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Based on your syllabus, here's the University Exam-Oriented Notes

Plan for Advanced DBMS (MCA, SPPU, Pattern 2024) — including theory and
practical aspects:

✅ UNIT 1: Database Design and SQL Query Processing

✍️ Theory:
1.​ Introduction to DBMS:​

○​ Definition, types (hierarchical, network, relational)​

○​ 3-level architecture (internal, conceptual, external)​

○​ Data independence (logical vs physical)​

2.​ ER Modeling:​

○​ Entities, attributes, relationships​

○​ Types of attributes (composite, derived, multivalued)​

○​ Cardinality, generalization, specialization, aggregation​

3.​ Relational Model:​

○​ Tables = Relations​

○​ Keys (Primary, Foreign, Candidate, Super)​

○​ Codd's 12 Rules​
 ○​ Referential Integrity Constraints​

4.​ Normalization:​

○​ 1NF: Atomicity​

○​ 2NF: No partial dependency​

○​ 3NF: No transitive dependency​

○​ Case studies to practice (you’ll get one for exam)​

5.​ SQL Concepts:​

○​ DDL: CREATE, ALTER, DROP​

○​ DML: INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE​

○​ Aggregate functions: SUM(), AVG(), etc.​

○​ Joins: INNER, LEFT, RIGHT, FULL OUTER​

💻 Practical:
●​ Draw ER diagrams using dbdiagram.io​

●​ Write SQL queries in MySQL/Oracle/pgAdmin​

●​ Normalize given tables manually (for viva or written)​

✅ UNIT 2: Transaction and Concurrency Control

✍️ Theory:
 1.​ Transaction Basics:​

○​ Definition of transaction​

○​ ACID properties: Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability​

○​ States of transaction: Active, Partially Committed, Failed, Aborted,

Committed​

2.​ Concurrency Issues:​

○​ Lost Update, Dirty Read, Inconsistent Retrieval​

○​ Serializability: Conflict & View​

3.​ Concurrency Control Protocols:​

○​ Lock-based (2PL: strict, rigorous)​

○​ Timestamp ordering​

○​ Deadlock: detection, prevention, avoidance​

💻 Practical:
●​ Schedule execution traces to check serializability​

●​ Draw wait-for graphs for deadlock detection​

✅ UNIT 3: Recovery and Security Techniques

✍️ Theory:
 1.​ Failures in DBMS:​

○​ System crash, disk failure, transaction failure​

2.​ Recovery Mechanisms:​

○​ Log-based recovery (Deferred, Immediate)​

○​ Shadow paging​

○​ Checkpoints​

3.​ Backup Techniques:​

○​ Full, incremental, differential backups​

○​ Backup plan & recovery process​

4.​ Security Techniques:​

○​ DAC (Discretionary Access Control)​

○​ MAC (Mandatory Access Control)​

○​ RBAC (Role-Based Access Control)​

○​ Public & Private Key Encryption​

💻 Practical:
●​ Create a database access control simulation (GRANT, REVOKE)​

●​ Sample log table for before-after image recovery​

✅ UNIT 4: Parallel and Distributed Databases
✍️ Theory:
1.​ Parallel DB:​

○​ Shared memory, shared disk, shared nothing architectures​

○​ Query optimization, load balancing​

2.​ Distributed DBMS:​

○​ Characteristics: transparency types (location, replication,

concurrency)​

○​ Architecture: Client-server, peer-to-peer​

3.​ Data Distribution:​

○​ Fragmentation (horizontal, vertical)​

○​ Replication and transparency issues​

4.​ Query Processing:​

○​ Query decomposition​

○​ Data localization​

5.​ Transaction Control:​

○​ 2PC (Two-Phase Commit), 3PC protocols​

💻 Practical:
●​ Conceptual design using fragments​
 ●​ Simulate 2PC protocol with a flowchart or table​

✅ UNIT 5: NoSQL Database for Business Applications

✍️ Theory:
1.​ NoSQL Basics:​

○​ What is NoSQL? When to use?​

○​ Four types: Key/Value, Column, Document, Graph​

○​ Comparison with RDBMS​

2.​ MongoDB Overview:​

○​ Documents, Collections​

○​ BSON format​

○​ CRUD operations​

💻 Practical:
MongoDB shell/Compass practice:​
​
js​
CopyEdit​
db.products.insert({ name: "Phone", price: 500 })
db.products.find({ price: { $gt: 100 } })

●​
●​ Create a sample key/value app using MongoDB​
Would you like me to generate this as a downloadable PDF note with diagrams
and examples?

