't need to change the present tense into the past if the information in
direct speech is still true (but this is only for things which are general facts, and even then
usually we like to change the tense):

 Direct speech: “The sky is blue”.

 Reported speech: She said that the sky is/was blue.

Reported Questions

So now you have no problem with making reported speech from positive and negative
sentences. But how about questions?

 Direct speech: "Where do you live?"

How can we make the reported speech here?

In fact, it's not so different from reported statements. The tense changes are the same, and we
keep the question word. The very important thing though is that, once we tell the question to
someone else, it isn't a question any more. So we need to change the grammar to a normal
positive sentence. Confusing? Sorry, maybe this example will help:
 Direct speech: "Where do you live?"
 Reported speech: She asked me where I lived.

Do you see how I made it? The direct question is in the present simple tense. We make a
present simple question with 'do' or 'does' so I need to take that away. Then I need to change
the verb to the past simple.
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Another example:
 Direct speech: "where is Julie?"
 Reported speech: She asked me where Julie was.

The direct question is the present simple of 'be'. We make the question form of the present
simple of be by inverting (changing the position of)the subject and verb. So, we need to
change them back before putting the verb into the past simple.

Here are some more examples:

Direct Question Reported Question

“Where is the Post Office, please?” She asked me where the Post Office was.
“What are you doing?” She asked me what I was doing.
“Who was that fantastic man?” She asked me who that fantastic man had been.

So much for 'wh' questions. But, what if you need to report a 'yes / no' question? We don't
have any question words to help us. Instead, we use 'if':
 Direct speech: "Do you like chocolate?"
 Reported speech: She asked me if I liked chocolate.

No problem? Here are a few more examples:

Direct Question Reported Question

“Do you love me?” He asked me if I loved him.
“Have you ever been to Mexico?” She asked me if I had ever been to Mexico.
“Are you living here?” She asked me if I was living here.

Reported Requests

There's more! What if someone asks you to do something (in a polite way)? For example:

 Direct speech: "Close the window, please"

 Or: "Could you close the window please?"
 Or: "Would you mind closing the window please?"

All of these requests mean the same thing, so we don't need to report every word when we
tell another person about it. We simply use 'ask me + to + infinitive':

 Reported speech: She asked me to close the window.

Here are a few more examples:

Direct Request Reported Request

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“Please help me”. She asked me to help her.
“Please don't smoke”. She asked me not to smoke.
“Could you bring my book tonight?” She asked me to bring her book that night.
“Could you pass the milk, please?” She asked me to pass the milk.
“Would you mind coming early tomorrow?” She asked me to come early the next day.

To report a negative request, use 'not':

 Direct speech: "Please don't be late."

 Reported speech: She asked us not to be late.

Reported Orders

And finally, how about if someone doesn't ask so politely? We can call this an 'order' in
English, when someone tells you very directly to do something. For example:

 Direct speech: "Sit down!"

In fact, we make this into reported speech in the same way as a request. We just use 'tell'
instead of 'ask':

 Reported speech: She told me to sit down.

Direct Order Reported Order

“Go to bed!” He told the child to go to bed.
“Don't worry!” He told her not to worry.
“Be on time!” He told me to be on time.
“Don't smoke!” He told us not to smoke.

Time Expressions with Reported Speech

Sometimes when we change direct speech into reported speech we have to change time
expressions too. We don't always have to do this, however. It depends on when we heard the
direct speech and when we say the reported speech.

For example:

It's Monday. Julie says "I'm leaving today".

If I tell someone on Monday, I say "Julie said she was leaving today".
If I tell someone on Tuesday, I say "Julie said she was leaving yesterday".
If I tell someone on Wednesday, I say "Julie said she was leaving on Monday".
If I tell someone a month later, I say "Julie said she was leaving that day".

So, there's no easy conversion. You really have to think about when the direct speech was
said.

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Here's a table of some possible conversions:

now then / at that time

today yesterday / that day / Tuesday / the 27th of June
yesterday the day before yesterday / the day before / Wednesday / the 5th of December
last night the night before, Thursday night
last week the week before / the previous week
tomorrow today / the next day / the following day / Friday

EXERCISES

A) Change the following sentences from DIRECT to INDIRECT SPEECH:

1. He said, “I will be here at noon.”

He said that he would be here at noon.
2. Mary said, “The train will probably arrive on time.”
………………………………………………………………………………………..
3. He said, “I have to finish this report by five o’clock.”
………………………………………………………………………………………..
4. The doctor said, “Mr. Smith will improve quickly.”
………………………………………………………………………………………..
5. William said to me, “I am leaving in the morning.”
………………………………………………………………………………………..
6. The teacher said, “Everyone has to write a composition.”
………………………………………………………………………………………..
7. John said, “I saw that movie on Wednesday.”
………………………………………………………………………………………..
8. Helen said, “I have read that book.”
………………………………………………………………………………………..
9. Mary said to John, “I cannot go to the movie with you.”
………………………………………………………………………………………..
10. John said, “I have finished studying my lesson.”
………………………………………………………………………………………..
11. Mary remarked, “John speaks English well.”
………………………………………………………………………………………..
12. William said to me, “I will not see Mr. Jones until Tuesday.”
………………………………………………………………………………………..
13. Mr. Smith said, “I will refuse their offer.”
……………………………………………………………………………………….
14. John said, “I certainly hope it won’t rain tomorrow.”
……………………………………………………………………………………….
15. Henry said, “I can meet them later.”
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 ……………………………………………………………………………………….
16. The boy said, “I am only eight years old.”
……………………………………………………………………………………….
17. She said to me, “The lights have gone out.”
……………………………………………………………………………………….
18. The man said, “The telephone is out of order.”
……………………………………………………………………………………….
19. He said, “I will never speak to her again.”
……………………………………………………………………………………….
20. I said to the clerk clearly, “I have already paid that bill.”
………………………………………………………………………………………

B) REPORT what the guests said at a wedding last Saturday:

1. Miss Moore: “They’ll make a lovely couple.”

Miss Moore said (that) they would make a lovely couple.

2. Mr. Smith: “They’re going to live in Brighton.”

………………………………………………………………………………………
3. Mrs.Jones: “The bride and the groom are very nice young people.”
………………………………………………………………………………………
4. Mr. Roberts: “The bride is wearing a beautiful wedding dress.”
………………………………………………………………………………………
5. Mr. Clarke: “The couple’s parents look happy.”
………………………………………………………………………………………
6. Miss Mayall: “The bride’s father has bought them a big flat.”
………………………………………………………………………………………

C) Write sentences about Jane’s trip to Paris:

1. We’re taking the nine o’clock plane.

Jane told me they were taking the nine o’clock plane.
2. I’ll have to get up early.
She said ……………………………………………………………………………
3. I don’t really like traveling by air.
She told me ………………………………………………………………………..
4. But it’s the easiest way to travel.
But she decided ……………………………………………………………………
5. We’re going to spend a week in Paris.
She told me ………………………………………………………………………..
6. I want to go up the Eiffel Tower.
She said ……………………………………………………………………………
7. We’ve been to Paris before.
She told me ………………………………………………………………………..
8. But we didn’t see everything.
But she said ……………………………………………………………………….
9. I’ll send you a postcard.
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 She said ……………………………………………………………………………
10. But I won’t write you a letter.
But she told me ……………………………………………………………………
11. I’m very excited!
She said ……………………………………………………………………………
12. We’ll be in Paris tomorrow!
The last thing she said was that ……………………………………………………

D) REPORT the police-officer’s questions to the shop owner:

1. What’s your name?

The police-officer asked him what was his name was.
2. Did you see the robbers?
………………………………………………………………………………………
3. What were they wearing?
………………………………………………………………………………………
4. How do you think they got in?
………………………………………………………………………………………

5. What did they take?

………………………………………………………………………………………
6. Has this ever happened before?
………………………………………………………………………………………

E) Turn the following dialogue into REPORTED SPEECH:

Sally: Have you applied for the job? Sally asked Diane if she had applied for the
job
Diane: Yes, I had an interview yesterday. Diane told
her…………………………………….
Sally: How did it go?
…………………………………………………….
Diane: Fine, but I’m wondering if I want
…………………………………………………….
the job because I will have to move
…………………………………………………….
to Manchester.
…………………………………………………….
Sally: What will you do then?
……………………………………………………
Diane: If they offer me the job, I can’t
……………………………………………………
accept it.
…………………………………………………….

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F) Write what the family said at the dinner table:

1. Mother: “Does anyone want some more potatoes?”

Mother asked if anyone wanted some more potatoes.
2. Father: “Pass me the wine, Beth.”
…………………………………………………………………………………………
3. Beth: “The chicken is very nice.”
………………………………………………………………………………………..
4. Grandfather: “I’m going to start my diet tomorrow.”
………………………………………………………………………………………..

5. Grandmother: “Don’t eat with your mouth open, Sam!”

…………………………………………………………………………………………
6. Tim: “This is the best dinner I’ve had!”
………………………………………………………………………………………...
7. Jean: “Is there any more salad, Mum?”
…………………………………………………………………………………………
8. Sam: “I’m very hungry because I only had a sandwich for lunch today.”
…………………………………………………………………………………………
9. Helen: “What are we having for dessert, Mum?”
…………………………………………………………………………………………
10. Bob: “I don’t want anything else to eat.”
…………………………………………………………………………………………

G) Gavin has worked for Bisco Supermarkets for thirty years. He can still remember
his job interview after leaving school and he can remember the questions that the
interview
asked him:

Example: “Where do you live?” She asked him where he lived.

“Have you worked before?” She asked him if he had worked before.
1. “Why do you want the job?”
She asked him …………………………………………………………………………..
2. “How did you hear about it?”
She asked him …………………………………………………………………………..
3. “Are you fit?”
She asked him …………………………………………………………………………..

4. “Can you work on Saturdays?”

She asked him …………………………………………………………………………..
5. “How will you travel to work?”
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
6. “Have you got a bicycle?”
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
7. “How much do you expect to earn?”
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
8. “When can you start?”
…………………………………………………………………………………………..

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H) What does the policeman want to know?

1. What’s your name?

The policeman wants to know what my name is.
2. What’s your job?
………………………………………………………………………..
3. Where do you work?
………………………………………………………………………..
4. Where do you live?
………………………………………………………………………..

5. Where were you yesterday?

………………………………………………………………………..
6. Why are you in London?
………………………………………………………………………..
7. When did you come?
………………………………………………………………………..
8. How did you come?
………………………………………………………………………..
9. Where’s your ticket?
……………………………………………………………………….
10. Have you ever been in London?
……………………………………………………………………….
11. Do you know anyone in London?
……………………………………………………………………….
12. Were you in London last month?
……………………………………………………………………….
13. Are you telling the truth?
……………………………………………………………………….

I) Tell your family what the doctor said:

1. “You really ought to stay in bed.”

He said I ought to stay in bed.
2. “But you can get up for half an hour.”
……………………………………………………………………….
3. “You can leave here on Thursday.”
……………………………………………………………………….
4. “You ought to take some exercise.”
……………………………………………………………………….
5. “But you shouldn’t walk too much.”
……………………………………………………………………….
6. “You mustn’t run at all.”
………………………………………………………………………

A) Statements:

Example: The boy said, “My name is Mark.”

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 The boy said (that) his name was Mark.

Do the same:
1. Mary said, “I like Turkish pop music.”
……………………………………………………………………
2. The woman said, “It’s not my umbrella, mine is red.”
……………………………………………………………………
3. Tom said, “I have a sports car. It is red.”
……………………………………………………………………
4. Mr. Brown said, “I don’t drive a car in the rush hour.”
……………………………………………………………………
5. Terry said, “I eat toasts for breakfast. They are made by my mother.”
……………………………………………………………………
6. Sue said, “The boy is looking at us. I don’t know him.”
……………………………………………………………………
7. John said, “I can swim well but I don’t have enough time to swim.”
……………………………………………………………………
8. My brother said to me, “I don’t want to carry your books!”
……………………………………………………………………
9. The teacher said, “If you don’t study regularly, you’ll fail.”
……………………………………………………………………
10. Mr. Green said, “I have to water my flowers twice a week.”
…………………………………………………………………….
11. Alice said, “I used to swim well but now I don’t.”
……………………………………………………………………..
12. Mr. Miller said, “I know your parents. I’ve met them in the meeting.”
……………………………………………………………………..

B) Imperatives:

Examples: * The teacher always says to us, “Study very hard.”

The teacher always tells us TO study hard.

* The teacher says, “Don’t talk in the class.”

The teacher tells us NOT TO talk in the class.

Do the same:
1. Woman to the porter: “Carry my suitcases.”
……………………………………………………………………..
2. Policeman to a man: “Describe your car.”
…………………………………………………………………….
3. Mother to the boy: “Don’t hurt yourself.”
…………………………………………………………………….
4. The robber to the man: “Give me your money.”
…………………………………………………………………….
5. Teacher to the student: “Give me your book.”
…………………………………………………………………….
6. The man to us: “Don’t park here.”
……………………………………………………………………..
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 7. Woman to her husband: “Don’t forget to take your key.”
……………………………………………………………………..
8. Mr. Smith to her son: “Don’t put your books on this desk.”
……………………………………………………………………..
9. Young man to the young woman: “Give me one of your photographs.”
……………………………………………………………………..
10. The man to his son: “Hurry up! Don’t miss the bus!”
……………………………………………………………………..
11. The woman to her daughter: “Tidy your room, don’t waste your time.”
……………………………………………………………………..

C) Wh- questions:

Examples: * “What is the time?” he asked.

He asked me what the time was.

* “Where do you live?” he asked Mary.

How wanted to know where Mary lived.

Do the same:

1. He asked, “How long does it take you to have lunch?”

……………………………………………………………………….
2. He asked me, “What are you doing at the weekend?”
……………………………………………………………………….
3. She asked, “Why are you late, Tom?”
……………………………………………………………………….
4. My mother asked me, “Where is your umbrella?”
……………………………………………………………………….
5. The secretary asked the man, “Who do you want to see, sir?”
……………………………………………………………………….
6. The students asked, “What time does the bell ring?”
……………………………………………………………………….
7. He asked Tom, “What kind of films do you like watching?”
……………………………………………………………………….
8. The teacher asked the girl, “When do you have to be home?”
……………………………………………………………………….
9. They always asked, “Why don’t you let my cat in?”
……………………………………………………………………….
10. The passengers asked, “When did the last train leave?”
……………………………………………………………………….
11. He asked, “What will you do tomorrow, Jane?”
……………………………………………………………………….

D) Yes / No questions:

Examples: * “Are you busy?” he asked me.

He asked me IF I was busy.
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 * “Do you like banana?” he asked his friends.
He asked his friends IF they liked banana.
Do the same:

1. She asked, “Do you live with your family, Helen?”

…………………………………………………………………………..
2. He asked, “Can I borrow your pen, Linda?”
…………………………………………………………………………..
3. He asked me, “Does your uncle live in England?”
…………………………………………………………………………..
4. Mary asked Lucy, “Will you come to my party tomorrow?”
…………………………………………………………………………..
5. Mark asked, “Did you phone me last night, John?”
…………………………………………………………………………..
6. He asked, “Is this yours or mine, David?”
…………………………………………………………………………..
7. She always asked me, “Must you always ask me what I’m doing?”
…………………………………………………………………………..
8. The teacher asked, “Are you listening to me?”
…………………………………………………………………………..
9. Mary asked, “Do you want me to help you, Larry?”
…………………………………………………………………………..
10. The officer asked, “Are you a foreigner? Can you spell your name?”
…………………………………………………………………………..

E) Change into INDIRECT SPEECH:

1. Bob says, “I want to play tennis this afternoon.”

………………………………………………………………………….
2. John says, “I haven’t seen my grandmother for a long time.”
………………………………………………………………………….
3. Cindy says to Alan, “Don’t come in with your dirty shoes.”
………………………………………………………………………….
4. My father says, “Please, help me in the garden.”
………………………………………………………………………….
5. “Don’t wipe your dirty fingers on my clean table cloth.” says his mother.
………………………………………………………………………….
6. “When does the bell ring?” asks John.
………………………………………………………………………….
7. Sandy asks Danny, “Why didn’t you tell her the truth?”
………………………………………………………………………….
8. “How long have you waited for me?”
What does Charles ask Fiona?
………………………………………………………………………….
9. “Does it rain in winter in Somali?”
What does the teacher ask?
………………………………………………………………………….
10. “Did you post the letter?” asks Rachel.
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 ………………………………………………………………………….

F) Change into INDIRECT SPEECH:

You can use AND, BUT, BECAUSE, ADD to join the sentences.

