SETTHEORY

Summar
y:
1.Aseti
sacol
l
ect
ionofwel
ldef
inedobj
ect
s.
2.Anemptyseti
sasetwit
hnoel
ement
s.I
tisdenot
edbycur
lybr
acket
s
wit
hnothi
nginsi
deor.
3.Asubseti
sasett
hati
spar
tofal
argerset
4.Auni
ver
salseti
sasetofal
lot
herel
ement
sunderconsi
der
ati
on
5.AVenndi
agr
am i
sasetdi
agr
am t
hatshowsr
elat
ionsbet
weendi
ff
erent
set
s.
6.Foranyt
woset
sAandB:

(i)n(
)i
sreadasnumberofmember
sintheuni
ver
salset.Thi
smeans
numberofmembersinal
lther
egi
onsoft
heVenndiagram
(
ii
)n(
A)i
sreadasnumberofmember
sinsetA.

(i
i
i) or i
sreadasnumberofmembersinsetAcompl
ement
.
Thismeansnumberofmembersoft
heuniver
salsett
hatar
enoti
nsetA.
(
iv) i
sreadasAunionB.Thi
smeansmember
sofei
thersetAorB
(
theent
ir
eregioncov
eri
ngthetwoset
s).
(v) i
sreadasAi
nter
sect
ionB.Thi
smeanst
her
egi
oncommont
o
t
hetwoset
s.

(v
i) isr
eadasAi
nter
sect
ionBcompl
ement
.Thi
smeansmember
s
ofAonl
y.

(v
ii
) i
sreadasAcompl
ementi
nter
sect
ionB.Thi
smeansmember
s
ofBonl
y.

(
ix) i
sreadasAcompl
ementi
nter
sect
ionBcompl
ement
.Thi
s
meansnei
therAnorB. i
sthesameas

1
(x) isreadasAunionBcompl
ement
.Thi
smeansofmember
soft
he
uni
ver
salsetthatar
enoti
nsetBonl
y.

(
xi) i
sreadasAcomplementuni
onB.Thi
smeansofmember
sof
t
heuni
ver
salsett
hatar
enoti
nsetAonly.

(
xii
) i
sreadasAcompl ementuni
onBcompl ement.Thi
smeansof
member
soft
heuniv
ersalsetthatar
enoti
nthei
ntersect
ion.
(
xii
i)TheVenndi
agr
amsi
l
lust
rat
ingt
her
egi
onsr
elat
inganyt
woset
sAand
Bisasfol
lows:
n()
n(
A) n(
B)

AnB

or

EXAMPLES:

1.Gi
vent
heset
s=
1,2,
3,4,
5,6,
7,8,
9,10
,A=
2,3,
4,5,
8and

B=
1,3,
5,7,
8,9
,wher
ei
stheuni
ver
salset
,fi
nd:

(
i) (
ii
) (
ii
i) (
iv) (
v)

(
vi) (
vii
) (
vii
i
) (
ix) (
x)

2.Gi
vent
heset
sP=Al
lfact
orsof90andQ=Al
lfact
orsof60
,fi
nd:

(
i)n(
PnQ) (
ii
) (
ii
i)n(
PUQ)

2
3.Gi
vent
heset
sP=Al
ltr
iangul
arnumber
slesst
han40and

Q=Al
lfact
orsof60
,fi
nd:

(
i)n(
PnQ) (
ii
)n(
PUQ) (
ii
i) (
iv)

4.I
f=x:0<x<13 ,A=x:1<x<9andB=x:4<x<11
,wher
ex
i
sanint
egerandi
stheuni
ver
salset
,fi
nd:

(
i)n(
AnB) (
ii
)n(
AUB) (
ii
i) (
ii
i)

5.I
f=x:1<x<14 ,A=x: andB=x: 
,wher
ex
i
sanint
egerandi
stheuni
ver
salset
,fi
nd:

(
i)n(
AnB) (
ii
)n(
AUB) (
ii
i) (
ii
i)

6.Gi
vent
heset
s=
6,7,
8,9,
15,
16,
17,
18,
20,
21
,

M =x:xaremult
ipl
esof3andN=x:xar
eoddnumber
s,
wher
ei
s
t
heuniver
salset
,fi
nd:

(
i)n(
M nN) (
ii
)n(
M UN) (
ii
i)

(
iv) (
v) (
vi)

