EXPERIMENT-1

AIM

Verification of the laws of reflection of sound.

APPARATUS REQUIRED

One clock or watch with a quiet tick, two similar cylindrical hollow cardboard tubes of 30-50cm
length,rough or smooth sound reflecting surface, drawing board,white paper sheet, cardboard
THEORY

When a sound wave falls on an extended surface or obstacle of large size, it gets bounced back
into the same medium but in different direction. This phenomenon is known as reflection of
sound.

The laws of reflection for the sound waves are:

(i) The angle of incidence made by the sound waves with the normal to the reflecting surface is
equal to the angle of reflection in which sound waves get reflected, i.e.∠ i =∠ r.

(ii) The incident sound wave, reflected wave and the normal at the point of incidence, all lie in
the same plane.
OBSERVATIONS

S.N Angle of incidence of Angle of reflection of Error

sound wave i sound wave r

1 30
 2 45

3 60

4 75

(ii) When the end B of the pipe PB is lifted vertically upward to a small height, the sound of the
table clock is either weakened or diminished completely.

RESULT

From the observations, we conclude that

(i) within experimental error limit, angle of incidence is always/approximately equal to the angle
of reflection

(ii) the incident sound wave, reflected wave and the normal at the point of incidence all lie in the
same plane

Hence the law of reflection of sound is verified.

PRECAUTIONS

1. Reflecting surface and screen should be held vertically on the sheet of paper
2. Position of the ticking clock should be along the axis of the hollow cylindrical tube placed
along.
3. Mark the position of the second tube only when heard sound intensity of the ticking clock is
maximum.
EXPERIMENT-2
AIM

Determination of the density of solid (denser than water) by using a spring balance and a
measuring cylinder

APPARATUS REQUIRED

A metallic object (any shape), iron stand, a spring balance, a measuring cylinder (preferably 0-
250 mL)

THEORY

Mass per unit volume of a substance is called the density of a given substance.
Let M be the mass of a given substance/object and V be its volume. Its density pis given by P =
M /V =Mass of object /Volume of object

Its S.I. unit is kg /m³.

Let the weight of object measured by the spring balance in air = W g-wt.

Initial volume of water in measuring cylinder = V₁ mL.

Final volume of water in measuring cylinder when object is fully immersed in water = V2 mL.
Volume of object = Volume of displaced water = (V2-V₁) mL
Therefore, density of object (p) =W/ V2-V1 g/cm³
OBSERVATIONS

Least count of spring balance………….gwt

Zero error of the spring balance………..gwt

Least count of measuring cylinder:..........mL.

Table: Measurement of weight of a given metallic object.

S.N Reading of spring balance Weight of metallic object

(without object) (with object) W₂ Weight of object

W₁ (g wt.) (gwt.) observed W2- True weight of
W1(g wt.) object W=.
( W2-W1)- (Zero
error) (gwt.)

1. W1’=

2. W2’=

3. W3’=

Mean weight of given metallic object - W1`+W2`+W3’/3=............g wt.

Mass of the given metallic object by spring balance, (M)=..........g

Table: Measurement of volume of a given metallic object.

S.N. Final position of meniscus

Initial position of meniscus (metallic object
(Without metallie immersed),V2(mL)
object),V1(mL)

1. V1’=

2. V2’=

3. V3’=

Mean volume V =V1’+V2’+V3’/3..…….….. mL

CALCULATIONS
What is the aim of your object?

True mass of given object =...........g

Volume of given object = ……..mL

Density of a given metallic object = Mass of object /Mass of volume=M/V g/mL

RESULT

The density of the given solid (heavier than water) = kg/ m3

PRECAUTIONS
1. Spring balance should be sensitive, stable and error free.
2. The horizontal pointer should move freely along the scale of spring balance.
3. Spring balance must be suspended vertically from fixed support of iron stand.

EXPERIMENT -3
AIM

Establishing the relation between the loss in weight of solid when fully immersed in

(a) tap water,

(b) strongly salty water, with the weight of water displaced by it by taking at least two different
solids.

APPARATUS REQUIRED

A spring balance, a clamp stand, two different solids, such as metallic brass bob and
rectangular block, overflow can, tap water, strongly salty water, a strong thread and two empty
beakers.

THEORY

According to Archimedes' principle, when a body is immersed in a liquid, completely or partially,

it loses its weight. The loss in weight is equal to the weight of liquid displaced by the body.
The loss in weight of a body is due to the presence of upthrust which is equal to the weight of
liquid displaced Thus,

Loss in weight = Weight of body in air -Weight of body immersed in water

= W-W1

= Upthrust in water on the body

= Weight of liquid displaced.

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS

Zero error of the spring balance, e = …g wt.

Least count of spring balance=....g wt
Range of spring balance=......g wt
Density of water= 1 gm /
cm³
Weight of empty beaker (W) = ….g wt.
Table A: Verification of apparent loss in weight of solid body in tap water

S.N Weight of the Weight of the Loss of Weight of beaker Weight Differe
body in air body in tap weight containing of tap nce in
water w=w1- displaced water water w and
w2 displac w’
ed w-w’
w’=w3- (gwt)
wb
(gwt)

Observ True Observ Truew2 Observ True

ed w1 ed w2’ (gwt)= ed w3’ w3
weight (gwt)= (gwt) w2’+-e (gwt) (gwt)
w1’ w1’+-e
(gwt)

1.
 2.

3.

Table B: Verification of apparent loss in weight of solid body in salty water

S.N Weight of body Weight of body Loss of Weight of beaker Weight Differe
in air in salty water weight containing of nce in
displaced salty displac a and
water ed s’(gwt)
salty
water
s’=s3-
wb(gwt
)

Observ True Observ True S=s1- Observ True

ed s1’ s1 ed s2’ s2(gwt) s2 ed s3’ s3(gwt)
(gwt) (gwt) (gwt)

3
CONCLUSION

(1) The apparant loss in weight of solid immersed fully in liquid (tap water and salty water) is
equal to the weight of liquid displaced by that body. This also proves Archimedes' principle

(2) Loss of weight in the strongly salty water is more as compared to that of tap water for the
same solid body.

PRECAUTIONS

1. The zero error (if any) of the spring balance should be noted accurately.
2. A stable, sensitive and zero error free spring balance should be used.
3. Solid body should be immersed fully in tap water/strongly salty water not partially while taking
the spring balance reading.

EXPERIMENT -4
AIM

Determination the speed of a pulse propagated through a stretched string/slinky.

APPARATUS REQUIRED
A stopwatch, a slinky (helical spring/string) and a metre scale.

THEORY

A pulse is a single disturbance, suddenly created, moving through a medium from free end to
other end (which may be free or fixed) for a while. The distance travelled by the pulse in a unit
time is called pulse velocity. Therefore,

Pulse speed (v) = Distance travelled by a pulse (s) /time taken (t)
OBSERVATIONS

(a) Length of slinky=.......cm

(b) Least count of stopwatch =........s

S.N. Number of pulse Time Taken (T) Time taken by Pulse velocity
(N) one pulse v=s/t(m/s)
t=N/T

2
 3

Mean=........m/s
RESULT

The velocity of a pulse propagated through a stretched string/slinky = ….m s-1

PRECAUTIONS

1. One end of the string/slinky should be fixed properly with the rigid support.

2. The string/slinky should be massless, flexible and of proper length.

3. Special attention should be paid while recording the time because variations of time may vary
the velocity of pulse to a higher level.