ECE 3810 – Fields, Waves and Circuits

Lecture 1

Fall, 2025
 Outline

• Applications and topics of Electromagnetics

• Review of Electrostatics
• Review of Magnetostatics
• Faraday’s law
• Examples
 Electromagnetics in Applications

Wireless communications Radar Optical fibers

Transmission Lines Microwave Electromagnetic compatibility

 Maxwell’s Equations

• Electromagnetics = EM
• Describe fundamental electromagnetic laws, the
propagation of the electromagnetic fields, and the EM
wave interactions with materials (e.g., EM wave
generation, propagation in media, detection, etc.)
• Bold letters stand for vectors
• The parameters can be functions of space (i.e., fields)
and time (i.e., time varying).
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 Review of Electrostatics

Gauss’ Law – Total Electric Flux through any closed

surface is equal to the total charge enclosed by that
surface
𝑄𝑄 = � D ⋅ 𝑑𝑑𝑑 = � 𝜌𝜌𝑣𝑣 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = "Total Charge Enclosed"
𝑣𝑣

D = ε 0ε r E ε 0 8.854 ×10−12 F / m
=
D = Electric Flux Density
ψ = ∫ D ⋅ dS =
"Electric Flux"
S

∇ ⋅ D = ∇ ⋅ ε 0ε r E = ρ v
Divergence indicates
a source enclosed
 Electric Potential

When charge Q2 is moved from A to B, energy is added to

the system by an external agent. This energy is now stored
in the system as potential energy (W).
Potential difference is the amount of potential energy stored
per unit charge -

The potential difference between any two points in an

electric field is given by

E = −∇V
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 Static E-Field is Conservative
• Static Electric Field is conservative
�𝐄𝐄 ⋅ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0

– The work done by the electric force in moving a charge

from one point to another point depends only on the
initial and final points and not on the path followed.
– No net work is done by the electric field if a charge is
moved along a closed path in an electrostatic field. The
line integral of E along a closed path must be ZERO.
 Static E-Field is Irrotational

• Stokes’ theorem (circulation of a vector around a closed

path L is equal to the surface integral of the curl of A
over the open surface S bounded by L)

• So in an electrostatic
(time invariant) field

• Therefore:

• So an electrostatic E field is also an irrotational field.

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 Review of Magnetostatics

Total flux through a closed surface in a magnetic

field must be zero

�B ⋅ 𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0

∇ ⋅ B = 0, "Magnetic Monopoles do not exist"

Divergence indicates the source
 Review of Magnetostatics

Ampere’s law – The integral of H around a closed

path is the same as the net current enclosed by
the path

�𝐇𝐇 ⋅ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝐼𝐼𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒

∇ × H= J= "Current Density"
 Magnetic Flux Density

The Magnetic Flux through a surface S is given by

ψ = ∫ B ⋅ dS =
"Magnetic Flux"
S

=B µ=
0 µr H "Magnetic Flux Density"

µ=
0 4π × 10 −7
H /m
 Static vs Time Varying Fields

• E and H are independent of each other for

electrostatic and magnetostatic computations
– Electrostatics – a result of a charge distribution
– Magnetostatics – a result of a constant flow of
charges (constant current)
• Time varying fields are a result of accelerated
charges and/or time varying currents; however,
the static equations do not take this into
consideration
 Faraday’s Experiment
Electromagnetic induction was discovered independently by Michael Faraday
and Joseph Henry in 1831; however, Faraday was the first to publish the results
of his experiments.[7][8] In Faraday's first experimental demonstration of
electromagnetic induction (August 29, 1831[9]), he wrapped two wires around
opposite sides of an iron ring or "torus" (an arrangement similar to a modern
toroidal transformer). Based on his assessment of recently discovered
properties of electromagnets, he expected that when current started to flow in
one wire, a sort of wave would travel through the ring and cause some
electrical effect on the opposite side. He plugged one wire into a galvanometer,
and watched it as he connected the other wire to a battery. Indeed, he saw a
transient current (which he called a "wave of electricity") when he connected
the wire to the battery, and another when he disconnected it.[10] This
induction was due to the change in magnetic flux that occurred when the
battery was connected and disconnected.[6] Within two months, Faraday had
found several other manifestations of electromagnetic induction.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki
/Electromagnetic_induction
 Electromotive force (emf)