Hi
nt:Theel
ement
sofM andNhav
etobechosenf
rom t
heuni
ver
salset

7.Set
sAandBar
esucht
hatn(
)=30,
n(A)=18,
n(B)=14and
f
ind:

(
i)n(
AnB) (
ii
)n(
AUB) (
ii
i) (
iv)

3
8.Set
sPandQar
esucht
hatn(
P)=12,
n(Q)=8,
n(PUQ)=15and
f
ind:

(
i)n(
PnQ)

(
ii
)n(
),
wher
ei
stheuni
ver
salset

9.Set
sAandBar
esucht
hatn(
)=40,
n(A)=25, and
wher
ei
stheuni
ver
salset
.UseaVenndi
agr
am t
o
f
ind:
(
i)n(
AnB) (
ii
)n(
AUB)

10.Set
sM andNar
esucht
hatn(
)=19,n(
M)=8and
wherei
stheuni
ver
salset
.UseaVenndi
agr
am t
o
fi
nd:

(
i)n(
M nN) (
ii
)

11.I
naclassof53student
s,36dr
inkt
ea,18drinkcoff
eewhil
e10dri
nk
nei
thert
eanorcof
fee.Fi
ndhowmanyst udent
sdrinkbotht
eaandcof
fee

12.I
naclassof29boys,
22likedri
ceand18l
i
kedmat ooke.Al
ltheboy
s
l
ikedatl
eastoneoft
hefoods.Fi
ndhowmanylikedboth.

13.I
naclassof20gir
ls,
5playgolfbutnotnet
bal
l,
9playnet
bal
lbutnot
gol
f,whi
l
e3playneit
hergame.Findhowmanypl ay:
(
i)bot
hgames
(
ii
)ei
thergame

4
(
ii
i)onl
yonegame

14.I
naclassof80boys,70pl
ayTenni
s,30pl
aygol
f,whi
l
eal
lthoset
hat
pl
aygol
falsopl
ayTennis.
(
i)Repr
esentt
hegi
veni
nfor
mat
iononaVenndi
agr
am
(
ii
)Fi
ndhowmanypl
aynei
thergame

15.Thenumberofpeoplewhoplayfoot
bal
l(F)orbasket
bal
l(B)i
stwice
thenumberofthosewhoplaybothFandB.Ifn(F)=9andn(B)=6,f
ind
howmanypl aybothgames.

EER:

1.Set
sAandBar
esuchthatn()=28,
n(A)=10,
n(B)=17andn(AUB)=
22, wherei
stheuni
versalset
.UseaVenndi
agram t
ofi
nd:

(
i)n(
AnB) (
ii
) (
ii
i) (
iv)
(
v) (
vi) (
vii
)

2.Gi
vent
heset
sM =Al
lmul
ti
plesof6l
esst
han72and

N=Al
lmul
ti
plesof4l
esst
han50,
find:

(
i)n(
M nN) (
ii
)n(
M UN) (
ii
i) (
iv)

3.Set
sAandBar
esucht
hatn(
)=23,
n(AnB)=8,
n(B)=14and =
10, wher
ei
stheuni
ver
salset
.UseaVenndi
agr
am t
ofi
nd:

5
(
i)n(
A) (
ii
) (
ii
i) (
iv)

4.I
naclassof30st
udent
s,18pl
ayvoll
eybal
l
,14pl
ayhockeywhi
l
e5pl
ay
nei
ther
.Fi
ndhowmanystudent
splay
:
(
i)bot
hgames
(
ii
)onl
yonegame

5.Gi
vent
heset
sM =Thef
ir
st10r
ect
angl
enumber
sand

N=Thef
ir
st5squar
enumber
s,
find:

(
i)n(
M nN) (
ii
)n(
M UN) (
ii
i) (
iv)

6.I
naclassof28boys,13passedhist
oryand25passedphy
sics.Al
lthe
boyspassedatl
eastonesubj
ect.Fi
ndhowmanypassedbothsubject
s.

7.Set
sAandBar
esucht
hatn(
)=35,
n(AnB)=8,
n(A)=17and
wher
ei
stheuni
ver
salset
.UseaVenndi
agr
am t
ofi
nd:

(
i) (
ii
)

8.Gi
vent
heset
sM =Al
lmul
ti
plesof3l
esst
han20and

N=Al
loddnumber
slesst
han20,
findn(
M nN)

9.I
nacl assof50boys,
23passedhi
stor
y,35passedphy
sicsand2passed
nei
thersubject
.Fi
ndhowmanypassed:

6
(
i)bot
hsubj
ect
s.
(
ii
)onl
yonesubj
ect
.