1. Brenda said to Jimmy, “Please, turn off the TV. The film is boring.”
…………………………………………………………………………
2. “Wash your face and say GOOD MORNING to everybody.” says his mother.
…………………………………………………………………………
3. “Do your homework again. There are a lot of mistakes.” says the teacher to Kate.
…………………………………………………………………………
4. “Don’t waste your time! Finish studying.” says Mrs. Dawson to Barbara.
…………………………………………………………………………
5. “Brush your teeth. They look very dirty.” Her mother says to her.
…………………………………………………………………………
6. “Look out! There is a truck coming.” Kevin said to his daughter.
…………………………………………………………………………
7. Janet told David, “This book looks boring. Give me another, please.”
…………………………………………………………………………
8. Mrs. Abbot told Jack, “Your hair is very long. Go and have a hair cut.”
…………………………………………………………………………
9. Mrs. Denman says to her son, “It is very hot. Don’t play in the sun.”
…………………………………………………………………………
10. Mr. Newman said to Nicky, “Don’t make a lot of noise. I want to listen to the news.”
…………………………………………………………………………
11. “Don’t turn it up. I have a headache.” says the mother.
…………………………………………………………………………
12. Sue told Andy, “Don’t shout! I’m not a deaf.”
…………………………………………………………………………
13. Terry said to Ashley, “Don’t speak German. Speak English. They can’t understand
you.”
…………………………………………………………………………
14. “Please, be quiet! The baby is sleeping.” says Mrs. Newton to the children.
…………………………………………………………………………
15. “Will you please move aisde? I can’t watch television.” says John.
…………………………………………………………………………
16. Mark said, “I want to buy a new car. Ours is very old and spends a lot of petrol.”
…………………………………………………………………………
17. Tom said to Carol, “Can I borrow your dictionary. Mine is at home.”
…………………………………………………………………………
18. “Your hands are very dirty. Go to the bathroom and wash them.” says her mother.
…………………………………………………………………………
19. Sandy said to Danny, “Does your mother work? I see her on the bus everyday.”
…………………………………………………………………………
20. Tom told Jane, “I’m bored. Can we go to the cinema?”
…………………………………………………………………………
21. Sam said to Kate, “I’m broke. Can you lend me some money?”
…………………………………………………………………………
22. Mother said to her son, “Your friends are playing in the garden. Don’t you want to
STRUCTURE 2 Page 31
 play with them?”
…………………………………………………………………………
23. Jim says to his son, “When will you go? You are very late for school.”
…………………………………………………………………………
24. “What have you cooked? I feel very hungry.” Tony said to his mother.
…………………………………………………………………………
25. “Why don’t you wash your car? It looks very dirty.” Mrs. Dawson said to John.
…………………………………………………………………………

CHAPTER IV
QUESTION TAGS
Question Tags

English Grammar Rules

Question tags are short questions at the end of statements.

They are mainly used in speech when we want to:

 confirm that something is true or not, or

 to encourage a reply from the person we are speaking to.

Question tags are formed with the auxiliary or modal verb from the statement and the
appropriate subject.

A positive statement is followed by a negative question tag.

 Jack is from Spain, isn't he?

 Mary can speak English, can't she?

A negative statement is followed by a positive question tag.

 They aren't funny, are they?

 He shouldn't say things like that, should he?

When the verb in the main sentence is in the present simple we form the question tag with
do / does.

 You play the guitar, don't you?

 Alison likes tennis, doesn't she?

If the verb is in the past simple we use did.

 They went to the cinema, didn't they?

 She studied in New Zealand, didn't she?
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When the statement contains a word with a negative meaning, the question tag needs to be
positive

 He hardly ever speaks, does he?

 They rarely eat in restaurants, do they?

Question Tags Summary Charts

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STRUCTURE 2 Page 34
STRUCTURE 2 Page 35
Exceptions

Some verbs / expressions have different question tags. For example:

I am - I am attractive, aren't I?

Positive imperative - Stop daydreaming, will / won't you?

Negative imperative - Don't stop singing, will you?

Let's - Let's go to the beach, shall we?

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Have got (possession) - He has got a car, hasn't he?

There is / are - There aren't any spiders in the bedroom, are there?

This / that is - This is Paul's pen, isn't it?

Exercises I

A. Put the following question tags in to the correct gaps. Each question tag is used only
once.
isn't it?, has he?, were you?, aren't you?, doesn't he?, do you?, is she?, didn't you?, did
she?
1. She didn't watch the film last night, ________
2. It's great to see each other again, __________
3. He comes every Friday, _________
4. You're married, __________
5. You went to Tom's last weekend, _________
6. You don't like tripe, ___________
7. She isn't much of a cook, ________
8. He hasn't lived here long, ________
9. You weren't invited to the party, __________

B. Choose the correct question tags:

1. You wanted that, .......... ?
a) would you
b) didn't you
c) wouldn't you
d) do you
2. He saw that .......... ?
a) is he
b) won't he
c) didn't he
d) doesn't he
3. You know that's right .......... ?
a) would you
b) wouldn't you
c) don't you
d) didn't you

4. He wil be coming .......... ?

a) is he
b) did he
c) doesn't he
d) won't he

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 5. After all this time you'd think he'd have forgotten .......... ?
a) didn't you
b) wouldn't you
c) don't you
d) do you

6. The amount he is suffering from hay fever he needs to see a doctor .......... ?
a) doesn't he
b) did he
c) won't he
d) is he

7. You may think you know the answer but you don't .......... ?
a) don't you
b) would you
c) wouldn't you
d) do you

8. After working so hard he didn't deserve to fail the exam .......... ?

a) doesn't he
b) did he
c) won't he
d) is he

9. You wouldn't report me, .......... ?

a) don't you
b) would you
c) wouldn't you
d) do you

10. He isn't going to like this, .......... ?

a) didn't he
b) did he
c) won't he
d) is he

C. Match the answer to the tag question

1. You're new here, aren't you?
a) No way. I want at least twice that salary.

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 b) Yes, I only started last week.
c) Yes. I think he lives in a world of his own.
d) Well, there's always a first time.

2. You don't remember me, do you?

a) Well your face is certainly familiar.
b) Well he has his good points, you've got to admit.
c) Yes. I think he lives in a world of his own.
d) Well, there's always a first time.

3. We've spoken about that, haven't we?

a) Well, there's always a first time.
b) Well he has his good points, you've got to admit.
c) Yes. I think he lives in a world of his own.
d) Not as far as I can remember.

4. The layout here has changed, hasn't it?

a) Well, there's always a first time.
b) Well he has his good points, you've got to admit.
c) Yes. I think he lives in a world of his own.
d) Yes, we moved everything around last year.

5. I don't need to say any more, do I?

a) No I fully understand what you mean.
b) Well he has his good points, you've got to admit.
c) No way. I want at least twice that salary.
d) Well, there's always a first time.

6. He won't object, will he?

a) No way. I want at least twice that salary.
b) Well he has his good points, you've got to admit.
c) Well he might. He's not very happy with the plan.
d) Well, there's always a first time.

7. You're not accepting that job offer, are you?

a) Yes. I think he lives in a world of his own.
b) No way. I want at least twice that salary.
c) Well he has his good points, you've got to admit.
d) Well, there's always a first time.

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 8. You don't think he could be right, do you?
a) No I fully understand what you mean.
b) Not as far as I can remember.
c) Well he might. He's not very happy with the plan.
d) Well, there's always a first time.

9. John's completely unaware how much damage he did the company, isn't he?
a) Yes. I think he lives in a world of his own.
b) No way. I want at least twice that salary.
c) Well he might. He's not very happy with the plan.
d) No I fully understand what you mean.

10. You wouldn't work for Michael again, would you?

a) Well he might. He's not very happy with the plan.
b) No way. I want at least twice that salary.
c) Well he has his good points, you've got to admit.
d) No I fully understand what you mean.

EXERCISES II

A) Put A QUESTION TAG at the end of each sentence:

1. Tom won’t be late, ………….. will he ………….... ?

2. They were very angry, …………………………….. ?
3. Ann’s on holiday, ………………………………….. ?
4. You weren’t listening, ………………………………?
5. Sue doesn’t like onions, …………………………….?
6. Jack’s applied for the job, …………………………..?
7. You’ve got a camera, ………………………………. ?
8. You can type, ………………………………………..?
9. He won’t mind if I go early, …………………………?
10. Tom could help you, ……………………………….. ?
11. There are a lot of people here, ……………………… ?
12. Let’s have dinner, ……………………………………?
13. This isn’t very interesting, ………………………….. ?
14. I’m too fat, ………………………………………….. ?
15. You wouldn’t tell anyone, ………………………….. ?
16. Listen, ………………………………………………..?
17. I shouldn’t have got angry, …………………………. ?
18. Don’t drop it, ……………………………………….. ?
19. They had to go home, ………………………………. ?
20. He’d never seen you before, …………………………?

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B) Write a sentence with A QUESTION TAG:

1. You are with a friend outside a restaurant. You are looking at the prices. It’s very
expensive. What do you say? ……. It’s very expensive, isn’t it? …………..
2. You look out of the window. It’s a beautiful day. What do you say to your friend?
It’s ……………………………………………………………. .
3. You’ve just come out of the cinema with your friend. You both really enjoyed the
film. You thought it was great. What do you say? The film
…………………………………. …
4. Tom’s hair is much shorter. Clearly he has had his hair cut. What do you sat to him?
You …………………………………………………….
5. You are shopping. You are trying on a jacket. You look in the mirror: it doesn’t look
very nice. What do you say to your friend? It
…………………………………………….
6. You are talking about Bill. You know that Bill works very hard. Everyone knows this.
What do you say about Bill? Bill …………………………………………………… .

C) Complete the conversation. Put in the QUESTION TAGS:

Mary : Let’s go out somewhere tonight, …………………………….. .

Jeff : All right. Where?
Mary :You haven’t got a local paper, ……………………………… . Pass it over here,
……………………………… . Thanks. Well, there’s a disco at the Grand Hotel.
Jeff : Fine, but I haven’t got any money. You couldn’t lend me five pounds,
………………..
Mary : OK, I’ll pay then. I’ll meet you outside at eight o’clock. Don’t be late,
……………….

D) Put A QUESTION TAG at the end of each sentence:

1. You don’t like this music, ……………………………. ?

2. Robert isn’t at work today, …………………………… ?
3. I’m too late, ……………………………………………?
4. You haven’t seen the newspaper, …………………….. ?
5. Lynne speaks French and German, ……………………?
6. They didn’t go to the concert, …………………………?
7. You’d like to have something to eat, ………………….?
8. We’re leaving tomorrow, …………………………….. ?
9. You couldn’t do me a favour, ………………………… ?
10. You don’t know where Sarah is, …………………….. .?
11. Switch on the light for me, …………………………… ?
12. Don’t forget to lock the door, ………………………… ?
13. Nobody was watching the TV, ……………………….. ?
14. Everyone will be here soon, ………………………….. ?
15. Nothing terrible has happened, ………………………. ?
16. There’s plenty of time, ……………………………….. ?
17. Pass me that magazine, ………………………………. ?
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 18. Let’s have a cup of tea, ………………………………. ?
19. It’s a good restaurant, ………………………………… ?
20. You haven’t seen my keys, …………………………… ?

E) Add TAG QUESTIONS to the following:

1. They want to come, ……… don’t they ……………….. ?

2. Elizabeth is a dentist, ………………………………….. ?
3. They won’t be here, …………………………………… ?
4. There aren’t any problems, ……………………………. ?
5. That is your umbrella, …………………………………. ?
6. George is a student, ……………………………………. ?
7. He’s learned a lot in the last couple of years, ………………………. ?
8. He has a bicyce, …………………………………………?
9. Joan can’t come with us, ………………………………..?
10. She’ll help us later, …………………………………….. ?
11. Peggy would like to come with us to the party, …………………….. ?
12. Those aren’t Fred’s books, …………………………….. ?
13. You’ve never been to Paris, ……………………………. ?
14. Something is wrong with Jane today, ………………….. ?
15. Everyone can learn how to swim, ……………………… ?
16. Nobody cheated on the exam, ………………………….. ?
17. Nothing went wrong while I was gone, …………………………….:. ?
18. I am invited, ……………………………………………..?

CHAPTER V
PASSIVE
Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known,
however, who or what is performing the action.

Example: My bike was stolen.

In the example above, the focus is on the fact that my bike was stolen. I do not know,
however, who did it.
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Sometimes a statement in passive is more polite than active voice, as the following example
shows:

Example: A mistake was made.

In this case, I focus on the fact that a mistake was made, but I do not blame anyone (e.g. You
have made a mistake.).

Form of Passive

Subject + finite form of to be + Past Participle (3rd column of irregular verbs)

Example: A letter was written.

When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following:

 the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence
 the finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle)
 the subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is
dropped)

Examples of Passive

Tense Subject Verb Object

Simple Active: Rita writes a letter.
Present Passive: A letter is written by Rita.
Simple Past Active: Rita wrote a letter.
Passive: A letter was written by Rita.
Present Active: Rita has written a letter.
Perfect Passive: A letter has been written by Rita.
Future I Active: Rita will write a letter.
Passive: A letter will be written by Rita.
Hilfsverben Active: Rita can write a letter.
Passive: A letter can be written by Rita.

Examples of Passive

Tense Subject Verb Object

Present Active: Rita is writing a letter.
Progressive Passive: A letter is being written by Rita.
Past Active: Rita was writing a letter.
Progressive Passive: A letter was being written by Rita.
Past Perfect Active: Rita had written a letter.
Passive: A letter had been written by Rita.
Future II Active: Rita will have written a letter.
Passive: A letter will have been written by Rita.
Conditional I Active: Rita would write a letter.
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 Passive: A letter would be written by Rita.
Conditional Active: Rita would have written a letter.
II Passive: A letter would have been written by Rita.

Passive Sentences with Two Objects

Rewriting an active sentence with two objects in passive voice means that one of the two objects
becomes the subject, the other one remains an object. Which object to transform into a subject
depends on what you want to put the focus on.

Subject Verb Object 1 Object 2

Active: Rita wrote a letter to me.
Passive: A letter was written to me by Rita.
Passive: I was written a letter by Rita.
.

As you can see in the examples, adding by Rita does not sound very elegant. That’s why it is
usually dropped.

Personal and Impersonal Passive

Personal Passive simply means that the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of
the passive sentence. So every verb that needs an object (transitive verb) can form a personal
passive.

Example: They build houses. – Houses are built.

Verbs without an object (intransitive verb) normally cannot form a personal passive sentence
(as there is no object that can become the subject of the passive sentence). If you want to use
an intransitive verb in passive voice, you need an impersonal construction – therefore this
passive is called Impersonal Passive.

Example: he says – it is said

Impersonal Passive is not as common in English as in some other languages (e.g. German,
Latin). In English, Impersonal Passive is only possible with verbs of perception (e. g. say,
think, know).

Example: They say that women live longer than men. – It is said that women live longer than
men.

Although Impersonal Passive is possible here, Personal Passive is more common.

Example: They say that women live longer than men. – Women are said to live longer than
men.

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The subject of the subordinate clause (women) goes to the beginning of the sentence; the verb
of perception is put into passive voice. The rest of the sentence is added using an infinitive
construction with 'to' (certain auxiliary verbs and that are dropped).

Sometimes the term Personal Passive is used in English lessons if the indirect object of an
active sentence is to become the subject of the passive sentence.

EXERCISES

A) Fill in the PASSIVE in the appropriate tense:

1. (TV / invent / Baird) …….. TV was invented by Baird.

……………..
2. (Pyramids / build / Egyptians)
………………………………………………….
3. (milk / produce / cows)
………………………………………………….
4. (coffee / grow / in Brazil)
…………………………………………………
5. (chopsticks / use / in China)
…………………………………………………
6. (plants / water / every day)
………………………………………………..
7. (the thief / arrest / policeman / yesterday)
………………………………………………..
8. (the injured man / take to a hospital / now)
………………………………………………..
9. (the car / repair / tomorrow)
…………………………………………………
10. (the letter / send / last week)
…………………………………………………

B) Put the verbs in brackets into PRESENT SIMPLE PASSIVE:

There is a chimpanzee which ….. is called …… (call) “Bubbles”. It …………………..

(own)
by Michael Johnson. It …………………………. (keep) in his home. It …………………. .
(feed)
every day by Michael Johnson himself. It …………………………………….. (always /
dress) in
funny clothes. It ………………………………. (said) that “Bubbles” is Michael Johnson’s
only
friend.

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C) Look at the Hotel Information table and write sentences as in the example:

Hotel Information
Breakfast Rooms
In Pierrot’s Restaurant 7-9:30 am Maid Service daily
Dinner Hot water
In Main Restaurant 8-10 pm 24 hours a day
Newspapers – Telephone calls Hotel Cinema
At the Reception Desk Film every night at 10 pm

1. Breakfast / serve – where and when?

Breakfast is served in Pierrot’s Restaurant between 7 and 9:30 am.
2. Dinner / serve – where and when?
…………………………………………………………………………………………
3. Newspapers / sell – where?
…………………………………………………………………………………………
4. Telephone calls / can make – where?
……………………………………………………………………………………….
5. Rooms / clean – who by and how often?
…………………………………………………………………………………………
6. Hot water / supply – when?
…………………………………………………………………………………………
7. Films / show – where and when?
…………………………………………………………………………………………

D) Put the verbs in brackets into PAST SIMPLE PASSIVE:

Two men ….. were seen ……. (see) breaking into a house in my street last night. The
police …………………………. (call) and they arrived very quickly. One man
……………………….(catch) immediately. The other escaped, but he.
……………………………. (find) very soon. Both men …………………………………
(take) to the police station where they …………….………………………. (question)
separately by a police officer. The two men ………………..………………………. (charge)
with burglary.

