Water sampling for biological testing requires careful techniques to ensure that the
sample is representative of the water source and free from contamination. Below are
different water sampling techniques for various sources:
1. Sampling from a Tap
● Preparation: Allow the water to run for 2-3 minutes to flush out stagnant water in
the pipes.
● Sterilization: Flame-sterilize the tap nozzle using a lighter or alcohol swab to
eliminate surface contaminants.
● Collection: Use a sterile container (e.g., a pre-sterilized bottle) to collect the
sample. Avoid touching the inside of the container or the lid.
● Volume: Collect at least 100-500 mL of water, depending on the testing
requirements.
● Labeling: Label the container with the date, time, location, and any other relevant
information.
2. Sampling from a Well
● Preparation: If the well has a pump, let it run for 5-10 minutes to clear standing
water in the pipes.
● Sterilization: Sterilize the sampling point (e.g., pump spout) using a flame or
alcohol swab.
● Collection: Use a sterile container to collect the sample. If sampling from a
bucket, ensure the bucket is clean and sterilized.
● Depth Sampling: For deeper wells, use a weighted sterile sampler or a bailer to
collect water from the desired depth.
● Labeling: Record the depth of sampling, date, time, and location.
3. Sampling from an Open Container
● Preparation: Ensure the container is clean and free from debris or contaminants.
● Sterilization: If possible, sterilize the sampling tool (e.g., a dipper or ladle) before
use.
● Collection: Submerge the sterile container or sampling tool into the water,
avoiding surface scum or debris. Collect the sample from the middle of the water
column.
● Labeling: Note the source of the container (e.g., rainwater barrel, storage tank)
and other relevant details.
4. Sampling from a Free-Flowing Source (e.g., River, Stream)
● Preparation: Choose a representative location, avoiding areas with excessive
turbulence or stagnant water.
● Sterilization: Sterilize the sampling container and any tools (e.g., a dipper or pole
sampler).
● Collection: Face upstream and collect the sample by submerging the container in
the middle of the flow. Avoid disturbing sediment or debris.
● Depth Sampling: For deeper rivers, use a weighted sampler or a telescopic pole
to collect water at the desired depth.
● Labeling: Record the flow rate, depth, location, and any visible environmental
conditions.
5. Sampling from a Lake or Pond
● Preparation: Select a sampling point away from the shore to avoid contamination
from runoff or debris.
● Sterilization: Sterilize the sampling container and tools.
● Collection: Use a pole sampler or a weighted bottle to collect water from the
desired depth. For surface sampling, avoid collecting floating debris or scum.
● Depth Sampling: For stratified lakes, collect samples from different depths (e.g.,
surface, mid-depth, and near the bottom) to assess vertical variability.
● Labeling: Record the depth, location, and any visible environmental conditions
(e.g., algae blooms).
6. Sampling from a Storage Tank
● Preparation: Ensure the tank is accessible and the sampling point is clean.
● Sterilization: Sterilize the sampling tap or valve using a flame or alcohol swab.
● Collection: Use a sterile container to collect the sample. If sampling from the top,
use a pole sampler to avoid contamination.
● Labeling: Note the tank type, location, and any treatment processes (e.g.,
chlorination).
7. Sampling from a Bottled Water Source
● Preparation: Ensure the bottle is sealed and unopened.
● Sterilization: Wipe the exterior of the bottle with a sterile cloth or alcohol swab.
● Collection: Open the bottle and pour the water directly into a sterile container for
testing.
● Labeling: Record the brand, batch number, and expiration date.
General Tips for All Sampling Techniques
● Avoid Contamination: Do not touch the inside of the container or the water
sample.
● Temperature Control: Keep samples cool (4°C) during transport to prevent
microbial growth.
● Timely Testing: Analyze the sample as soon as possible (preferably within 6-24
hours) for accurate results.
● Documentation: Record all relevant details, including weather conditions,
sampling depth, and any visible contamination.
By following these techniques, you can ensure that the water samples collected are
suitable for accurate biological testing.