10.Gi
vent
heset
sM =Al
li
nteger
sgr
eat
ert
han4butl
esst
han10and

N=Al
lmul
ti
plesof3bet
ween1and20
,fi
nd:

(
i)n(
M nN) (
ii
)n(
M UN) (
ii
i)

11.Gi
vent
heset
sT=Al
ltr
iangl
enumber
slesst
han20and

F=Al
lfact
orsof12 ,
findt
hemember
sofTnF.Hencef
indn(
TnF)

12.Gi
vent
heset
sP=Al
lfact
orsof24andQ=Al
lfact
orsof30
,fi
nd

13.Twoset
sAandBar
esucht
hatn(
A)=12,
n(B)=13,
n(AUB)=20and
n(
ε)=24,
find:
(
i)n(
A∩B'
) (
ii
)n(
A'∩B'
) (
ii
i)
n(AUB'
)
14.I
fn(
ε)=60,
n(A'
)=32,
n(A∩B)=10andn(
AUB)
'=17,
find:
(
i)n(
B) (
ii
)n(
A∩B'
) (
ii
i)
n(AUB)

7
 SENI
ORTHREE

1.Set
sA, BandCar esucht
hatn(
)=100,
n(A)=46,
n(B)=40,
n(C)=49,
n(AnB)=14,n( AnC)=17,n(BnC)=15and Usea
Venndiagr
am tofi
nd:
(
i)n(
AnBnC)
(
ii
)n(
AUBUC)

(
ii
i)

(
iv)

(
v)

2.Inaclassof53student
s,30studyAr t
,20studyFrenchand15study
Comput er
.6studybothArtandFrench,4studyArtandComputer,5st
udy
FrenchandComput er
.Eachstudentstudi
esatleastoneofthet
hree
subject
s
(
a)Repr
esentt
hei
nfor
mat
iononVenndi
agr
am
(
b)Fi
ndt
henumberoft
hest
udent
swhost
udy
:
(
i)al
lthet
hreesubj
ect
s
(
ii
)atl
eastt
wosubj
ect
s.
(
c)Fi
ndt
hepr
obabi
l
ityt
hatast
udentchosenatr
andom st
udi
es:
(
i)onl
yonesubj
ect
(
ii
)Fr
enchonl
y
(
ii
i)Fr
enchbutnotComput
er
8
3.Inaclassof30student
s,18pl
ayTennis,15playGolfand13pl
ay
Hockey.Thenumberofstudent
swhopl ayallt
hethreegamesareequalt
o
thosewhoplayneit
hergame.10playbothTennisandHockey,8pl
ay
TennisandGolf,
3playonlyGol
fandHockey .
(
a)Repr
esentt
hei
nfor
mat
iononVenndi
agr
am
(
b)Fi
ndt
henumberoft
hest
udent
swhopl
ay:
(
i)al
lthet
hreegames
(
ii
)atmostonegame
(c)Fi
ndt
hepr
obabi
l
ityt
hatast
udentchosenatr
andom pl
aysatl
eastt
wo
games

3.I
nacl assof56student
s,28pl
ayTennis,
24playChessand32pl
ay
Hockey.10playbot
hTennisandChess,6playbot
hChessandHockey
,4
pl
ayallthethr
eegames.
(
a)Repr
esentt
hei
nfor
mat
iononaVenndi
agr
am
(
b)Fi
ndt
henumberoft
hest
udent
swhopl
aybot
hTenni
sandHockeyonl
y
(
c)Fi
ndt
hepr
obabi
l
ityt
hatast
udentchosenatr
andom pl
ays:
(
i)atl
eastt
wogames
(
ii
)onl
yonegame

4.Inacl
assof100st udents,15takeAr tonl
y,12takeFrenchonlyand8
takeComputeronl
y.10t akebothAr tandFrench,
40t akeArtandComputer
,
20takeFrenchandComput er,
65t akeComput er
.