E) Turn from ACTIVE into PASSIVE:

1. The gardener has planted some trees.

…. Some trees have been planted by the gardener..
2. Doctor Brown will give you some advice.
……………………………………………………………………………………
3. A famous designer will redecorate the hotel.
……………………………………………………………………………………
4. Steven Spielberg directed “E.T.”
……………………………………………………………………………………
5. Someone has broken the crystal vase.

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 ……………………………………………………………………………………
6. His parents have brought him up to be polite.
……………………………………………………………………………………
7. Fleming discovered penicillin.
……………………………………………………………………………………
8. They will advertise the product on television.
……………………………………………………………………………………
9. Someone is remaking that film.
……………………………………………………………………………………
10. Picasso painted that picture.
……………………………………………………………………………………

F) Using the PASSIVE, ask questions to which the bold type words are answers:

1. Columbus discovered America. …….. Who was America discovered

by………… ?
2. We keep money in a safe.
…………………………………………………… ?
3. A bee stung him.
……………………………………………………?
4. They speak Italian in Italy.
…………………………………………………… ?
5. They have taken his aunt to hospital.
……………………………………………………?
6. The boys damaged the television.
………………………………………………….. ?
7. Da Vinci painted the Mona Lisa.
………………………………………………….. ?
8. He invited 30 people to his party.
………………………………………………….. ?
9. They grow bananas in Africa.
………………………………………………….. ?

G) Turn from ACTIVE into PASSIVE:

1. You must leave the bathroom tidy. …….. The bathroom must be left tidy.
………..
2. You should water this plant daily.
…………………………………………………..
3. Our neighbor ought to paint the garage.
………………………………………………….
4. I have to return these books to the library.
…………………………………………………
5. You must extinguish your cigarettes.
………………………………………………….
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 6. You must dry-clean this shirt.
………………………………………………….
7. Someone will pay you in ten days.
………………………………………………….

8. You can improve your health with more exercise.

………………………………………………………………..
9. People must obey the law.
………………………………………………….
10.The cleaner is going to mop the kitchen floor.
………………………………………………………………..

H) Turn from ACTIVE into PASSIVE:

1. Someone is helping her with the hosework.

………………………………………………………………..
1. A pickpocket robbed me.
……………………………………………………………….
2. The mail-order company sent Mrs. Green a parcel.
……………………………………………………………….
3. A dog is chasing the cild.
……………………………………………………………….
4. My friend sent me an invitation.
……………………………………………………………….
5. The farmer is building a new barn.
……………………………………………………………….
6. The secretary has given Mrs. Jones some letters.
……………………………………………………………….
7. The traffic warden had already given him a ticket for illegal parking.
……………………………………………………………….
8. Someone had broken our door down.
……………………………………………………………….
9. They chose him as the best actor of the year.
……………………………………………………………….

I) Turn form ACTIVE into PASSIVE as in the example:

1. He gave me a present.
a) I was given a present.
b) A present was given to me.
2. The waiter will bring us the bill.
a) …………………………………………………………
b) …………………………………………………………
3. The Queen presented him with a medal.
a) …………………………………………………………
b) …………………………………………………………
4. Her mother bought Mary some sweets.
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 a) …………………………………………………………
b) …………………………………………………………
5. Bob has sold Ted a second-hand car.
a) …………………………………………………………
b) …………………………………………………………
6. Larry is going to send a letter to Tom.
a) …………………………………………………………
b) …………………………………………………………

J) Rewrite the following passage in the PASSIVE:

Some peoplem saw a UFO in the sky above London last night. They reported it to the
police. The army sent a helicopter to look at it more closely. The UFO shot the helicopter
down and killed both men in it. People have given photographs of the UFO to the police.
Experts are looking ar them now.

K) Rewrite the following passage in the PASSIVE:

Somebody has stolen a bus from outside the school. Some children saw the thief. The
police are searching for the bus now. They will use the children’s descriptions to catch the
thief.

L) Rewrite the following passage in the PASSIVE:

Someone broke into a local jewellery shop yesterday. The owner had just locked up the
shop when a robber with a gun threatened him. The robber told him to unlock the shop and
give him all the diamonds in the safe. Then the robber tied him up. The police have organized
a search for the robber. They hope they will find him in a few days. Doctors are treating the
owner of the shop for shock.

M) Rewrite the following passage in the PASSIVE:

My uncle painted this picture. Someone has offered him a lot of money for it. He will
deliver the painting tomorrow. When they give him the money he will tell them the truth. He
painted it one night while he was sleepwalking!

N) Rewrite the following passage in the PASSIVE:

Our school is organizing a contest. The teachers will choose the best project about the
environment. The students must include pictures and drawings in their projects. The students
will also have to do all the writing themselves. The school will give the winner a set of
encyclopaedias.

O) Make questions in the PASSIVE from these cues:

Example: Where / our local newspaper / print

Where is our local newspaper printed?
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 1. How many / photos / store / in the photo library
………………………………………………………………………………………… ?
2. photographs / develop / in the photo library
………………………………………………………………………………………… ?
3. Where / messages / receive
………………………………………………………………………………………… ?
4. the Daily Mirror / print / in Manchester
………………………………………………………………………………………… ?
5. this magazine / sell / in Spain
………………………………………………………………………………………… ?
6. Why / newspapers / send abroad
………………………………………………………………………………………… ?
7. When / the newspaper / print
………………………………………………………………………………………… ?
8. How / newspapers / deliver
………………………………………………………………………………………… ?
9. Where / stories / write
………………………………………………………………………………………… ?
10. a lot of paper / use / for each issue
………………………………………………………………………………………… ?

P) Write sentences in the PASSIVE.Use these phrases:

* in the sea * at school * in the kitchen * at the post office

* in Australia * in Italy * at weddings * in Mediterranean
countries
* in the cinema

Example: olives / grow

Olives are grown in Mediterranean countries.

1. films / show
……………………………………………………………………………….
2. meals / cook
……………………………………………………………………………….
3. stamps / sell
……………………………………………………………………………….
4. pandas / find
……………………………………………………………………………….
5. Italian / speak
……………………………………………………………………………….
6. confetti / throw
……………………………………………………………………………….
7. lessons / teach
……………………………………………………………………………….
8. sharks / find
……………………………………………………………………………….
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SUBJECT : Passive Form

A) Read each sentence. Then make two new sentences in the PASSIVE:

1. People say Tom Cruise is the richest movie star.

a) It is said that Tom Cruise is the richest movie star.
b) Tom Cruise is said to be the richest movie star.

2. Everybody thinks that Hakan is a good football player.

a) It ………………………………………………………………………. .
b) Hakan …………………………………………………………………. .

3. They say that his books are still popular.

a) It ………………………………………………………………………… .
b) His books ……………………………………………………………….. .

4. They report that at least 10.000 dolphins are caught in the nets of tuna fishers every
year.
a) It …………………………………………………………………………. .
b) At least 10.000 dolphins …………………………………………………. .

5. They estimate that 1500 square kilometers of rainforests is cut every year.
a) It …………………………………………………………………………… .
b) 1500 square kilometers of rainforests ……………………………………… .

6. We knew that pencil lead is made from graphite, clay, water and wax.
a) It …………………………………………………………………………….. .
b) Pencil lead …………………………………………………………………... .

7. They reported that the railway line was buried under tons of rock and earth.
a) It ……………………………………………………………………………… .
b) The railway line ……………………………………………………………… .

8. People don’t think that inflation will go down.

a) It
……………………………………………………………………………….. .
b) Inflation ……………………………………………………………………….. .

9. People expect that the third bridge will be built over the Bosphorus Strait.
a) It ……………………………………………………………………………… .
b) The third bridge ……………………………………………………………….. .

10. People believe that he is living abroad.

a) It ………………………………………………………………………………. .

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 b) He
……………………………………………………………………………… .

B) Read each sentence. Then make two new sentences in the PASSIVE:

1. People expect that taxes will be reduced soon.

a) It …………………………………………………………… .
b) Taxes ………………………………………………………. .

2. People say that the monument is over 2000 years old.

a) It ………………………………………………………………… .
b) The monument ………………………………………………….. .

3. People expect that the president will resign.

a) It …………………………………………………………………. .
b) The president ……………………………………………………. .

4. People think the fire started at about 8 o’clock.

a) It …………………………………………………………………. .
b) The fire …………………………………………………………… .

5. Journalists reported that seven people had been injured in the fire.
a) It …………………………………………………………………. .
b) Seven people …………………………………………………….. .

6. People say the bridge is unsafe.

a) It ………………………………………………………………….. .
b) The bridge ………………………………………………………… .

C) REPORT these rumours:

1. People say that the actress Tania Revesky has refused a part in the film Volcano.
a) It is said ……………………………………………………………………… .
b) The actress Tania Revesky ………………………………………………….. .

2. Her friends have reported that the newsreader Ann Slater is furious at losing her job.
a) It …………………………………………………………………………….. .
b) The newsreader Ann Slater …………………………………………………. .

3. Lots of people believe that The Prime Minister and his wife are getting divorced.
a) It …………………………………………………………………………….. .
b) The Prime Minister and his wife ……………………………………………. .

4. Journalists have said that The footballer Gary Johnson earns $ 1 million a year.
a) It
………………………………………………………………………………. .
b) The footballer Gary Johnson …………………………………………………. .

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SUBJECT : Passive Form

A) Put the following sentences into the PASSIVE VOICE:

1. Someone has already paid the electrician for his work.

………………………………………………………………………………..
2. They taught him French and gave him a dictionary.
………………………………………………………………………………..
3. When we first met, they had already offered me a job at the bank.
………………………………………………………………………………..
4. A man requested the stranger to leave the meeting.
…………………………………………………………………………………
5. A young woman asked the rest of us to be there at eight o’clock.
…………………………………………………………………………………
6. They had eaten all the dinner before they finished the conversation.
…………………………………………………………………………………
7. Who wrote it?
…………………………………………………………………………………
8. The author has written a special edition for children.
…………………………………………………………………………………
9. Did the idea interest you?
…………………………………………………………………………………
10. Why didn’t they mend the roof before it fell in?
…………………………………………………………………………………
11. The burglars had cut a huge hole in the steel door.
…………………………………………………………………………………
12. The organizers will exhibit the paintings till the end of the month.
…………………………………………………………………………………
13. When did they ring the church bells?
…………………………………………………………………………………
14. Does listening to music disturb you?
…………………………………………………………………………………

B) Read the following sentences and write another one with the same meaning:

1. It is believed that the wanted man is living in New York.

…………………………………………………………………………………
2. It is said that many people are homeless after the floods.
…………………………………………………………………………………
3. It is expected that the government will lose this election.
…………………………………………………………………………………
4. It is known that the Prime Minister is in favour of the new law.
…………………………………………………………………………………
5. It is believed that the thieves got in through the kitchen window.
…………………………………………………………………………………
6. It is thought that the prisoner escaped by climbing over the wall.
…………………………………………………………………………………

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 7. It is claimed that he drove through the town at 90 miles an hour.
…………………………………………………………………………………

8. It is reported that two people were seriously injured in the accident.

…………………………………………………………………………………
9. It is said that three men were arrested after the explosion.
…………………………………………………………………………………
10. It is believed that Maria will not win the prize.
…………………………………………………………………………………
11. It is considered that the 2008 Olimpic Games will be held in Turkey.
………………………………………………………………………………….
12. It is said that our teacher is 55 years old.
………………………………………………………………………………….
13. It is thought that Tom didn’t steal their rings.
………………………………………………………………………………….
14. It is claimed that this examination will be the most difficult one.
………………………………………………………………………………….
15. It is believed that John will marry Ann at the end of this month.
…………………………………………………………………………………..
16. It is expected that people will live in Mars in 2050.
…………………………………………………………………………………..

C) Change these sentences into PASSIVE FORM:

1. People believe that the strike will end soon.

………………………………………………………………………………….
2. People believe that the thieves got through the kitchen window.
………………………………………………………………………………….
3. People say that the company is loosing a lot of money.
………………………………………………………………………………….
4. When is he going to pay the taxes?
………………………………………………………………………………….
5. Who has designed these buildings?
…………………………………………………………………………………..
6. How much do they spend on these activities?
…………………………………………………………………………………..
7. They broke a lot of plates while they were dancing?
…………………………………………………………………………………..
8. Who invented the electric bulb?
………………………………………………………………………………….
.
9. People believe that they are secret agents.
…………………………………………………………………………………..
10. People think that he takes harmful drugs.
…………………………………………………………………………………..
11. Did they give you a great reception?
…………………………………………………………………………………..
12. Nobody sends her a card at Christmas.
…………………………………………………………………………………..
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 13. Did anyone call an ambulance after the accident?
…………………………………………………………………………………..
14. Will you pay the fine?
…………………………………………………………………………………..

D) Write the correct tense or voice:

Hospitals are places where people ……………………………………. (examine) and

……………………………… (bring) back to good health. I’m lucky because I
…………………
……………………(never / take) to hospital when she …………………………… (hit) by a
car last month. Luckily no bones ………………………….. (break) but she
…………………………
(examine) carefully and x-rays ………………………………… (take). She
…………………….. (keep) there for a night and she …………………………………..
(give) permission to leave the next day.
Ambulance services are also important. Patients …………………………… (must / take)
to hospital as quickly as possible. A lot of people ………………………………… (kill) in
road accidents and a lot more ……………………………………. (injure) but if more
ambulances
…………………………………. (put) into service, more lives
………………………………..
(can / save).

E) Complete the sentences using PASSIVE FORMS:

1. The classroom ………………………………………………………………. an hour

ago.
2. The blackboard …………………………………………………………. now.
3. English ……………………………………………………………………. in the world.
4. This unit …………………………………………………………………… next week.
5. No letters …………………………………………. since
…………………………………..
6. His bike ……………………………………………………………………. last week.
7. My car ……………………………………………………………………….. now.
8. After the meal ……………………………………. ,
……………………………………….
9. She is believed
…………………………………………………………………………….. .
10. He is said
…………………………………………………………………………………….

F) Rewrite the following passage changing the suitable sentences into PASSIVE
VOICE:

Jane Johnson has been worried all last week. Last Monday, she received a letter from the
police. In the letter they asked her to call the police station. Jane wondered why the police
wanted her, and nothing worried her anymore. There, they told her that they had found her
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bike. They picked it up in a small village a week ago. Somebody stole it 10 years ago, when
she was a girl of fifteen. Now, they are sending it to her.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

CHAPTER VI

SUBJECT VERB AGREEMENT

Subject verb agreement can be one of the more challenging aspects of writing. While short
clauses provide for an easily identifiable subject, longer clauses with extensive phrases can
make proper subject verb agreement more of a challenge.

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The first and most important rule in subject verb agreement is that the verb must agree
with the intended number of the subject.

To accomplish that task, follow two occasionally not so simple tasks.

1. Identify the real subject

2. Determine whether subject is singular or plural

The first step is often made difficult by phrases and/or sentence structure that work to obscure
the true subject.

 Prepositional phrases are one of the main culprits in the misidentification of the true
subject of the clause. Remember, objects cannot be subjects, so the object of a
preposition cannot be a subject of a clause.

o Among the constitutional rights we cherish is freedom.

 AMONG is a preposition; therefore, RIGHTS is the object of the

preposition. FREEDOM is the subject of the sentence.

o The group of protesters is blocking the entrance to the building.

 OF is a preposition; therefore, PROTESTERS is the object of the

preposition. GROUP is the subject of the sentence and it is singular.

o The annual rituals of the group confuse the neighbors.

 OF is a preposition; therefore, GROUP is the object of the preposition.

RITUALS is the subject of the sentence and it is plural.

 Parenthetical phrases can also work to obscure the true subject. Phrases such as "as
well as," "such as," "along with," "rather than," "accompanied by" and "including"
introduce items that are NOT considered when determining whether a verb is singular
or plural.

o The quiz, as well as all workbook exercises, was collected.

 QUIZ is the subject. The parenthetical expression does not affect the
verb.
o His jacket, not his shirt or his socks, always seems to match his slacks.

 JACKET is the subject. It is singular. The parenthetical expression

does not affect the verb.
o Her birthday celebration, together with the upcoming holiday, makes for a
very full calendar.
 CELEBRATION is the subject. The parenthetical expression does not
affect the verb.

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 o The president and vice president, accompanied by the board of directors,
plan to vote against changing the company bylaws.
 PRESIDENT and VICE PRESIDENT are the subject. The verb is
plural.

 Expletives (There, Here) are false subjects. Disregard them completely when
determining the subject that the verb must agree with.

o There are fewer students in this class.

 The true subject in this sentence is STUDENTS.

o Officer, here is the person I was telling you about.

 The true subject in this clause is PERSON.

WORDS THAT ARE ALWAYS A SINGULAR SUBJECT:

First it might be helpful to remember that the singular form of all verbs except to be and to
have is formed by adding "s" or "es." For example: dives, runs, answers and crashes, presses
and tosses.

 When used as a subject or adjective these indefinite pronouns are always singular and,
therefore, they take singular verbs.
another anybody anyone anything Each each one

either Every everybody everything Much

neither Nobody no one nothing One other

somebody something someone

 These pronouns may be used as subjects, and they take a singular verb.

 Everyone has been invited.

 She said that something was all she wanted for her birthday.
 The Democratic leadership suggested two solutions but neither was
acceptable to the committee chair.

When they are used as adjectives, the noun they modify always takes a singular verb

 Neither solution works for the committee chair.