• Electromotive force (emf) is defined as the energy per

unit electric charge that is imparted by an energy source.
• It states the capability of a source (e.g., a battery or a
generator) to move an electron from a low energy state
to a high energy state.
• emf is not force! It is energy and has the unit of volts,
equivalent in the SI (meter-kilogram-second) system to
one joule per coulomb of electric charge.
• emf can drive electrons through a circuit, thus to create
a current through the circuit.

𝑉𝑉𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = �𝐄𝐄 ⋅ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

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 Faraday’s Law

• The induced emf, Vemf (Volts), in any closed circuit is

equal to the time rate of change of the magnetic flux
linkage by the circuit
dψ N - number of turns
Vemf = −N
dt
𝑑𝑑
𝑉𝑉𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = �𝐄𝐄 ⋅ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = − 𝑁𝑁 � 𝐁𝐁 ⋅ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑆𝑆

• The negative sign states

that the induced voltage
acts to oppose the flux change
• Lenz’s law: imagine there is a current created by the emf,
the current will produce an induced B, which opposes the
change of B(t).
 Faraday’s Law

• There are three ways to accomplish this coupling

between E and B
– Having a stationary loop in a changing B(t)
– Having the area enclosed by the loop changing with
time S(t)
– Having both the area (S) enclosed by the loop and the
B change with time

• In the case where the magnetic flux does not

change in time, which was the case for
Electrostatics
𝑉𝑉𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = �𝐄𝐄 ⋅ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0
 Transformer emf

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 Transformer emf

• Transformer emf: A stationary fixed size loop is

placed in a time-varying B(t), N = 1.
𝑑𝑑
𝑉𝑉𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = � 𝐄𝐄 ⋅ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = − � 𝐁𝐁 ⋅ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑆𝑆

∂B ( t )
• Using Stokes Theorem ∫S ( ∇ × E ) ⋅ dS = − ∫S ∂t ⋅ dS

B(t) ∂B ( t )
∇×E = −
∂t
 Example: Space and Time Varying B(t)

A loop and B defined by the following:

loop (ring): x 2 + y 2 =
16
B
= ( t ) 2 x 2 + y 2 cos (ωt ) az
B(t)
∂B ( t )
Vemf −∫
= ⋅ dS
S
∂t
 Example: Space and Time Varying B(t)

∂B ( t )
B
= ( t ) 2 x + y cos (ωt ) az
2 2
−2ω x 2 + y 2 sin (ωt ) a z
=
∂t
loop lies in the xy plane: dS = dxdya z
∂B ( t )
−2ω x 2 + y 2 sin (ωt ) dxdy
⋅ dS =
∂t
Consider polar coordinates: dxdy = rdrdϕ
∂B ( t ) 2π 4
Vemf −∫
= 2ω sin (ωt ) ∫
⋅ dS = ∫ r ⋅ rdrdϕ
S
∂ t 0 0

Vemf ≅ 268ω sin (ωt ) V

 Example
An area of 0.65 sq-m in the z=0 plane is enclosed by a conducting wire.
What is the induced voltage given the following B(t)

B(t ) = 0.05cos(10 t )
(3
a y + az )
T
B(t)
2 z
Loop area has an area of 0.65 m and unit normal a z
2

∂B ( t )
Vemf −∫
= ⋅ dS y
∂t
S
x
∂B ( t )
= 3 3
0.05(−10 sin(10 t ))
( ay + az ) 3
−50sin(10 t )
=
( ay + az )
∂t 2 2

−∫
∂B ( t )
50sin(10 t ) ∫
( ay + az ) 50sin(103 t )
⋅ ( a z dS ) =
⋅ dS = ∫
3
Vemf = dS
S
∂ t S 2 2 S

50sin(103 t )
=Vemf (0.65) ≅ 23sin(103 t )V
2