9
(
a)Repr
esentt
hei
nfor
mat
iononVenndi
agr
am
(
b)Fi
ndt
henumberoft
hest
udent
swhot
ake:
(
i)al
lthet
hreesubj
ect
s
(
ii
)Ar
t
(
ii
i)Fr
ench
(c)Fi
ndthepr
obabi
l
ityt
hatast
udentchosenatr
andom t
akesnei
ther
subj
ect

5.I
nacl assof52student
s,anequalnumberofstudentsvi
si
t edAr uaand
Kasese.24visi
tedMbale,
11v i
sit
edbothMbaleandAr ua,
12v i
si
t edArua
andKasese,13v i
sit
edMbaleandKasese.8vi
sit
edal lt
hethreet ownsand
4visi
tedneit
hertown.
(
a)Repr
esentt
hei
nfor
mat
iononVenndi
agr
am
(
b)Fi
ndt
henumberoft
hest
udent
swho:
(
i)v
isi
tedKasese
(
ii
)di
dnotv
isi
tAr
ua
(c)Fi
ndthepr
obabi
l
ityt
hatast
udentchosenatr
andom v
isi
tedatl
east
t
wot owns

3.Inaclassof72students,eachstudentmustatleasttakeofthesubj ect
s
Art(A)
,Computer(C)andFr ench(F).NoneofthestudentstakesFandC,
26takeFonly.Oft
he35st udent
st aki
ngA,20takethesubj ectalone.The
numberofstudent
st aki
ngFandAi st
hreemorethant hosetakingAandC.
(
a)Repr
esentt
hei
nfor
mat
iononVenndi
agr
am
(
b)Uset
heVenndi
agr
am t
ofi
ndt
henumberoft
hest
udent
swhot
ake;

10
 (
i)
ArtandComput
er
(
ii
)Comput
er.
(c)Whatist
hepr
obabi
l
ityt
hatast
udentchosenatr
andom t
akesonl
yone
subj
ect.

15.I
ntheVenndi
agram bel
ow,
set
sPandQar
esucht
hatn(
PUQ)=16,
n(P'
)=7,andn(
Q')=6.
P Q

a 7 b
c

Fi
ndt
hev
aluesofa,
bandc.Henceobt
ainn(
ε)

5.St
udyt
heVenndi
agr ow:
am bel

P)=24 n(
n( Q)=26

b 4
6
3
a c

11
2
n(
R)=28
11
 Fi
nd:
(
i)t
hev
aluesofa,
bandc

(
ii
)n(
),
wher
ei
stheuni
ver
salset

7.Set
sA,
BandCar
esucht
hatn(
A)=23,
n(B)=24,
n(C)=25,n(
AnBnC)
=5, and
UseaVenndi
agr
am t
ofi
nd:

(
i)

(
ii
)

(
ii
i)

(
iv)n(
),
wher
ei
stheuni
ver
salset
.

6.St
udyt
heVenndi
agr
am bel
ow:

A)=19 n(
n( B)=20

q 6
7
1
p r

2
4
n(
C)=11
12
 Fi
nd:
(
i)t
hev
aluesofp,
qandr

(
ii
)n(
),
wher
ei
stheuni
ver
salset

14.I naclassof42students,15li
keChemi stry(
C),
19li
kePhysi
cs(P),and
28likeMat hemati
cs(M) .6st
udentslikebothPhysi
csandChemistr
y,10
studentsli
kebothMat hemati
csandChemi str
yand8li
kePhysi
csand
Mat hematicsbutnotChemistry
.Giventhatthenumberofst
udentswho
l
ikeallthethreesubj
ectsisequalt
ot hosewhodonotl i
keanyofthe
subject
s.
(
a)Repr
esentt
heabov
einf
ormat
iononaVenndi
agr
am.
(
b)Fi
ndt
henumberofst
udent
swhol
i
ke:
(
i)al
lthet
hreesubj
ect
s.
(
ii
)atl
eastt
wooft
hesubj
ect
s.
(c)Fi
ndthepr
obabi
l
ityt
hatast
udentsel
ect
edatr
andom l
i
kesot
her
subj
ect
s.

6.TheVenndi
agr
am bel
owshowsagr
oupofst
udent
spl
ayi
ngHockey(
H)
orTenni
s(T)
H T

4 x-2 8
13

x
I
ftheprobabi
li
tyt
hatastudentpi
ckedatr
andom f
rom t
hegr
ouppl
aysbot
h
ornoneofthegamesis04,f
indt
he:

(
i)v
alueofx.
(
ii
)numberofst
udent
spl
ayi
ngbot
hoft
hegames.

6.I
ntheVenndi
agr
am bel
ow,
20st
udent
spl
ayei
therHockey(
H)orTenni
s
(T)

H T

a 4 b

I
f14and12st
udent
sdonotpl
ayHockeyandTenni
srespect
ivel
y,f
indt
he:

(
i)v
aluesofa,
bandc.