 Each tragedy gives the population given less time to recover from the
previous shock.

 The number--when used as subject of a sentence (an organized unit)—takes a singular

verb.

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 o The number of tenants without heat is increasing.

 Subjects that stand for definable units of money, measurement, time, organization,
food and medical problems always take singular verbs.

o Six months is not enough time.

o Five thousand dollars is the minimum bid.

o Ham and eggs is my favorite meal.

 Singular subject followed by phrases such as together with and as well as take
singular verb.

o The tax measure, together with its amendments, has passed.

 When all parts of a compound subject are singular and refer to same person or thing.

o The head of the expedition and mayor of the village was the same person.

 When the subject is followed by the phrase "the only one of."

o Jake is the only one of the runners who has finished.

o BUT: Jake is one of those runners who have finished.

(In this case, Jake is one of many [those] runners. The verb "have" agrees with
"those runners" not with Jake.)

WORDS THAT ARE ALWAYS PLURAL SUBJECT:

 When a compound subject is joined by a coordinating conjunction (and), it always

takes a plural verb if the subjects refer to different persons or things and if the subject
cannot be considered a unit.

o Your investments and property are sure to increase in value.

 Indefinite pronouns (both, few, many, several) always take plural verbs.

o Both are acceptable choices.

 "A number" as the subject of a sentence always takes plural verbs.

o A number of tenants are in the building.

 Certain plural subjects always take plural verbs.

o The news media are under attack. (singular of media: medium)

WORDS THAT ARE EITHER SINGULAR OR PLURAL SUBJECT:

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  When the parts of a compound subject are joined by
or, but, either ... or, neither ... nor, not only ... but also
the verb must agree with the subject nearest to the verb.

o Neither the Oregon players nor the coach was overconfident.

o Neither the Oregon coach nor the players were intimidated by Arizona.

 Collective nouns and certain plural words may take singular or plural verbs-
depending on the meaning in the sentence.

TEST: If the word indicates persons or things working together as an identifiable

unit, a singular verb is used.

o The jury was seated at 9 a.m. ("It" was seated.)

o BUT: The jury were being interviewed by the media.

(refers to individual members of the jury; could be rewritten as: "The jurors
were ... ")
o Politics is a hot topic. (politics as a single topic)

o BUT: The mayor's politics are offensive.

(politics as several actions over time)

 The pronouns any, none or some and the nouns all and most:

1. take singular verbs when they refer to a unit or quantity

1. Some of the money was missing. (a bag of money)
2. take plural verbs when they refer to number, amount or individuals
1. Some of the gold coins were missing. (a series of coins)
3. "NONE":

a. "No Single One"; "Not One"--Singular

 None of the gold coins was missing. (not one of the coins)

b. "No Two" or "No Amount"--Plural

 None of the goods were missing. (no amount of the goods)

 None of the forests were destroyed. (no amount of the forests)

 When subject is a fraction or a word such as half, part, plenty, rest, its intended
number is suggested by the object of the preposition that follows it.

o Three-fourths of the enemy's army is wounded.

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 o Three-fourths of the enemy's soldiers are wounded.

Exercise 1

1. Scientists are concerned that a number of species of frogs a) seems b) seem to be mutating.

2. Neither the offensive linemen nor the quarterback a) want b) wants to run the drill again.

3. Will they announce whether that group of students a) boards b) board the plane ahead of
everyone.

4. Kimberly is the only one of those executives a) who b) that believes her product will sell
this year.

5. None of the animals in the shelter a) belong b) belongs to someone.

6. The number of mutated frogs a) is b) are increasing every year.

7. Curtis is sure that the news media a) is b) are not helping the situation.

8. Jennifer is one of those actresses who a) audition b) auditions for every role she can.

9. The school’s alumni a) hope b) hopes to raise enough money to complete the new wing.

10. Finding other contestants a) has b) have been the responsibility of the show's producers.

11. Neither of the executives a) want b) wants to tell the boss that profits are down.

12. None of them a) knows b) know who has the map.

13. There a) has b) have been so many doctors in to see him, that we don’t know who's in
charge.

14. The governor is proud to announce that more than 2,000 pounds of cheese a) has b) have
been collected.

15. Everyone at the park a) is b) are going to the concert, including you and me.

16. Does anyone have a) his b) her c) his or her d) their map of the city?

17. He is the only one of the senators who a) has b) have agreed to testify.

18. One-third of the village a) receives b) receive water from the river just north of here.

19. A group of the city's voters a) choose b) chooses to send in mail-in ballots rather than go
to the polls.

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20. Neither his sister nor her friend Sarah a) think b) thinks Benjamin should go to Milan this
summer.

Exercise 2

1. Choose the sentence in which the subjects and verbs have been correctly identified
and in which the subjects and verbs agree. The subjects are in bold and the verbs are
underlined.

A) At the end of the story, they was living happily ever after.
B) At the end of the story, they were living happily ever after.
C) At The end of the story, they were living happily ever after.
D) At the end of the story, they was living happily ever after.

2. Choose the sentence in which the subjects and verbs have been correctly identified
and in which the subjects and verbs agree. The subjects are in bold and the verbs are
underlined.

A) Al and Eli go to the beach to surf with their friends.

B) Al and Eli go to the beach to surf with their friends.
C) Al and Eli goes to the beach to surf with their friends.
D) Al and Eli goes to the beach to surf with their friends.

3. Choose the sentence in which the subjects and verbs have been correctly identified
and in which the subjects and verbs agree. The subjects are in bold and the verbs are
underlined.

A) When Al and Eli arrive, they find that their friends has waxed their boards.
B) When Al and Eli arrive, they find that their friends has waxed their boards.
C) When Al and Eli arrive, they find that their friends have waxed their boards.
D) When Al and Eli arrive, they find that their friends have waxed their
boards.

4. Choose the sentence in which the subjects and verbs have been correctly identified
and in which the subjects and verbs agree. The subjects are in bold and the verbs are
underlined.

A) A group of children from that school are not being cooperative.

B) A group of children from that school is not being cooperative.
C) A group of children from that school is not being cooperative.
D) A group of children from that school are not being cooperative.

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5. Choose the sentence in which the subjects and verbs have been correctly identified
and in which the subjects and verbs agree. The subjects are in bold and the verbs are
underlined.

A) Unless our staff members really do cooperate, we will not meet our goals.
B) Unless our staff members really do cooperate, we will not meet our goals.
C) Unless our staff members really do cooperate, we will not meet our goals.
D) Unless our staff members really do cooperate, we will not meet our goals.

6. Choose the sentence in which the subjects and verbs have been correctly identified
and in which the subjects and verbs agree. The subjects are in bold and the verbs are
underlined.

A) Either Gary or I am responsible for allocating the funds.

B) Either Gary or I are responsible for allocating the funds.
C) Either Gary or I am responsible for allocating the funds.
D) Either Gary or I are responsible for allocating the funds.

7. Choose the sentence in which the subjects and verbs have been correctly identified
and in which the subjects and verbs agree. The subjects are in bold and the verbs are
underlined.

A) Neither she nor they were willing to predict the election results.
B) Neither she nor they was willing to predict the election results.
C) Neither she nor they was willing to predict the election results.
D) Neither she nor they were willing to predict the election results.

8. Choose the sentence in which the subjects and verbs have been correctly identified
and in which the subjects and verbs agree. The subjects are in bold and the verbs are
underlined.

A) Nora is one of the candidates who are worthy of my vote.

B) Nora is one of the candidates who is worthy of my vote.
C) Nora is one of the candidates who are worthy of my
vote.
D) Nora is one of the candidates who is worthy of my vote.

9. Choose the sentence in which the subjects and verbs have been correctly identified
and in which the subjects and verbs agree. The subjects are in bold and the verbs are
underlined.

A) Nora, of all the candidates who are running, is the best.

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 B) Nora, of all the candidates who are running, is the best.
C) Nora, of all the candidates who is running, is the best.
D) Nora, of all the candidates who is running, is the best.

10. Choose the sentence in which the subjects and verbs have been correctly identified
and in which the subjects and verbs agree. The subjects are in bold and the verbs are
underlined.

A) My problem, which is minor in comparison with others, exists because I dropped out of
high school.
B) My problem, which is minor in comparison with others, exist because I dropped out of
high school.
C) My problem, which is minor in comparison with others, exists because I dropped out of
high school.
D) My problem, which is minor in comparison with others, exist because I dropped out of
high school.

11. Choose the sentence in which the subjects and verbs have been correctly identified
and in which the subjects and verbs agree. The subjects are in bold and the verbs are
underlined.

A) His dogs, which is kept outside, bark all day long.

B) His dogs, which is kept outside, bark all day long.
C) His dogs, which are kept outside, bark all day long.
D) His dogs, which are kept outside, bark all day long.

1. The piano as well as the pipe organ ____________ to be tuned for the big concert.
HAS
HAVE
2. The mayor together with his two brothers ____________ going to be indicted for
accepting bribes.
ARE
IS
3. Neither of my two suitcases ____________ adequate for this trip.
IS
ARE
4. There ____________ a list of committee members on the head-table.
ARE
IS
5. Everybody in the class ____________ done the homework well in advance.

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 HAS
HAVE

6. The jury ____________ their seats in the courtroom.

TAKE
TAKES
7. Neither the teacher nor the students ____________ to understand this assignment.
SEEM
SEEMS
8. ____________ either my father or my brothers made a down-payment on the house?
HAS
HAVE
9. Hartford is one of those cities that ____________ working hard to reclaim a riverfront.
HINT: Try starting the sentence with "Of those cities that . . . ."
IS
ARE
10. Some of the grain ____________ gone bad.
HAVE
HAS
11. John or his brother ____________ going to be responsible for this.
ARE
IS
12. A few of the students ____________ doing so well they can skip the next course.
ARE
IS
13. Either the Committee on Course Design or the Committee on College Operations
____________ these matters.
DECIDE
DECIDES
14. One of my instructors ____________ written a letter of recommendation for me.
HAVE
HAS

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 CHAPTER VII
ADJECTIVES & ADVERBS

Definitions

An adjective is a word or set of words that modifies (i.e., describes) a noun or pronoun.
Adjectives may come before the word they modify.

Examples:
That is a cute puppy.
She likes a high school senior.

Adjectives may also follow the word they modify:

Examples:
That puppy looks cute.
The technology is state-of-the-art.

An adverb is a word or set of words that modifies verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.

Examples:
He speaks slowly (modifies the verb speaks)
He is especially clever (modifies the adjective clever)
He speaks all too slowly (modifies the adverb slowly)

An adverb answers how, when, where, or to what extent—how often or how much (e.g.,
daily, completely).

Examples:
He speaks slowly (answers the question how)
He speaks very slowly (answers the question how slowly)

Rule 1. Many adverbs end in -ly, but many do not. Generally, if a word can have -ly added to
its adjective form, place it there to form an adverb.

Examples:
She thinks quick/quickly.
How does she think? Quickly.

She is a quick/quickly thinker.

Quick is an adjective describing thinker, so no -ly is attached.

She thinks fast/fastly.

Fast answers the question how, so it is an adverb. But fast never has -ly attached to it.

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We performed bad/badly.
Badly describes how we performed, so -ly is added.

Rule 2. Adverbs that answer the question how sometimes cause grammatical problems. It can
be a challenge to determine if -ly should be attached. Avoid the trap of -ly with linking verbs,
such as taste, smell, look, feel, etc., that pertain to the senses. Adverbs are often misplaced in
such sentences, which require adjectives instead.

Examples:
Roses smell sweet/sweetly.
Do the roses actively smell with noses? No; in this case, smell is a linking verb—which
requires an adjective to modify roses—so no -ly.

The woman looked angry/angrily to us.

Did the woman look with her eyes, or are we describing her appearance? We are describing
her appearance (she appeared angry), so no -ly.

The woman looked angry/angrily at the paint splotches.

Here the woman actively looked (used her eyes), so the -ly is added.

She feels bad/badly about the news.

She is not feeling with fingers, so no -ly.

Rule 3. The word good is an adjective, whose adverb equivalent is well.

Examples:
You did a good job.
Good describes the job.

You did the job well.

Well answers how.

You smell good today.

Good describes your fragrance, not how you smell with your nose, so using the adjective is
correct.

You smell well for someone with a cold.

You are actively smelling with your nose here, so use the adverb.

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THE DIFFERENCE

An adjective tells us more about a noun. Example: an expensive car, a clever girl
An adverb tells us more about a verb. Example: He talked nervously.

HOW TO FORM THE ADVERB

Adjective + ly

sad sadly quiet quietly

nervous nervously soft softly

Adjectives ending in -y »»» ily

happy happily angry angrily

Adjectives ending in -le »»» ly

terrible terribly capable capably

Adjectives ending in -ly

friendly in a friendly way / manner daily daily

lively in a lively way / manner early early
lonely in a lonely way / manner monthly monthly
lovely in a lovely way / manner weekly weekly
silly in a silly way / manner yearly yearly

Irregular forms

good well low low

fast fast straight straight
hard hard extra extra
long long doubtless doubtless

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 Double forms

hard hard hardly

near near nearly
late late lately

HOW TO USE THE ADVERB

Verb + adverb

The adverb describes a verb

Example: He drove carefully.

verb adverb
She sold her house quickly
verb adverb

Adjective + adverb

The adverb describes an adjective

Example: Her necklace was horribly expensive.

adverb adjective
She was terribly sorry.
adverb adjective

Adverb + adverb

The adverb describes an adverb

<
Example: They played terribly badly.
adverb adverb
He did his absolutely correctly.
homework
adverb adverb

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SUBJECT : Adjectives and Adverbs

A) Write what the underlined word is; adjective or adverb:

1. Fast runners win races. …… adjective …….

2. Mathematics is difficult. …………………….
3. She’s a good typist. …………………….
4. She behaved rudely to her boss. …………………….
5. You’ve done well in your test. …………………….
6. The clowns are very funny. …………………….
7. She’s a pretty girl. …………………….
8. He runs fast. …………………….
9. Ann is very sad. …………………….
10. She plays the piano beautifully. …………………….
11. Father is very busy in his office. .……………………
12. The doctor arrived immediately. …………………….

B) Underline the correct item:

1. He left the room quiet / quietly.

2. Jane works hard / hardly.
3. He’s a very nice / nicely man.
4. The sun is shining bright / brightly.
5. Smoking is bad / badly for your health.
6. She behaves very good / well.
7. He always dresses smart / smartly.
8. He shouted angry / angrily at me.
9. This chair is comfortable / comfortably.
10. He smiled sad / sadly.
11. You drive very slow / slowly.

C) Complete these sentences:

1. There was some heavy rain last night.

Yes, it rained very ….. heavily. …………………
2. Aren’t the children quiet!
Yes, they’re working very ……………………….
3. James has a loud voice.
Yes, he always talks very ………………………..
4. Isn’t the teacher angry!
Yes, he’s shouting very ………………………….
5. Angela’s very happy today!
Yes, she’s laughing very …………………………
6. The telephone rang in the middle of the night. Nick was very sleepy.
He answered it very ……………………………..
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 7. Kate likes playing slow music.
Yes, she’s playing this piece very ……………….

D) Complete the sentence with the correct word from the brackets:
Example: Mice move ….. quietly …… (quiet / quietly)

1. This exercise is ……………………… (easy / easily)

2. These people are speaking ………………………….. (quiet / quietly)
3. Mr. Brown can speak English ………………………. (good / well)
4. Tigers are ………………………… animals. (brave / bravely)
5. The footballer is ………………………. (tired / tiredly)
6. Cheetahs run …………………………. (quick / quickly)
7. She is lifting the weight …………………………… (easy / easily)
8. The children are playing …………………………… (happy / happily)
9. Tony is a ………………………….. skier. (good / well)

E) Supply the proper form, ADJECTIVE or ADVERB:

1. He always does his homework …………………………………….. (careful).

2. He is a very ……………………………… (careful) student.
3. Come …………………………… (quick). We need your help.
4. You should drive more …………………………… (slow) along this road.
5. The old man walks very ………………………….. (slow).
6. Helen is a very ……………………………. (slow) student.
7. Her brother, on the other hand, learns …………………………… (rapid).
8. Mr. Gonzales has a ………………………………. (permanent) visa.
9. He hopes to remain in this country ………………………….. (permanent).
10. This is an …………………………… (easy) exercise.
11. I can do all of these exercises ……………………… (easy).
12. Helen works very ………………………… (hard) in her new job.
13. You walk very ………………………… (fast).
14. They are both ………………………. (serious) students.
15. They both study English very ……………………………… (serious).
16. I agree with you ……………………………. (complete) in that matter.
17. This apple is very ………………………. (soft).
18. She always speaks ………………………. (soft) to the child.
19. Helen is a …………………………….. (beautiful) girl.
20. Her sister plays the violin …………………………… (beautiful).