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Give me question and with answer
ChatGPT said:

Here are university exam-style questions with detailed answers for each unit
based on the SPPU MCA Advanced DBMS (Pattern 2024) syllabus:

✅ Unit 1: Database Design and SQL Query Processing

Q1. Explain the three levels of DBMS architecture.​
Answer:

●​ Internal Level: Describes physical storage of data on the hardware.​

●​ Conceptual Level: Logical view of the entire database, structure, and

constraints.​

●​ External Level: User-specific views of the database.​

This architecture ensures data abstraction and data independence.​

Q2. Draw and explain an ER diagram for a Library Management System.​

Answer:​
Entities:

●​ Book(BookID, Title)​

●​ Member(MemberID, Name)​
 ●​ Relationship: Issue(IssueDate, ReturnDate) between Book and
Member.​
Use rectangles for entities, ellipses for attributes, and diamonds for
relationships.​

Q3. What are Codd’s Rules?​

Answer:​
Dr. E.F. Codd proposed 12 rules for relational databases. Few important ones:

●​ Information Rule: Data stored in tables.​

●​ Guaranteed Access Rule: Each data element accessible via table name,
primary key, column.​

●​ Systematic Treatment of NULLs: NULLs are handled uniformly.​

Codd's rules ensure a system behaves like a relational DBMS.​

✅ Unit 2: Transaction and Concurrency Control

Q1. Define a transaction and explain ACID properties.​
Answer:​
A transaction is a logical unit of work that modifies data.​
ACID properties:

●​ Atomicity: All or nothing execution.​

●​ Consistency: Maintains database integrity.​

●​ Isolation: No interference from other transactions.​

●​ Durability: Changes persist after commit.​

Q2. What is Serializability? Explain Conflict and View Serializability.​
Answer:

●​ Serializability ensures correctness in concurrent execution.​

●​ Conflict Serializability: Non-conflicting operations can be swapped.​

●​ View Serializability: Final output same as a serial execution.​

These are techniques to validate schedules in concurrency control.​

✅ Unit 3: Database Recovery and Security Techniques

Q1. Explain Deferred and Immediate Database Modification Techniques.​
Answer:

●​ Deferred Modification: Changes written to DB after commit.​

●​ Immediate Modification: Changes written before commit, but logs ensure

rollback if needed.​
Both use logs, checkpoints to maintain atomicity and consistency.​

Q2. Differentiate DAC, MAC, and RBAC.​

Answer:

●​ DAC (Discretionary Access Control): Access by user identity (e.g.,

GRANT).​

●​ MAC (Mandatory Access Control): Security labels (Top Secret,

Confidential).​
 ●​ RBAC (Role-Based Access Control): Access given based on roles
(Admin, User).​

✅ Unit 4: Parallel and Distributed Databases

Q1. What is Fragmentation in Distributed DBMS? Explain its types.​
Answer:​
Fragmentation splits data to improve access.​
Types:

●​ Horizontal: Based on rows.​

●​ Vertical: Based on columns.​

●​ Hybrid: Mix of both.​

Used in distributed environments to improve efficiency.​

Q2. Write a short note on Two-Phase Commit Protocol (2PC).​

Answer:​
Used for transaction management in distributed DBMS:

●​ Phase 1 (Prepare): Coordinator asks participants to prepare.​

●​ Phase 2 (Commit/Abort): Based on votes, commits or aborts.​

Ensures atomicity across multiple sites.​

✅ Unit 5: NoSQL Database for Business Applications

Q1. What is NoSQL? Explain its types.​
Answer:​
NoSQL = Not Only SQL. Handles unstructured, big data.​
Types:

●​ Key-Value Stores: Redis​

●​ Column Stores: Cassandra​

●​ Document Stores: MongoDB​

●​ Graph DBs: Neo4j​

Good for scalable, schema-less storage.​

Q2. Write MongoDB query to insert and retrieve data.​

Answer:

js
CopyEdit
// Insert
db.students.insert({name: 'John', age: 22});

// Retrieve
db.students.find({age: {$gt: 20}});

These queries show basic CRUD operations in NoSQL.