(
ii
)pr
obabi
l
ityt
hatast
udentpi
ckedatr
andom pl
aysnei
theroft
hegames

5.Inasport
sclub19member splayHockey(
H),18pl
ayRugby(
R),17
pl
ay
Tenni
s(T)and5playnei
therofthegames.10pl
aybot
hHandR, 6pl
ay

14
both
HandT, 7playbothRandT, 20pl
ayonlyonegame.
(a)Representtheaboveinfor
mati
ononaVenndi agr
am.
(b)Findt henumberofmember s:
(i
)whopl ayallt
hethreegames.
(i
i
)int heclub.
(i
i
i)whopl ayatmostonegame.
(c)Fi
ndt heprobabil
i
tythatamemberpickedatr
andom pl
aysatl
eastt
wo
games

14.Inaclassof42st
udent
s,15l
i
keChemi
str
y(C)
,19l
i
ke
Physi
cs(P),

and28l
i
keMat
hemat
ics(
M).6st
udent
sli
kebot
hPhy
sics
and

Chemi
str
y,10st
udent
sli
kebot
hMat
hemat
icsandChemi
str
y
and

8l
i
kePhy
sicsandMat
hemat
icsbutnotChemi
str
y.Gi
vent
hat
t
he

numberofst
udent
swhol
i
keal
lthet
hreesubj
ect
sisequal
to
t
hose

whodonotl
i
keanyoft
hesubj
ect
s.

(
a)Repr
esentt
heabov
einf
ormat
iononav
enndi
agr
am.

(
b)Fi
ndt
henumberofst
udent
s:

(
i)whol
i
keal
lthet
hreesubj
ect
s.

(
ii
)at
leastt
wooft
hesubj
ect
s.

15
 (c)Fi
ndthepr
obabi
l
ityt
hatast
udentsel
ect
edatr
andom f
rom
t
heclass

l
i
kesot
hersubj
ect
s.

16.I
naclassof40students,18playHockey(H)
,15playTenni
s(T)and22
playf
ootbal
l(F)
.7playHockeyandTennis,9playTenni
sandFootbal
l,
8playHockeyandFoot bal
landfourst
udent
splayallt
hethr
eegames.
(
a)Repr
esentt
hegi
veni
nfor
mat
iononav
enndi
agr
am
(
b)Fi
ndt
henumberofst
udent
swho:
(
i)di
dnopl
ayanyoft
hegames
(
ii
)pl
ayedexact
lyt
wooft
hegames
(c)Det
ermi
net
hepr
obabi
l
ityt
hatast
udentsel
ect
edatr
andom pl
aysonl
y
onegame.

1.Agr
oupoft
our
ist
swasaskedwhi
chcount
ri
est
heyv
isi
tedi
nEastAf
ri
ca.I
twas
f
oundoutt
hat90t
our
ist
svi
sit
edTanzani
a,Thenumberoft
our
ist
swhov
isi
ted
Keny
awasmor
ethant
hosewhov
isi
tedTanzani
abyf
our
,andt
henumberoft
hose
whov
isi
tedUgandawasl
esst
hant
hosewhov
isi
tedKeny
abyt
en.Twent
yfour
t
our
ist
svi
si
tedonl
yUganda,f
ort
ysi
xvi
sit
edonl
yKeny
aandt
hosewhov
isi
tedonl
y
Tanzani
awer
etenmor
ethant
hosewhov
isi
tedonl
yUganda.I
twasf
oundoutt
hat
al
ltour
ist
svi
si
tedatl
easteachoft
hecount
ri
eswhi
l
efi
ft
yei
ghtv
isi
tedonl
ytwo
count
ri
esandsev
ent
yfourv
isi
tedatl
eastt
wocount
ri
es.
a)Repr
esentt
heabov
einf
ormat
ioncl
ear
lyonav
enndi
agr
am (
03mar
ks)
b)Usi
ngt
hev
enndi
agr
am,
findt
henumberoft
our
ist
swho
(
i)
. v
isi
tedal
lthet
hreecount
ri
es
(
ii
). wer
eint
hegr
oup (
07mar
ks)
Ifatouri
stwasselect
edfr
om thegroupatr
andom,
findt
hepr
obabi
l
ityt
hatt
het
our
ist
select
edv i
sit
edUgandaandTanzania.

16