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 CHAPTER VIII

COMPARISON & SUPERLATIVES

ADJECTIVES COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE

When you compare three or

When you compare two more things/ people. To say
USAGE
things/ people. that one person or thing in a
group is unique.

one syllable or –est

Adjective + –er + The + Adjective +

two syllables ending in “y” (than)

SHORT

More most
LONG

+ Adjective + (than)
Two syllables or more The + + Adjective
Less

EXAMPLES:

Number of syllables ADJECTIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE

cheap cheaper than the cheapest

one syllable *
old older than the oldest

two syllables ending happy happier than the happiest

in “y” * easy easier than the easiest

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 expensive more expensive than the most expensive
two syllables or more
modern less modern than the least modern

*See spelling rules next page (PART B)

EXAMPLE SENTENCES:

COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE

 New York is larger than Boston.  New York is the largest city in the U.S.
 Chicago is colder than Miami.  Chicago is the coldest city I know.
 Bob is taller than John.  Bob is the tallest person in my family.
 A Mercedes is more expensive than a  The Rolls Royce is the most expensive
Volkswagen. car.

B – * SPELLING RULES

1) One-syllable adjectives simply add “er” or “est”

2) C + V + C ending double the last consonant and add “er” or “est”

(Or ending in a short vowel followed by a single consonant)

Ex: hot = hoTTer (than), (the) hoTTest

big = biGGer (than), (the) biGGest

3) “e” ending just add “r” or “st”

Ex: nice = niceR (than), (the) niceST

wide = wideR (than), (the) wideST

4) a) C + Y ending drop the “y” and add “ier” or “iest”

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 Ex: lucky = luckIER (than), (the) luckIEST

healthy = healthIER (than), (the) healthIEST

b) V + Y ending just add “er” or “est”

Ex: coy* = coyER (than), (the) coyEST

gray = grayER (than), (the) grayEST

VOCABULARY: COY* = someone who pretends to be timid.

C – IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES
IRREGULAR
SUPERLATIVE
ADJECTIVES COMPARATIVE

good better than the best

bad worse than the worst

little less than the least

much/many more than the most

far farther / further than the farthest / furthest

EXAMPLE SENTENCES:

COMPARATIVES SUPERLATIVES

- The steak I had last night was the best I’ve

- Steak is better than fish.
ever had.

- The book I read last month was the worst

- This book is worse than that book.
I’ve ever read.

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D – EXERCISES
Read the information about the three women in the box below and do exercises I, II and
III using comparatives and superlatives as indicated.

Jean Donna Connie NOTE:

’ = feet
30 years old 34 years old 27 years old
” = inches
5 feet, 2 inches 5 feet, 4 inches tall 5 feet, 6 inches tall
5’5” = 1,67m
tall
(5’479)
105 pounds 110 pounds 125 pounds

very beautiful beautiful not very beautiful

FEET TO
very neat neat not very neat METERS
= multiply by
friendly very friendly friendly
0.3048

very quiet quiet not very quiet

METERS TO
FEET
= multiply by
3.2810

I – Compare Donna with Connie:

1.Donna is older than Connie.
(old)

2. __________________________________________________________________.

(young)

3. __________________________________________________________________.

(heavy)

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 4. ________________________________________________________________.

(beautiful)

5. __________________________________________________________________.

(neat)

II – Now compare the three women:

1. Jean is the quietest of the three women.

(quiet)

2. _____________________________________________________________________.

(tall)

3. ___________________________________________________________________.

(short)

4. _________________________________________________________________.

(friendly)

5. ________________________________________________________________ .

(beautiful)

III – Finally complete the questions below according to the answers:

1. A: Which of the three women is the most beautiful?

(beautiful)

B: Jean.

2. A: Who ____________________________________________________________?

(neat)

B: Jean is the neatest.

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 3. A: Is Connie __________________________________________________________?
(tall)

B: Yes, she is.

4. A: Which ___________________________________________________________?
(quiet)

B: Jean is.

5. A: Is Donna ________________________________________________________?
(young)

B: No, she’s the oldest.

EQUATIVES

Comparatives of Equality

As ... as
We use as ... as to say that two people, things, etc are the same in some way

Judy is as tall as Martin.

as + adjective + as

I’m as old as you are.

Was the exam as difficult as you’d expected?

After not, we can use as ... as or so ... as.

not as/so + adjective + as

Judy isn’t as/so tall as Carla.

Today isn’t as/so cold as yesterday.

EXERCISE 1

COMPLETE THE SENTENCES USING AS ... AS AND THE ADJECTIVES IN THE

BOX.

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EXAMPLE: ‘Are you as old as Mike?’ ‘No, I’m younger than he is.’

interesting cheap old clever tall

1) Jill is almost __________________________ her father. She’s 164 cm and he’s 166 cm.

2) I’m not __________________________ my brother. He’s very intelligent.

3) The film wasn’t __________________________ I’d thought it would be. In fact, it was

quite boring.

4) Going by train is almost __________________________ taking the coach. They both cost

around ₤ 5.

EXERCISE 2

MAKE COMPARISONS USING ISN’T AS ... AS AND THE ADJECTIVES IN

PARENTHESES.

EXAMPLE: Japan / India (large / industrialised)

Japan isn’t as large as India.

India isn’t as industrialised as Japan.

1) a giraffe / an elephant (tall / strong / fast)

________________________________________________________________________

2) iron / gold (strong / valuable)

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_______________________________________________________________________

3) a gorilla / a human (intelligent / strong)

_______________________________________________________________________

4) a car / a bicycle (expensive / fast / easy to park)

______________________________________________________________________

NOTE: In an informal style we use object pronouns like me, him after as. Example, You
aren’t as tired as me. In a more formal style we use a subject pronoun like I, he +
verb. Example, You aren’t as tired as I am. Some people think that the subject form +
verb is more ‘correct’.

COMPARATIVES, SUPERLATIVES AND EQUATIVES

EXERCISE 3

COMPLETE THE SENTENCES USING THE CORRECT FORM OF THE

ADJECTIVES IN PARENTHESES. ADD THAN, THE OR AS WHERE NECESSARY.

EXAMPLES: A mile is longer than a kilometer (long)

Today isn’t as sunny as yesterday. (sunny)

What’s the best holiday you’ve ever had? (good)

1) Baseball is one of _________________________ sport in the USA. (popular)

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2) She’s much _________________________ her brother. (serious)

3) He wasn’t as _________________________ he usually is. (friendly)

4) That was _________________________ film I’ve ever seen. (good)

5) He’s much _________________________ any of his brothers. (generous)

6) You aren’t as _________________________ you think you are. (clever)

7) Where’s _________________________ place in the world? (hot)

8) Debbie is far _________________________ she used to be. (self-confident)

9) My brother is one of _________________________ people I know. (strange)

10) Which is _________________________ building in the world? (tall)

11) Our holiday was much _________________________ we’d expected. (cheap)

12) That was one of _________________________ times of my life. (enjoyable)

COMPARISONS

SUMMARY

COMPARISONS OF ADJECTIVES

ADJECTIVES EQUATIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATI

VE

One – syllable taller than

as tall as the tallest
adjectives (nor as tall as)

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 Two – syllable
noisier than
SHORT

adjectives as noisy as the noisiest

(not as noisy as)
ending in “y”

Two – syllable the most

more / less famous than famous
adjectives not as famous as
(not as famous as) the least
ending in “y” famous
LONG

the most
adjectives with more / less artistic than artistic
as artistic as
3 or more syllables (not as artistic as) the least
artistic

better than

worse than
the best
as good as farther / further than
Irregular form of the worst
as bad as
adjectives the farthest
as far as (not as good as)
the furthest
(not as bad as)

(not as far as)

NOTE 1: The following adjectives can use either form (-er / -est or more / the most):

able, angry, clever, cruel, friendly, gently, handsome, narrow, polite, obscure,
secure, simple, stupid.

Example:

friendlier than The friendliest

as friendly as
more friendly than The most friendly

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NOTE 2: The comparative form of fun is “more fun than”.

SUBJECT : Comparatives and Superlatives

A) Fill in the blanks with the adjectives in brackets:

1. Tom is …………………………………………………… his brother. (old)

2. This problem is ……………………………………………. that problem. (easy)
3. John is …………………………………………………. boy in our class. (tall)
4. My friend is …………………………………………. my sister. (fat)
5. My room is ……………………………………… room in our house. (small)
6. Konya is ………………………………………… city in Turkey. (large)
7. The Kızılırmak is ………………………………… river in Turkey. (long)
8. Madonna is ………………………………………….. Sandra. (popular)
9. My English is ……………………………………….. your English. (good)
10. The weather today is ………………………………………. the weather yesterday.
(bad)
11. This garden is …………………………………………….. that garden. (large)
12. Elizabeth is ……………………………………………. girl in our group. (beautiful)
13. I am ……………………………………………… girl in the class. (short)
14. What is ……………………………………….. film on TV today? (funny)
15. Who is ………………………………………… girl in your class? (pretty)

B) Fill in the blanks as in the example:

I went on holiday last year but it was a disaster! My hotel room was .. smaller than …
(small)
the one in the photograph in the brochure. I think it was ……………………………… (small)
room in the hotel. The weather was terrible too. It was ………………………………… (cold)
in England. The beach near the hotel was very dirty – it was ………………………………..
(dirty) all the beaches on the island. The food was ………………………………………….
(expensive)
I expected and I didn’t have enough money. One day I went shopping in a big department
store and I broke a vase. It was ……………………………………………………
( expensive) vase in the whole shop. But ………………………………………. (bad) thing
all was that I lost my passport and I couldn’t go back home. It was
………………………………………….. (horrible)
holiday all my life.

C) Complete the sentences:

DAVID TOM GEORGE

Age 25 30 35
Weight 70 kgs 72 kgs 75 kgs

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 Height 1.68 1.72 1.80
Salary $800/month $1000/month $1500/month
House 3 rooms 4 rooms 5 rooms

1. (young) David is ….. younger than …. Tom and George.

2. (old) George and Tom are ……………………………………………… David.
3. (heavy) George is the …………………………………………………. all.
4. (light) Tom is …………………………………………………. George.
5. (tall) Tom is ………………………………………………… David.
6. (tall) George is ……………………………………………… all.
7. (old) George is ……………………………………………… Tom.
8. (little) David gets ………………………… money ……………………. Tom.
9. (much) George gets ……………………….. money ……………………. Tom.
10. (small) David’s house is …………………………………………. Tom’s.
11. (big) George’s house is ……………………………………….. all.
12. (big) Tom’s house is ………………………………………….. David’s.

Read the passage:

Mr. and Mrs. Smith are now flying to Canada. Miss Bennet is their stewardess. She is
very talkative and friendly. She is showing Mr. and Mrs. Smith some pictures of her family
and her best friend.

Miss Bennet: This is my best friend. Her name is Tina.

Mrs. Smith : She is very pretty. Is she older or younger than you?
Miss Bennet: She is one year younger.
Mrs. Smith : Aren’t you thinner than she is?
Miss Bennet: Yes, I am. Tina loves to eat very much.
Mrs. Smith : So do I. I hope it will be time for lunch soon.

Age Height Weight

Miss Bennet 21 1.73 57 kg
James Bennet 23 1.82 76 kg
Tina Robbins 20 1.68 61 kg

D) Look at chart. Compare Miss Bennet with her brother and her best friend Tina
Robbins:
Example: (Miss Bennet / tall / Tina Robbins)
Miss Bennet is taller than Tina Robbins.

1. (Miss Bennet / short / her brother James)

……………………………………………………………………………………..
2. (James / tall / her sister)
…………………………………………………………………………………….
3. (Miss Bennet / old / her best friend)
…………………………………………………………………………………….
4. (Her best friend / young / Miss Bennet)
…………………………………………………………………………………….
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 5. (Miss Bennet / short / her brother)
…………………………………………………………………………………….
6. (Her brother / tall / Miss Bennet)
…………………………………………………………………………………….
7. (Miss Bennet / fat / Tina)
……………………………………………………………………………………
8. (Tina / slim / Miss Bennet)
……………………………………………………………………………………
9. (Miss Bennet / slim / her brother)
……………………………………………………………………………………
10. (Her brother / fat / Miss Bennet)
……………………………………………………………………………………

E) Use “as ……………………. as” in the blanks:

1. Jack’s English is worse than Sonia’s.

Jack’s English isn’t ………………………………………. Sonia’s.
2. Alper’s bag is 3 kg. Ahmet’s bag is 5 kg.
Alper’s bag isn’t …………………………………………….. Ahmet’s bag.
3. An orange is sweeter than a lemon.
A lemon isn’t ……………………………………………. an orange.
4. Terry is 1.70 cm tall. Jason is 1.70 cm tall too.
Terry is …………………………………………… Jason.
5. Chinese is more difficult than French.
French isn’t …………………………………………. Chinese.
6. Science fiction films and soap operas are very exciting.
Science fictions are …………………………………………. soap operas.
7. Chemistry is more difficult than drawing.
Chemistry isn’t ………………………………………………… drawing.
8. Jane’s car is Mercedes, but Sue’s car is Opel.
Sue’s car isn’t ………………………………………. Jane’s car.
9. July is hotter than May.
May isn’t ……………………………………… July.

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 CHAPTER IX
COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

Nouns can be divided into two kinds: countable and uncountable.

Countable nouns are easy to recognize. They are things that we can count. For example:
"pen". We can count pens. We can have one, two, three or more pens. Here are some more
countable nouns:

 dog, cat, animal, man, person

 bottle, box, litre
 coin, note, dollar
 cup, plate, fork
 table, chair, suitcase, bag

Countable nouns can be singular or plural:

 My dog is playing.
 My dogs are hungry.

We can use the indefinite article a/an with countable nouns:

 A dog is an animal.

When a countable noun is singular, we must use a word like a/the/my/this with it:

 I want an orange. (not I want orange.)

 Where is my bottle? (not Where is bottle?)

When a countable noun is plural, we can use it alone:

 I like oranges.

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  Bottles can break.

We can use some and any with countable nouns:

 I've got some dollars.

 Have you got any pens?

We can use a few and many with countable nouns:

 I've got a few dollars.

 I haven't got many pens.

"People" is countable. "People" is the plural of "person". We can count people:

 There is one person here.

 There are three people here.

We change most singular nouns to plurals by adding –s. However, there are some that
follow different rules.

Nouns We . . . Examples

Nouns ending in -s, - ＋es buses, boxes, dresses,

x, -ss, -ch, -sh watches, bushes

Nouns ending in -o ＋s or ＋es pianos, zoos, tomatoes,

potatoes, heroes

Nouns ending in a ＋s boys, cats, days, monkeys,

vowel ＋ -y

Nouns ending in a change y to ies bodies, cities, countries,

consonant ＋ -y ladies, families

Nouns ending in -f/- change -f/-fe to -ves leaves, shelves, lives,

fe knives

Some special nouns change the vowel(s), footfeet, manmen

change some letters at mousemice

the end,

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 add letters at the end

childchildren

Some animals Make no change fishfish, deerdeer,

sheepsheep

Uncountable Nouns

Uncountable nouns are substances, concepts etc that we cannot divide into separate elements.
We cannot "count" them. For example, we cannot count "milk". We can count "bottles of
milk" or "litres of milk", but we cannot count "milk" itself. Here are some more uncountable
nouns:

 music, art, love, happiness

 advice, information, news
 furniture, luggage
 rice, sugar, butter, water
 electricity, gas, power
 money, currency

We usually treat uncountable nouns as singular. We use a singular verb. For example:

 This news is very important.

 Your luggage looks heavy.

We do not usually use the indefinite article a/an with uncountable nouns. We cannot say "an
information" or "a music". But we can say a something of:

 a piece of news
 a bottle of water
 a grain of rice

We can use some and any with uncountable nouns:

 I've got some money.

 Have you got any rice?

We can use a little and much with uncountable nouns:

 I've got a little money.

 I haven't got much rice.

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Uncountable nouns are also called "mass nouns".

Here are some more examples of countable and uncountable nouns:

Countable Uncountable

dollar money

song music

suitcase luggage

table furniture

battery electricity

bottle wine

report information

tip advice

journey travel

job work

view scenery

When you learn a new word, it's a good idea to learn whether it's countable or uncountable.

Nouns that can be Countable and Uncountable

Sometimes, the same noun can be countable and uncountable, often with a change of
meaning.

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 Countable Uncountable

There are two hairs in my coffee! hair I don't have much hair.

There are two lights in our bedroom. light Close the curtain. There's too much light!

Shhhhh! I thought I heard a noise.

It's difficult to work when there is too
There are so many different noises in noise
much noise.
the city.

Have you got a paper to read?

I want to draw a picture. Have you got
(newspaper) paper
some paper?
Hand me those student papers.

Our house has seven rooms. room Is there room for me to sit here?

We had a great time at the party.

time Have you got time for a coffee?
How many times have I told you no?

Macbeth is one of Shakespeare's

work I have no money. I need work!
greatest works.

Exercise 1

Underline the noun in each sentence and write ‘C’ or ‘U’ to show whether the noun is
countable or uncountable.

1. That is a very good painting. __________

2. I don’t like coffee. __________
3. I need two clean glasses. __________
4. She bought a new iron yesterday. __________
5. They’ve got plenty of coal. __________
6. Would you like some chicken? __________
7. Too much cake isn’t good for you. __________
8. She ate a whole chicken. __________.
9. How much flour did you buy? __________.
10. Hope keeps me going. __________

Exercise 2

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Use the correct form of the given nouns to complete the following sentences.

language party fun vegetable information

fruit money hair advice sleeve

1. We can buy fresh _______________ from the supermarket.

2. Mrs. Lee went to the travel agent for some _______________ about the tour to Japan.
3. I can’t wear this shirt. The _______________ are too long.
4. How many _______________ does Jenny speak?
5. Miss Ng spends a lot of _______________ on clothes.
6. I don’t know what to do. Please give me some _______________.
7. Karen has beautiful _______________.
8. We had a lot of _______________ at the party last night.
9. Susan enjoys going to _______________.
10. Alan eats a lot of _______________.
Exercise 3

Choose the correct answer.

1. She burst into _______________ (tear/ tears) when she heard the bad news.
2. Peter and Jack shake _______________ (hand/ hands) and become friends again.
3. She can’t see what is written on the blackboard without her contact _______________
(len/ lens)
4. The two sisters took _______________ (turn/ turns) at sitting up with their sick mother.
5. Quite a number of _______________ (DJ/ DJs) have extended their careers to singing.
6. If you want to get well, you should take the doctor’s _______________ (advice/ advices).
7. Mary never does her _______________ (homework/ homeworks)
8. Johnny has lost his _______________ (luggage/ luggages).
9. The factory workers stopped working and took (a rest/ rest).
10. The children sat on the _______________ (grass/ grasses).

Exercise 4

Underline the incorrect word in each sentence and write the correct word in the space
provided.

1. He takes part in a lot of extracurricular activitys. ______________

2. I always put three teaspoon of sugar in my coffee. ______________

3. The field is full of sheeps. ______________

4. The thief was wearing jean. ______________

5. Money cannot buy happinesses. ______________

6. They want to finish the job themself. ______________

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7. How many piece of cheese would you like? ______________

8. A mice was hiding under the table. ______________

9. Three passer-bys were shot in the raid. ______________

10.Put on more cloth or you will get a cold. ______________

Exercise 5

Correct the following sentences. Corrections should be done as follows.

*words needing to be changed - (a) underline the incorrect word

(b) write the correct form of the word above it

** missing word - (a) mark the position of the missing word with a ‘^’

(b) write the missing word above it

*** extra word - put a cross ‘X’ on the word you wish to cross out

1. * This piece of furniture look nice. I will buy it.

2. * These chairs are made of woods.

3. *** If we want to be happy, we should have a good health.

4. ** I need two sheets paper to write a letter.

5. * Customer: How many are these jeans?

Shop assistant: $268.

6. *** She burst into a laughter on hearing the joke.

7. * We need more warm cloth when we visit Toronto in winter.

8. *** I have absolute the faith in you.

9. * The cars are stuck in the heavy traffics in Central.

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10. ** The workmen stopped working and took rest.

Exercise 6

In each sentence, choose the best phrase to complete the gap from the choices below (a,
b, c, or d).

1. The receptionist at the front desk gave me two _______ .a) informations b) information c)
pieces of information d) lots of information

2.My cousin is very beautiful. She has green eyes and ________ .a) long hair b) long hairs c)
a long hair d) a long length of hair

3. _________ have you got in the bank? Is it enough to buy a house?) How many moneys b)
How many money c) How much money d) How much moneys

4. On Saturday, my friend Paul went fishing and he caught ________ .a) three fish b) three
fishes c) three items of fish d) three of fish

5. Can I borrow _______ from you? I've left mine at home and I want to write some notes.a)
paper b) a paper c) a slice of paper d) a piece of paper

6. How many ________ did the teacher give us today? He always gives us a lot to do.a)
homework b) homeworks c) a lot of homework d) pieces of homework

7. Every morning before I come to school, I spend thirty minutes doing _______ .That's how
I stay so slim.a) exercise b) an exercise c) some exercises d) some pieces of exercise

8. Your sister is a great pianist. She played ________ at the party. a) a lovely music b) some
lovely musics c) lovely musics d) a lovely piece of music

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 CHAPTER X
ARTICLES

A vs. An

USE 1

The article A is used before singular, countable nouns which begin with consonant sounds.

Examples:

 He is a teacher.
 She doesn't own a car.
 I saw a bear at the zoo.

USE 2

The article AN is used before singular, countable nouns which begin with vowel sounds.

Examples:

 He is an actor.
 She didn't get an invitation.
 I saw an eagle at the zoo.

USE 3

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Remember that A(AN) means "one" or "a single". You cannot use A(AN) with plural nouns.

Examples:

 I saw a bears in Yellowstone National Park. Not Correct

 I saw bears in Yellowstone National Park. Correct

USE 4

If there is an adjective or an adverb-adjective combination before the noun, A(AN) should

agree with the first sound in the adjective or the adverb-adjective combination.

Examples:

 He is an excellent teacher.
 I saw a really beautiful eagle at the zoo.

USE 5

Use A before words such as "European" or "university" which sound like they start with a
consonant even if the first letter is a vowel. Also use A before letters and numbers which
sound like they begin with a consonant, such as "U", "J", "1" .Remember, it is the sound not
the spelling which is important. For example, "1" is spelled O-N-E; however, it is
pronounced "won" like it starts with a "W".

Examples:

 She has a euro. Sounds like "yu-ro".

 That number is a "1". Sounds like "won".

USE 6

Use AN before words such as "hour" which sound like they start with a vowel even if the first
letter is a consonant. Also use AN before letters and numbers which sound like they begin
with a vowel, such as "F" or "8". Remember, it is the sound not the spelling which is
important. For example, "F" is pronounced "eff" like it starts with an "E".

Examples:

 I only have an hour for lunch. Sounds like "au-er".

 Does his name begin with an "F"? Sounds like "eff".

USE 7

Some words such as "herb" or "hospital" are more complicated because they are pronounced
differently in different English accents. In most American accents, the "h" in "herb" is silent,
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so Americans usually say "an herb". In many British accents, the "h" in "herb" is pronounced,
so many British say "a herb". In some British accents, the "h" in hospital is silent, so some
British will say "an hospital" instead of "a hospital".

USE 8

In English, some nouns are considered uncountable such as: information, air, advice, salt and
fun. We do not use A(AN) with these uncountable nouns.

Examples:
 She gives a good advice. Not Correct
 She gives good advice. Correct

A. Choose A, AN or (/) for "no article" for each blank below

Top of Form
1. bed 11. very sad story

2. chair 12. web site

3. egg 13. Internet conference

4. fish 14. extremely large dog

5. answer 15. light meal

6. song 16. fantastic answer

7. vacation 17. unusually small head

8. investigation 18. funny joke

9. computers 19. expensive purse

10. old letter 20. hard lessons

A(An) vs. The

USE 9

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A and AN are called indefinite articles. "Indefinite" means "not specific". Use A(AN) when
you are talking about a thing in general, NOT a specific thing.

Examples:

 I need a phone. Not a specific phone, any phone

 Mark wants a bicycle. Not a particular bicycle, a bicycle in general
 Do you have a driver's license? In general

Use A(AN) when talking about a thing which is new, unknown, or introduced to a listener for
the first time. Also use A(AN) when you are asking about the existence of something.

Examples:

 I have a car. The car is being introduced for the first time.
 Tom is a teacher. This is new information to the listener.
 Is there a dictionary in your backpack? Asking about the existence of the dictionary

Similarly, use A(AN) to introduce what type of thing we are talking about.

Examples:

 That is an excellent book. Describing the kind of book

 Do you live in a big house? Asking about the kind of house
 I ate a thick, juicy steak. Describing the kind of steak

REMEMBER: You cannot use A(AN) with plural nouns because A(AN) means "one" or "a
single".

Examples:

 I saw a bears in Yellowstone National Park. Not Correct

 I saw bears in Yellowstone National Park. Correct

USE 10

THE is called a definite article. "Definite" means "specific". Use THE when talking about
something which is already known to the listener or which has been previously mentioned,
introduced, or discussed.

Examples:
 I have a cat. The cat is black.
 There is a book in my backpack. The book is very heavy.

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  Do you know where I left the car keys? The listener knows which specific car keys
you are talking about.
 Do you own a car? Is the car blue? You assume they do have a car after asking about
it in the first sentence.
 Nobody lives on the Moon. The Moon is known to everyone.

IMPORTANT: You can use THE with both singular nouns and plural nouns.

Examples:

 I saw the bear in Yellowstone National Park. Correct

 I saw the bears in Yellowstone National Park. Correct

USE 11

Many clauses and phrases make the noun known to the listener by telling the listener which
person or thing we are talking about. Let's look at an example sentence:

Can you give me the book on the table.

We use THE in this sentence because the phrase "on the table" tells the listener which book
we are referring to. We are not talking about other books, we are talking about a specific
book that the listener can see or already knows about. Learning to recognize such identifying
clauses and phrases will help you use THE correctly.

Examples:
 Did you read the book which I gave you?
 He didn't like the movie that you suggested.

 He loved the dessert with chocolate and cherries.

 The phone on my desk belongs to Ken.
 Did you know the man who was talking to Leonie?

HOWEVER: Not all clauses and phrases make the noun known to the listener. Some are
simply descriptive. They add extra information, but they do not tell the listener which specific
thing we are talking about.

Examples:
 He bought the house with a big backyard. This combination tells the listener which
specific house he bought.
 He bought a house with a big backyard. This combination tells the listener what kind
of house he bought, but not the specific house he bought.

A. Choose A, AN or THE for each blank below

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 1. My mother is … doctor and my father is author.

2. Cindy recommended … good dentist, but … dentist doesn't have any openings for
two months.

3. Mt. Hood is volcano … in Oregon. It's … very beautiful mountain.

4. Sam recommended… book to Lisa. She didn't like… book at all.

5. Do you have… vacuum? I dropped … piece of cake, and I need to clean it up.

6. Honey, where's … vacuum? I can't find it. It was in … closet, but now it's not
there.

7. Do you have … dictionary? I don't have one, and I need to look up … word.

8. Do you have… passport? You need … passport to travel outside of … country.

9. There's … big bear in … backyard. I think … bear is looking for something to eat.

10. Do you have … computer? I have … laptop and … iPad.

B. Choose A, AN or THE for each blank below

1. A: What's wrong?
B: I have … bad headache.

2. A: Why was today's class cancelled?

B: Because … teacher is sick.

3. A: What does he do?

B: He's … engineer.

4. A: What did Tom buy?

B: He bought … new camera.

5. A: How long does it take to get there?

B: It takes about … hour.

6. A: I want to change the channel.

B: OK, … remote control is over there.

7. A: Why can't Shelly travel?

B: She doesn't have … passport.

8. A: Where does Barbara live?

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B: In … apartment on 5th Avenue.

9. A: Oh no, where is it?

B: Don't worry,… key is in my pocket.

10. A: I don't understand what this word means.

B: You need to buy … dictionary.

Advanced Article Usage

USE 12

A(AN) can be used like the word "per".

Examples:

 Apples currently cost $1.30 a pound.

 Cheetahs can run 60 miles an hour.
 You want $150 a person for the tour?

USE 13

Use THE with nouns modified by ranking or ordering expressions such as "the first", "the
second", "the third", "the next", "the last", "the previous", "the following", "the penultimate",
etc.

Examples:

 This is the fifth day of our conference.

 I'll pay the next time we have dinner.
 Don't forget the following rule.

USE 14

Use THE with superlatives such as "the best", "the biggest", "the most important", "the least
interesting", etc.

Examples:

 This is the best day ever.

 That is the most expensive hotel room I've ever heard of in my life.

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  He told the funniest joke!

Comparative forms, such as "bigger", "better", "more" can be used with both A(AN) and THE
and follow general article usage.

Examples:

 I like the bigger roller coaster.

 He has a more expensive car than I do.

HOWEVER: THE is often used with comparative forms (bigger) rather than superlative
forms (biggest) when comparing only two things. This is commonly used in phrases such as
"the bigger of the two".

Examples:

 Jessie and Shauna are both smart. But I think Shauna is the smarter of the two.
 Between Jason's son and his daughter, his daughter is the better athlete.

USE 15

Do not use articles when generalizing about uncountable nouns and plural countable nouns.

Examples:

 Curiosity is a great trait. Uncountable

 Water is an important resource. Uncountable
 Vegetables are good for you. Plural countable

USE 16

English speakers often use THE plus a singular noun when they talk about or make
generalizations about certain topics, including:

 musical instruments (the piano, the guitar, the flute)

 plants (the coconut palm, the saguaro, the baobab)
 animals (the leopard, the elephant, the lowland gorilla)
 inventions (the steam engine, the plane, the light bulb)
 currencies (the dollar, the euro, the yen)
 body parts (the head, the eye, the ear)

Examples:

 I play the piano.

 The sequoia tree is native to California.
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  The dolphin is a very intelligent animal.
 The Wright brothers invented the airplane.
 Right now, the euro is stronger than the dollar.
 Cheryl got poked in the eye.

In general, English speakers choose to use THE in this way to give the noun a more abstract
or conceptual sound. We choose to say "the piano" to make it sound more like an abstract art
form. Similarly, "the dolphin" sounds more like we are referring to the species. Moreover,
"the plane" has a more conceptual sound that conveys the idea of invention. But remember,
you can also make generalizations about these topics using plurals as in USE 15.

USE 17

The expressions "a few" and "a little" mean "some" and express the idea that you have more
than expected.

Examples:

 He always carries a few dollars for emergencies.

 He had a little difficulty with his homework.
 She has a few friends who can help her move.

HOWEVER: The expressions "few" and "little" (without an article) mean "not much" and
express the idea that you have less than expected.

Examples:

 Unfortunately, I had little time to enjoy New York because I had to work so much.
 Sadly, he has few people in his life.
 They have little money, so their daughter cannot pay her tuition.

BUT REMEMBER: When the words "only" or "just" are used, "a few" and "a little" also
emphasize the meaning "not much".

Examples:

 Unfortunately, I only had a little time to enjoy New York because I had to work so
much.
 Sadly, he just has a few people in his life.
 They only have a little money, so their daughter cannot pay her tuition.

USE 18

Generally, articles are not used with the names of illnesses or diseases.
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Examples:

 Dr. Smith visits schools and universities to educate students on AIDS.

 Oncologists are doctors who specialize in treating cancer.
 There are several medications that can be used to treat malaria.

HOWEVER: There are some illnesses which require THE.

 the measles
 the flu
 the mumps
 the bubonic plague

MOREOVER: There are a few health conditions or illnesses which can be used with both
A(AN) as well as THE and follow general article use. This category includes most aches,
pains, growths, and attacks.

 a cold
 a heart attack
 a stroke
 a wart / tumor / growth / etc.
 a sore throat / sore back/ sore foot / etc.
 a headache / toothache / backache / etc.

REMEMBER: This last category follows general article use. Study the examples below.

Examples:

 John has a cold. The cold was pretty bad.

 Nancy had a heart attack. The heart attack seriously weakened her heart.
 Deb had a sore throat. The sore throat made it hard to talk.

USE 19

If a direction (north, west, southeast, left, right) directly follows a verb, do not use an article
with the direction.

Examples:
 We need to walk south.
 They drove north all day.

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  At the stop sign, turn left and walk three blocks.

HOWEVER: If a direction follows a preposition, you must use THE.

Examples:
 We need to walk to the south.
 Our house is in the north.

 The grocery store is on the right.

MOREOVER: Use THE with compass directions when referring to them as special
geographic or cultural regions.

Examples:
 We love the South.
 Have you ever visited the East?

 The West has better national parks.

USE 20

THE can be used with plural family names to refer to the family as a group.

Examples:

 The Robinsons love to vacation in Florida.

 The Shinoharas are originally from Japan.
 My brother lives next door to the Jacksons.

USE 21

THE can be combined with certain adjectives to refer to a group of people such as "the
blind", "the elderly", "the rich", "the French", "the Sioux", etc.

Examples:

 He is elderly. Adjective
 The organization helps the elderly. Elderly people

REMEMBER: This is especially important in situations where nationalities or ethnic groups

and their languages might be confused. In such situations, THE is used to specify that we are
talking about the nationality or ethnic group rather than the language.

Examples:

 I like French. Language

 I like the French. The French people

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HOWEVER: When generalizing about nationalities or ethnic groups that end in "-ans", such
as "Americans", "Mexicans", and "Hawaiians", THE is not usually used.

Examples:

 Americans watch a lot of TV.

 Germans drink a lot of beer.

USE 22

Do not use THE with the names of most countries unless the name contains a word such as
"States", "Kingdom", "Republic", "Emirates", "Union", "Coast", etc.

Examples:

 I love Italy.
 John used to live in Japan.
 He lives in the United States.

SIMILARLY: Don't use THE with states, provinces, and cities unless THE is specifically part
of the name or contains a word such as "Territory" or "Coast".

Examples:

 He lives in California.
 Ladakh is in India.
 The Northwest Territories is a province in Canada.

EXCEPTIONS: THE is used with "the Netherlands" as well as with many nations which are
island chains, such as "the Philippines", "the Maldives", "the Bahamas", etc. Additionally, in
the past, THE was used with certain countries such as "the Sudan", "the Gambia", and "the
Congo"; this usage is becoming less common.

Examples:

 He lives in the Netherlands.

 I visited the Bahamas last year.

USE 23

Use THE with the names of:

 oceans
 seas

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  coasts
 rivers
 swamps
 archipelagos
 collections of lakes (such as the Great Lakes)
 mountain chains
 deserts
 references on the globe (such as the Equator, the North Pole)
 geographic regions (such as the Northwest, the Middle East)
 bridges (except Tower Bridge)
 pagodas
 hotels
 theaters
 museums
 institutes
 skyscrapers
 the Sun, the Moon
 extraordinary works of art or architecture (such as the Mona Lisa, the Colosseum, the
Great Wall of China, and the Taj Mahal)

Examples:

 James visited the Hermitage, a famous museum in St. Petersburg.

 I would love to visit the North Pole.
 Nina walked over the Rialto Bridge.

USE 24

Do not use an article with:

 individual lakes
 individual islands
 beaches
 waterfalls

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  individual mountains (except the Matterhorn)
 canyons (except the Grand Canyon)
 people's first names
 streets (except the High Street)
 public squares
 hospitals
 stadiums
 malls
 parks
 churches
 temples
 universities
 colleges
 languages
 religions
 days
 months
 holidays

Examples:

 Have you ever visited Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris?

 Kenta is Buddhist.
 We went camping in King's Canyon.

HOWEVER: There are additional exceptions to some of the above categories. For example,
THE is often used in the pattern "the ... of ...".

Examples:

 The University of Colorado

 The Temple of Ranakpur
 The Cathedral of Siena

USE 25
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Time expressions can be especially confusing. THE is used in some time expressions such as:

 in the morning
 in the afternoon
 in the evening
 during the night
 during the day
 the day before yesterday
 the day after tomorrow
 the fall
 the summer

Examples:

 We'll meet in the afternoon.

 Jake loves to go camping in the fall.
 There was a small earthquake during the night.

HOWEVER: In other time expressions, no article is used:

 at night
 at noon
 at midnight
 all day
 all night
 all month
 every month
 every year
 last night
 last Friday
 yesterday
 tomorrow

Examples:

 Did you sleep well last night?

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  I'll see you tomorrow.
 We are meeting for lunch at noon.

MOREOVER: There are some expressions which can take both A(AN) and THE such as:

 a/the whole day

 a/the whole month
 an/the entire year
 an/the entire decade

Examples:

 He spent a whole month in Hawaii. I wish I could do that.

 I took last Friday off to go to the doctor. I spent the whole day sitting in his office.
 When she first moved to Germany, it took an entire year for her to learn enough
German to go shopping.

Exercises
A) Put in A / AN or THE. Sometimes you don’t need either word – you leave it blank.

1. There was ………….. waiter standing at ………… entrance of ………… restaurant. I

ordered him ……….. glass of ………. vodka with some juice in it.
2. There was ……….. question I wanted to ask ……….. biology teacher about ……….
cangroo. She had said ………… cangroo carried her baby in ……….. kind of bag in
………. front part of ……….. her body. I wanted to know how many baby cangroos it
could carry at ……….. time.
3. “Is that your wife?”
“No, my wife’s ………. woman in ………. red dress.”
4. I work with ………. man and two women. ………. man is quite nice, but ……….
women
are not very friendly.
5. What’s in ……… newspaper?
6. Can you show me ………. that book, please?
7. What’s ………. name of ………. woman in ………. blue dress?
8. ……….. water turns into ……….. ice at 0 degree C.
9. I like ………… steak, but I don’t like ……….. eggs.
10. She lives in ………… nice flat on ………. fifth floor of ……….. old house.
11. It’s terrible - ……….. eggs are $ 2 ……….. dozen.
12. There was ………. boy and ………. girl in the room. ……….. boy was Japanese but
……….. girl looked foreign. She was wearing ………… fur coat.
13. This morning I bought …………. newspaper and ……….. magazine. ……….
newspaper is in my bag but I don’t know where ………… magazine is.
14. “Have you got ………. car?”
“No, I’ve never had …………. car in my life.”
15. We don’t go to ……….. cinema very much these days. In fact, in ………. town where
we
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 live there isn’t ………… cinema.
16. Don’t stay in that hotel. ………… beds are very uncomfortable.
17. After I leave ………… school, I want to go to ………… university.

B) Put in A / AN or THE. Sometimes you don’t need either word – you leave it blank.

1. John Colloway is …………. bank manager. He works in ………… bank in ………

center of ……… London. Every morning he gets up at seven o’clock, has ………
breakfast and ……… cup of ……….. coffee, and reads ……….”Times”. Then he
goes to ………. work by …….. bus. In ………. morning, he usually makes ………..
telephone calls, sees ……….. customers and ………… dictates ………… letters. He
has ………. lunch at ……….. restaurant near ……… bank. In ……….. afternoon he
works until five or five-thirty, and then goes ………. home. He doesn’t work on
……….. Saturdays or Sundays; he goes to ………… cinema or reads. He likes
…………. novels and ……….. history. He is not married. He has ……….. sister in
………. Oxford and ……….. brother in ……….. London.
2. Have you got ……….. camera?
3. You need ………. visa to visit ……….. foreign countries, but not all of them.
4. When we reached the city center, ………… shops were still open but most of them
were already closed.
5. Jack has got ……….. very long legs, so he’s ……….. fast runner.
6. I’m looking for ………… job. And did Ann get ………. job she applied for?
7. Did ………. police find ………. person who stole your bicycle?
8. We went out for ………… meal last night. ………… restaurant we went to was
excellent.
9. This morning I had ……….. boiled egg and toast for breakfast.
10. Tom always gives Ann …………. flowers on her birthday.
11. I went into the shop and asked to speak to ……….. manager.
12. There’s no need to buy any milk. …………. milkman brings it every morning.
13. It was warm and sunny, so we decided to sit in ………… garden.
14. Jane is ……….. teacher. Her parents were ……….. teachers too.
15. Bill’s got ……….. big feet.
16. Would you like to be ……….. actor?

C) Put a suitable article into the blanks:

1. My neighbour is ……….. photographer; let’s ask him for ……….. advice about
colour films.
2. I had ……… very bad night; I didn’t sleep ………. wink.
3. He is ………… vegeterian; you won’t get ………. meat at his house.
4. ………… youngest boy has just started going to ……….. school; ………. eldest boy
is at ………… college.
5. I went to ………… school to talk to ………… headmistress. I persuaded her to let
Ann give up …………. gymnastics and take ………. ballet lessons instead.
6. There was ………. knock on ………. door. I opened it and found ………… small
dark man in ………. check overcoat and ……… soft hat.
7. - Are John and Mary ……….. cousins?
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 - No, they aren’t ………. cousins; they are ……….. brother and ……… sister.
8. ……….. postman’s little boy says that he’d rather be ………… dentist than ………..
doctor, because …………. dentists don’t get called out at ……….. night.
9. - Would you like to hear ………… story about ……….. Englishman, ………….
Irishman and ………. Scotsman?
- No. I’ve heard ……….. stories about ……….. Englishmen, ………… Irishmen and
………… Scotsmen before and they are all ……….. same.
10. “………. modern burglars don’t hide under ………. beds.” said her daughter.
11. ……….. most of ………… stories that ………… people tell about ……….. Irish
aren’t true.
12. Like many women, she loves ……….. tea parties and ………… gossip.
13. On ……….. Sundays my father stays in …………. bed till ten o’clock, reading
………. Sunday papers.
14. I have ……….. little money left; let’s have dinner in ……….. restaurant.
15. - I hope you have ………… lovely time and ………… good weather.
- But I’m not going for ………… holiday; I’m going on …………. business.
16. During ………. meal he gives her ………. instructions about ………. garden and she
tells him ………. village gossip.
17. My mother goes to …………church in …………. morning, and in …………
afternoon goes to visit ………… friends.

D) Some of the blank spaces below need ARTICLES, others do not. Fill in the articles
where needed.

1. Tobacco is one of ………… most important products of ……….. South.

2. …………. fresh air is needed by all people.
3. …………. cotton which comes from ………… Alabama is better than ………. cotton
which comes from ………… Oklahoma.
4. ………… air in this room is fresh.
5. ………. important products which we ger from ………… India are ……….. tea,
……… cotton, and ………… rice.
6. …………. telephone seldom rings in our home.
7. …………. silver is …………. conductor of …………. electricity.
8. I get on ………… train at ………… same place every day.
9. ………… rain and ………… sun are needed for …………. raising of……….
vegetables.
10. Mary is waving to us from across …………. street.
11. ………… sun is shining but part of ………… sky is still covered with clouds.
12. …………. women use much make-up.
13. Sometimes everyone must take ………… medicine.
14. …………. coffee will keep you awake all night.
15. …………. medicine which ………….. doctor prescribed helped me.
16. …………. tea seems to keep some people awake.
17. He likes to study ………….. French.
18. …………. coffee is very strong.
19. In that course, we study …………. history of all ………… important countries of
Asia.
20. …………. coffee which comes from Brazil is ………… best.

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E) Some of the blank spaces below need ARTICLES, others do not. Fill in the articles
where needed.

1. He went to ………… Spain last month.

2. When you go to …………. Spain, be sure to see …………. Madrid.
3. He works in ………… building on ………… corner of ………. Tenth Ave. and 62nd
St.
4. ………… Tokyo is ………… largest city in ……….. World.
5. ………… traffic on ………… Jones Avenue is heavy.
6. ………… Miami is ………… center of ………… tobacco industry.
7. ……… Rio Grande River forms …………. boundary between ………. U.S. and
Mexico.
8. ………… rivers of …………..eastern part of …………. United States flow toward
…………. East Coast.
9. …………. largest river in …………. America is …………. Mississippi.
10. …………. New York subway trains are very comfortable.
11. …………. climate of ……….. southern Florida is very nice all year.
12. …………. capital of …………. France is ………… Paris, but ………. capital of
………. England is London.
13. ………… Tenth Street has some very nice shops.
14. Some of …………. Tenth Street shops are very inexpensive, too.
15. ………….. President will be on ……….. TV tonight.

CHAPTER XI

PRONOUNS & DETERMINERS

SUBJECT : Pronouns

Possessive pronouns and determiners indicate possession or belonging.

My name’s Polly and I’m looking for my hat. My dad says there’s one in the wardrobe, but
it’s his, not mine. My mum has also got a hat. Look! The dog’s wearing hers.

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Usage
We use a possessive determiner or pronoun instead of the nouns to which something belongs.
We can find the possessive pronoun or determiner by asking the question “Whose?”

Example:

My name is Polly and I am looking for my hat. (Polly’s name/hat) – determiner

This one is not mine. (Polly’s hat) – pronoun

Pronouns and Determiners

Possessive determiners accompany a noun (the thing being possessed), possessive pronouns
replace it.

singular plural
1st person 2nd person 3rd person 1st person 2nd person 3rd person
determiner my your his her its our your their
pronoun mine yours his hers its ours yours theirs
 Determiners come before a noun.

Example:
I am looking for my hat.

My mum has also got a hat.

 Pronouns are used alone, without a noun.

Example:
My dad says there is one in the wardrobe, but it’s his, not mine.

My mum has also got a hat. Look! The dog is wearing hers.

A) Fill in the blanks with MY, YOUR, HIS, HER, ITS, OUR, YOUR, THEIR:

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 1. This is Tim. ………………. car is very fast.
2. Jane and I are in the garden. …………… books are in the classroom.
3. Are you a driver? Where is …………… car?
4. I am a driver? This is ……………. school.
5. She is my friend. …………. name is Meltem.
6. These are Mr. and Mrs. Brown. That’s ………….. house.
7. Look at that cat. …………… eyes are green.
8. Your friend and you are sad today. What’s ……………… problem?
9. That’s Mr. Green. He is driving …………… car.
10. Ali’s and Can’s bags are heavy. …………… bags are full.
11. Gökçe and Meltem are listening to pop music. …………….. mother is cooking in the
kitchen.
12. The dog is eating a bone. ………….. teeth are very sharp.
13. Are you and your sister ready? …………… friend is waiting for you in the car.
14. A: What’s ………….. job?
B: I’m a mechanic.
15. Madonna is a famous singer. …………… new records are great.
16. Robert has got a dog. ………………. name is Bingo.
17. We have got a new house in İzmir. ……………. new house is very large.
18. The boys are riding ……………….. bicycles in the garden.
19. Ayşegül is going to school. …………….. school is very far.
20. Sue and Mary are wearing ear-rings. ………………. ear-rings are silver.

B) Rewrite these sentences using HE, SHE, IT, THEY, WE, HIS, HER, THEIR, OUR,
ITS:

1. Jane’s father is very thin.

…………………………………………………………………………..
2. Men’s trousers are very expensive.
…………………………………………………………………………..
3. Jim’s shirt is very long.
………………………………………………………………………….
4. Is your brother a businessman?
………………………………………………………………………….
5. My mother and I would like some tea.
………………………………………………………………………….
6. These are Ayşe’s and my books.
…………………………………………………………………………
7. Mrs. Brown’s daughters are in the garden.
…………………………………………………………………………
8. Where is Gökçe’s mother?
…………………………………………………………………………
9. My father’s car is blue.
…………………………………………………………………………
10.That rabbit is grey. The rabbit’s ears are long.
………………………………………………………………………….

11.The students’ books are in the classroom.

………………………………………………………………………….
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 12.This is Mrs. Brown’s coat, but these are the children’s coats.
………………………………………………………………………….

C. Rewrite the underlined words using MINE, YOURS, HIS, HERS, OURS, THEIRS:

1. This is Ayşe’s coat.

…………………………………………………………………………
2. It is my chocolate. Don’t eat!
…………………………………………………………………………
3. That red book is not Can’s book. His book is blue.
…………………………………………………………………………
4. A: Look at these keys. Are they our keys?
………………………………………………………………………
B: No, they are not your keys. They are my mother’s keys.
……………………………………………………………………..
5. A: Are those your glasses or my glasses on the table?
…………………………………………………………………….
B: I think, they are your glasses. My glasses aren’t on the table. They are in my bag.
…………………………………………………………………….

D. Fill in the blanks using MINE, YOURS, HIS, HERS, OURS, THEIRS:

1. A: Is this John’s tie?

B: Yes, it is ………….. .
2. My umbrella isn’t black. ……………. is grey.
3. There is a car near your house. Is it …………….. ?
4. That green shirt isn’t Ayşe’s. ………………. is blue.
5. Pass this ball to us. It is …………… .
6. They don’t like sandwiches. These sandwiches are not …………….. .
7. Don’t take these keys. They are not …………….. .
8. A: There is a pair of brown gloves here. Are they your gloves or my gloves?
B: I haven’t got brown gloves. They aren’t ………………. , they are ……………… .
9. A: Is their house old?
B: No, ……………… is very old.
10. Can I take your pen? …………….. is at home.

We use personal pronouns to replace previously mentioned nouns, and we can use them to
talk about ourselves and other people. Personal pronouns can be subjects or objects in a
sentence.

I’ve got a girlfriend. She is very nice and I love her very much. I’ve also got a guitar and I’d
like to play a song on it for her right now:

Although it is raining, you make me feel so good.

Yeah, yeah!
Girl, we are the perfect couple.
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Do you love me as much as I love you?
Yeah, yeah!

Usage
 Personal pronouns in the third person replace a previously mentioned noun.

Example:
I have got a girlfriend. She is very nice and I love her very much.

To avoid misunderstandings, it should always be clear which noun we are replacing

(in case of doubt, it’s better just to repeat the noun).

 The pronoun it can also be used in impersonal constructions.

Example:
It’s raining.

 Personal pronouns in the first person are used when we’re talking about ourselves.

Example:
I have got a girlfriend.

We are the perfect couple.

 When we’re addressing other people, we use the personal pronoun in the second person.

Example:
Do you love me as much as I love you?

Personal Pronoun as Subject or Object

With personal pronouns, we have to differentiate between subject-pronouns and object-
pronouns.

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 singular plural

1st person 2nd person 3rd person 1st person 2nd person 3rd person

subject I you he she it we you they

object me you him her it us you them

 The subject of the sentence is normally the person or thing that is performing the action.

Example:
I’d like to play a song.

You make me feel so good.

 The object is the person or thing that is the direct recipient of the action.

Beispiel:
I love her.

 Object-pronouns also come after prepositions (here: on, for).

Example:
I’d like to play a song on it for her right now.

E. Fill in the blanks with ME, YOU, HIM, HER, THEM, US, IT:

1. We are playing in the garden and Jim is playing with …………….. .

2. Are the lights on? Turn ……………. off!
3. Where is my book? I’m looking for ……………… .
4. She is very tired. Help …………….. .
5. I’m very thirsty. Give ……………. a glass of water.
6. This is Ahmet’s pen. Give it to …………… .
7. Look at …………… . Are they your friends?
8. Are you John Brown? There is a letter for …………. .

F. Fill in the blanks with MY, YOUR, HIS, HER, ITS, OUR, THEIR, ME, YOU, HIM,
HER, IT, US, THEM, MINE, YOURS, HERS, HIS, OURS, THEIRS where
necessary:

1. Is that Jim’s tie? Show …………… this tie.

2. There is a pen on the table. Give ………….. to me.
3. Pass these books to your friends. They are ………….. .
4. A: Is this my umbrella?
B: No, it isn’t ………….. umbrella. …………. is on the table.

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 5. Gökçe and I are in the classroom. ……………. bags are under the desk over there.
Could you bring ………….. to ………….. ?
6. Mr. and Mrs. Brown are at the door. This is …………. key. Please give ………… to
…………. .
7. A: Have you got a green pullover?
B: No, …………….. isn’t green. It’s blue.
8. Look at that man. ………….. name is John Brown. This psssport is ……………. .
Give ……………. to ……………. .

G. Rewrite the underlined parts using ME, HIM, HER, THEM, US, IT:

1. There are some books on the desk. Look at these books.

……………………………………………………………………………
2. She is turning the radio on.
……………………………………………………………………………
3. The teacher is asking Jane a question.
……………………………………………………………………………
4. Take your shoes off.
……………………………………………………………………………
5. The man is looking at Ali and me.
……………………………………………………………………………
6. Jim is giving his father some tea.
……………………………………………………………………………
7. This is the dog’s meat. Give the meat to the dog.
……………………………………………………………………………
8. Is Tom eating any oranges?
……………………………………………………………………………
9. Give the milk to that cat.
……………………………………………………………………………
10. Could you pass the salt to your mother?
……………………………………………………………………………

H) Complete the passage. Use these words.

my your his her its our their his

Hello. …………… name is Patrick. I’m nine. I have got a brother. His name is Andy and
he’s eleven. We are on holiday in Spain. The hotel is very good and …………. swimming-
pool is large.
Andy and I have got a sister. ……….. name is Liz. She’s six years old. …………. mother
and father are in the restaurant now. Their friends, Mr. and Mrs. Bolton, are in the restaurant,
too. …………. two sons are in the pool.
Andy has got a girl-friend. …………… girl-friend’s name is Sandra. She’s in ……………
class at school.
Where is your family? Is ……………. family here, too?

SUBJECT : Reflexive Pronouns

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Reflexive pronouns refer to the subject. We use them in the sense of self or oneself.

Larry is a small boy, but he can already dress himself.

There is a mirror in his room. He hung it up himself, with a little help from his dad.

He often looks at himself in the mirror and likes talking to himself.

Usage
We use reflexive pronouns when the subject and the object are the same person.

Example:

He often looks at himself in the mirror and likes talking to himself.

The subject and object here are the same person. After all, he could have been looking
at someone else and could be proud of someone else.

Example:

He often looks at his dad and likes talking to him.

We also use reflexive pronouns when we want to express that someone did something alone
(without anyone else’s help).

Example:

Larry is a small boy, but he can already dress himself.

In his room, there is a mirror. Larry has hung it up himself, with a little help from his dad.

In English, unlike other languages, reflexive verbs are not very common. We don’t use
reflexive pronouns after feel, concentrate, relax, or meet. Instead, we use regular verbs.

Example:

Larry feels good. (not: Larry feels himself good.)

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There are a few verbs which are usually followed by reflexive pronouns. The most improtant
ones are listed in the following table.

Verb Example
behave oneself Behave yourselves at Grandma and Grampa’s house this weekend.
cut oneself Alex cut himself while he was chopping onions for dinner.
dry oneself In the morning I wake up, have a shower, dry myself, get dressed and leave the
house.
enjoy oneself Amy enjoyed herself at the party that night.
express oneself Art is the only way I can express myself.
hurt oneself Be careful! I don’t want you to hurt yourself.
introduce Let me introduce myself, my name is Bond – James Bond.
oneself

List of reflexive pronouns

singular plural
1st person 2nd person 3rd person 1st person 2nd person 3rd person
myself yourself himsel herself itsel ourselves yourselves themselves
f f

To Note

In the singular, the reflexive pronoun is formed with -self, in the plural with -selves.

Example:

I can see myself in the mirror.

We can see ourselves in the mirror.

In the second person, we have to indicate whether we're talking to one person or several
people.

Example:

You can be proud of yourself. (one person)

You can be proud of yourselves. (several people)

Info

In English, the reflexive pronouns are not used to indicate a reciprocal

relationship. In this case, rather, we use each other.

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Example:

We see each other.

(not: We see ourselves.)

A) Complete the sentences using MYSELF, YOURSELF, HIMSELF, HERSELF,

ITSELF,
OURSELVES, YOURSELVES, THEMSELVES:

1. Sue’s children are too young to look after ………………………………. .

2. An elephant hurt ……………………… when it tried to get out of the zoo yesterday.
3. I couldn’t borrow my mother’s car last night because she was using it ……………… .
4. I don’t need any help. I can take care of ………………………. .
5. Mr. Woods fell over and hurt …………………….. when he was running for a bus.
6. Would you all like to help …………………………… to sandwiches and cakes?
7. Sarah and I didn’t really enjoy ……………………………. at the disco last night?
8. I taught ……………………….. to play the guitar; I’ve never had lessons.

B) Complete each sentence using BY + A REFLEXIVE PRONOUN:

1. A: Who did you go to the cinema with?

B: Nobody, I went ………………………………………….. .
2. Since the old lady’s husband died, she’s been living
…………………………………… .
3. Did someone help you move all the furniture, or did you do it all
……………………… ?
4. They need some help; they can’t manage …………………………………………… .
5. The dog opened the door ………………………………………. .

C) Complete the sentences using a REFLEXIVE PRONOUN:

1. I didn’t buy that cake from the shop. I made it ………………………….. .

2. A: Who built your swimming pool for you?
B: Nobody. We built it ……………………………….. .
3. Did someone phone the doctor for you? Or did you phone him
…………………………?
4. A: Who told you they were moving?
B: They told me ……………………………………. .
5. Mr. Mason ………………………….. offered me the job.
6. Sally didn’t buy that sweater, she made it …………………………….. .

D) Finish th sentences with a REFLEXIVE PRONOUN:

1. He looked at ……………………. in the mirror.

2. I’m not angry with you. I’m angry with ……………………………….. .
3. Margaret had a nice time in London. She enjoyed …………………………….. .
4. My friends had a nice time in London. They enjoyed …………………………. .

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 5. I picked up a very hot plate and burnt …………………………….. .
6. He never thinks about other people. He only thinks about …………………… .
7. I want to know more about you. Tell me about …………………….. .
8. Goodbye! Have a nice holiday and look after ………………………… !

E) Complete the answers to the questions using MYSELF, YOURSELF, ITSELF etc.

1. Who repaired the bicycle for you?

Nobody. I ….. repaired it myself. …………………………………………
2. Did Brian have his hair cut by a hairdresser?
No. He cut …………………………………………………………………
3. Do you want me to post that letter for you?
No, I’ll …………………………………………………………………….
4. Who told you that Linda was getting married?
Linda ………………………………………………………………………

Some, Any, A few, A little, Many, Much

How much ....? = uncountable nouns

For example: How much coffee do you drink?
How many ....? = countable nouns
For example: How many cups of coffee do you drink?

How much? How many?

Countable Nouns Uncountable Nouns

In We use how many with plural We use how much with
questions: countable nouns:- uncountable nouns:-
"How many newspapers do you "How much paper is in the
read every day?" printer?"
"How many Euros have you "How much money have you
got?" got?"

Some, Any

Countable Uncountable
There are some people. There is some money.
cups. traffic.
books. paper.
newspapers. time.
chairs. coffee.
shoes. food.

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 Euros.

Countable Uncountable
Statements We can use some in positive We can use some in positive
: sentences with plural sentences with uncountable
countable nouns:- nouns:-
Positive: I read some books. I would like some coffee.

Countable Uncountable
There aren't any people. There isn't any money
cups. .
books. traffic.
newspapers. paper.
chairs. time.
shoes. coffee.
Euros. food.

Statement We can use any in negative We can use any in negative

: sentences with plural countable sentences with uncountable
nouns:- nouns:-
Negative: I don't read any books. I don't want any coffee.

Countable Uncountable
Are(n't) there any people? Is(n't) there any money
cups? ?
books? traffic?
newspapers paper?
? time?
chairs? coffee?
shoes? food?
Euros?

Questions: We can use any in questions We can use any in questions with
with plural countable nouns:- plural uncountable nouns:-
Positive Are there any books? Do you need any coffee?
Q:
Negative Aren't there any books? Don't you need any coffee?
Q:
!Note! When you expect the answer to be "Yes." to an offer or polite request,
you can ask a question using some.
Countable Uncountable
Question: Can I have some books, please? Would you like some coffee?

A few, A little

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There are a few people There is a little mone
cups y
books traffic
newspapers paper
chairs time
shoes coffee
Euros food

Countable Uncountable
Statements
:
Positive: "I meet a few people every "There is a little paper in the
day." printer."
"I only have a few Euros." "I only have a little money."

Many, Much

There aren't many people There isn't much mone

cups y
books traffic
newspapers paper
chairs time
shoes coffee
food

Countable Uncountable
Statements
:
Negative: I don't read many books. I don't drink much coffee.
Questions:
Positive Q: Are there many books? Do you need much coffee?
Negative Aren't there many books? Don't you need much coffee?
Q:

SUBJECT : Some / Any / Much / Many / A lot of / (a) Few / (a) Little

A) Fill in SOME or ANY as in the example:

1. Are there …….. any ………… rabbits in the garden?

2. Are there …………………… children in the class?
3. There aren’t ………………….. chairs in the room.
4. Are there ……………………… birds in the tree?
5. There isn’t ……………………. money in the bag.
6. There is ………………………. coffee in the cup.
7. There are …………………….. policemen in the police station.

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 8. Are there ……………………… fish in the water.
9. Are there …………………….. oranges in the basket?
10. There isn’t ……………………. milk in the fridge.
11. I have …………… tea, but I don’t have ……………… sugar.
12. Is there ………………… meat at home?
13. There were ………………… apples here a minute ago.
14. There aren’t ……………….. glasses on the table.
15. Please buy me ………………. stamps at the post office.

B) Write what they have got and what they haven’t got:

tomatoes potatoes meat bread

Teresa * * *
Richard + Jenny * * *
Mark * * *
Sally * * *

1. Teresa has got some tomatoes, some meat and some bread but she hasn’t got any
potatoes.
2. Richard and Jenny ……………………………………………………………………. .
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
3. Mark
…………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………
4. Sally
……………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………

C) Fill in HOW MUCH, HOW MANY, A FEW, A LITTLE, SOME or ANY:

1. A: ……………………………. bananas would you like, sir?

B: Just …………………………. , please.
2. A: Can I have …………………………… milk?
B: Sorry, we haven’t got ……………………….. milk.
3. A: ………………………… bread would you like?
B: Just ……………………….. , please.

4. A: ……………………… carrots do we have?

B: We have only …………………………. .
5. A: ……………………….. oranges do we need?
B: We don’t need ……………………….. oranges.
6. A: …………………….sugar would you like in your coffee?
B: Just ………………………, please.
7. A: Could I have ……………………. tea, please?
B: Of course. Would you like ………………………. biscuits, too?
8. A: Is there ………………………. wine in the fridge?
B: No, we need to buy ……………………. .
9. A: ……………………. flour does she need?
B: Just …………………….. .
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 10. A: Have you got ……………………… potatoes?
B: Yes. …………………………. would you like?

D) Fill in SOME, ANY, MUCH or MANY:

1. A: I’d like ……………………. eggs, please.

B: Of course. How ……………………. would you like?
A: Six, please. Are there ……………………… tomatoes?
B: Certainly. How …………………… do you need?
A: A kilo, please.
2. A: I’d like …………………… olive oil.
B: How ……………………… do you need?
A: Half a bottle. Is there ……………………. flour?
B: Certainly. How ………………………. do you need?
A: A kilo, please.

E) Fill in HOW MUCH or HOW MANY:

1. ………………………………….. potatoes do we need?

2. ………………………………….. sugar would you like?
3. ………………………………….. milk is there in the fridge?
4. ………………………………….. eggs do you want?
5. ………………………………….. ham do you need?

F) Write ( C ) for the correct sentences, as in the example:

1. a. There aren’t some tomatoes in the fridge. …………

b. There aren’t any tomatoes in the fridge. ….. C …
2. a. I’d like some soup, please. …………
b. I like some soup, please. .………..
3. a. Would you like some orange juice? …………
b. Do you like some orange juice? …………
4. a. How much cherries do you need? …………
b. How many cherries do you need? …………
5. a. I’d like some rice for lunch. …………
b. I’d like a rice for lunch. …………
6. a. Would you like some bread? .………..
b. Do you like some bread? …………
7. a. No thanks. I don’t want any coffee. …………
b. No thanks. I’d like any coffee. …………
8. a. “Here’s your hamburger.”
“How many is it?” …………
b. “Here’s your hamburger.”
“How much is it?” …………
9. a. How much you want? …………
b. How much do you want? …………
10. a. I’m hungry. Is there anything to eat? …………
b. I’m hungry. Is this anything to eat?

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SUBJECT : SOME- / ANY- / EVERY- / NO- with –body / -one / -thing / -where

A) Complete the sentences using SOMEONE / ANYONE / NO ONE / SOMETHING /

ANYTHING / NOTHING / SOMEWHERE / ANYHWHERE / NOWHERE /
EVERYONE / EVERYTHING / EVERYWHERE:

1. Do you have ……………………………. in your pocket?

2. Bob doesn’t have …………………………… in his pocket.
3. My roommate is speaking to ………………………… on the phone.
4. Ann didn’t tell ………………………. her secret.
5. I talked to ……………………… at the phone company about my bill.
6. Jane gave me ……………………….. for my birthday.
7. Paul didn’t give me …………………………. for my birthday.
8. Did Paul give you …………………………. for your birthday?
9. My brother is sitting at his desk, and he is writing a letter to ……………………… .
10. A: The room is empty.
B: You’re right. There is …………………………. to talk to here.
11. A: What did you do last night?
B: I didn’t do ……………………… .
12. They won’t go ……………………….. after dark.
13. A: Does ………………………… have a red pen?
B: Yes. Betty does.
14. If ……………………… wants to leave early, he or she can.
15. There is ……………………….. at the door. Can you go and see who it is?

B) Complete the sentences using SOMEONE / ANYONE / NO ONE / SOMETHING /

ANYTHING / NOTHING / SOMEWHERE / ANYHWHERE / NOWHERE /
EVERYONE / EVERYTHING / EVERYWHERE:

1. The bus was completely empty. There was ……………………….. on it.

2. The party was very nice. ………………………….. enjoyed it.
3. Tom is very popular. ………………………… likes him.
4. ……………………….. was very kind to us. They helped us too much.
5. ……………………….. can make her happy because she is very sad now.
6. I opened the door but there was ………………………….. there.
7. ……………………….. telephoned the police but he didn’t give his name.
8. Is ……………………… living in that house? It looks empty.
9. I heard ………………………. falling down the stairs.
10. ………………………… is here, no absentees.
11. Jane was very hungry, so she wanted to go ……………………….. to eat a hamburger.
12. John went ……………………….. exciting last week.
13. She stayed in İstanbul for a month and visited ………………………… in this city.
14. What’s wrong? Have you got ………………………….. in your eye?
15. Does ………………………… mind if I smoke?
16. A: Where did you go for your holidays?
B: …………………… . I stayed at home.
17. The accident looked serious but fortunately ……………………….. was injured.

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 18. A: What did you have for breakfast?
B: ………………………. . I don’t usually have …………………… for breakfast.

C) Rewrite the following sentences without changing the meaning:

Example: There wasn’t anyone in front of me in the cinema.

There was no one in front of me in the cinema.

1. They don’t know anyone in this town.

They know ………………………………………………………….
2. She met no one at the bus-stop.
She didn’t …………………………………………………………..
3. You told nobody to go with you.
You …………………………………………………………………
4. We ate nothing until dinner.
We didn’t …………………………………………………………..
5. She told no one nothing about last night.
She didn’t …………………………………………………………..
6. She didn’t tell anybody about her plans.
She told …………………………………………………………….
7. I didn’t say anything.
I said ………………………………………………………………..
8. The station isn’t anywhere near here.
The station is ……………………………………………………….
9. I don’t want anything to drink.
I want ……………………………………………………………….
10. We did nothing during our vacation.
We …………………………………………………………………..

D) Complete the sentences. Use the words in the box:

somebody anybody nobody everybody

a) Woman : Hello. Can I speak to …..somebody …… in the Accounts Office, please?

Man : I’m sorry, madam. It’s after 6:00. There isn’t ……………………. in the
Accounts
Office now. …………………… has gone home.
Woman : But I must speak to …………………….. today.
Man : I’m sorry. There’s ……………………….. here. Can you phone back in the
morning? There will be ………………………. here then.
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 something anything nothing everything

b) Mother : Would you like ………………………. to eat?

Daughter : No, thanks. I don’t want …………………….. at the moment, thank you.
Mother : But you’ve had …………………….. to eat all day. Is ………………….. all
right?
Are you feeling ill?
Daughter : No. Don’t worry. ………………………. is fine. I’m just not hungry. That’s
all.

somewhere anywhere nowhere

everywhere
c) Man : I’ve got ………………………. to stay. I need ……………………… for two
nights.
I’ve tried all the hotels near here, but ……………………… is full. I can’t find a
room
………………………. .

E) Rewrite the sentences. Use the words in brackets:

1. There isn’s anything in the fridge. (nothing)

………. There’s nothing in the fridge. ……………
2. I’ve got nothing to say. (anything)
………………………………………………………
3. There’s nobody at home. (anybody)
………………………………………………………
4. They haven’t got anywhere to live. (nowhere)
………………………………………………………
5. There isn’t anyone outside. (no one)
………………………………………………………
6. We’ve got nowhere to sit down. (anywhere)
………………………………………………………

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STRUCTURE 2 Page 129