Clapher 2b- Gafecibane aud Dicketne 5 Dr. GasSem Alzoub Capacitors are commonly used in a variety of electric circuits for 1) Tuning the frequency of radio receivers 2) used as filters in power supplies 3) used to eliminate sparking in automobile ignition systems 4) and used as energy-storing devices in electronic units = ACapaaitor consesks of two conduchys Cflabes)- whee rh ots charged it Carries changes of efud aan bude) avd of Poste vm $9" (+8,-@)+ C= Bs DV: Polen Arfferonte bebueen mn dole Plafrs - Q: chee on esa plete : . bh ¢>9 - unck of ¢ us Sie fond a ? portivwd fe sgn ~ see tht Q= CAN, weaning bat Q vs : ov “ath pevPar Kanal cous tank CAbe defeuds on bh shefe © aru 5 vers lige avd separmtom of be kwo cond uckovs The ¥ a4 7 uintk. nm prac we Use wpe ioe, w Fel? F pad Let’s consider a capacitor formed from a pair of parallel plates as shown in Figure. Each plate is connected to one terminal of a battery, which acts as a source of potential difference. ifthe capacitor is initially uncharged, the battery establishes an electric field in the connecting wires when the connections are made. Let's focus on the plate connected to the negative terminal of the battery. The electric field in the wire applies a force on electrons in the wire immediately outside this plate; this force causes the electrons to move onto the plate. The movement continues until the plate, the wire, and the terminal are all at the same electric potential. Once this equilibrium situation is attained, a potential difference no longer exists between the terminal and the plate; as a result, no electric field is present in the wire and the electrons stop moving. The plate now carries a negative charge. A similar process occurs at the other capacitor plate, where electrons move from the plate to the wire, leaving the plate positively charged. In this final configuration, the potential difference across the capacitor plates is the same as that between the terminals of the battery.26.2 Calculating Capacitance: We can derive an expression for the capacitance of a pair of oppositely charged conductors having a charge of magnitude Q in the following manner. First we calculate the potential difference using the techniques described in Chapter 25. We then use the expression C = Q/AV to evaluate the capacitance. The calculation is relatively easy if th geometry of the capacitor is simple. 1) Parallel-Plate Capacitors: ‘Two parallel, metallic plates of equal area A are separated by a distance d as shown in figure. One plate carries a charge +Q,, and the other carries a charge -Q.. The surface charge density on each plate is O= Q /A. If the plates are very close together (in comparison with their length and width), we can assume the electric field is uniform betweer the plates and zero elsewhere,so Ex O% © Q@ \ehween the a, =o fo toh -& plebes Al 0 * Di pi -8 +Qq 4 ed E ara defends onl an the "fl pe “pr dT del a Coprartel. Cape 2) The Cylindrical Capacitor (example 26.1): The Cylindrical Capacitor A solid cylindrical conductor of radius @ and charge Qis coaxial with a cylindrical shell of negligible thick- ness, radius 6 > a, and charge —Q (Fig. 26.4a), Find the ae of this cylindrical capacitor if its length Eee gekitard oie 2 S ‘ede jae at > ~(ede os (dv --thabie| 2 ake =the!) Ga (ha) = abe @ be (K) ce &@ = SO eh C5 ag detach oo “evi abe talb/r) 2 Re bn (bla) d Nwens.'ou5 > £& Se Tha) capaecbene fom woe Ino3) The Spherical Capacitor: The Spherical Capacitor A spherical capacitor consists of a spherical condu ducting sphere of radius «and charge Q (Fig, 26.5, page 782), Find the eapacitance of this device. cza ‘ on 2 Io desde? ove yu = “SE e-&¢ = VW dr oka lb} = hee(h-}) “p(act\ 4) =k 4(%) z- ka oS ing shell of radius hand change —Q concentric with a smaller con- Ez ke & ee Jes aA fi 0 Dd cs A -ya%4 doe. 4 cab ; Ibo 7 ne Wal U8 helen) fame Leal 1 an vse ‘ Conductor 26.3 Combinations of Capacitors: Two or more capacitors often are combined in electric circuits. We can calculate the equivalent capacitance of certain combinations using methods described in this section. pve DY . Ov, Parallel Combination a fer Connechiny Joloe bartevy, Cahatitovs tucckly hecte uf pe bet waeimum huge a, and & ron ie Bz AY and Qe Ce Va a = O46,Series Combination: eb capaorhers (Ve Ge %) \nere cuvconk oy bhe came fm DVe M+ Oa : L fo Kix abedre cop Gy a = ov Equivalent Capacitance Find the equivalent capacitance between aand bfor the yx combination of capacitors shown in Figure 26.9a, All d capacitances are in microfarads. Cgs 2s 6 ak26.4 Energy Stored in a Charged Capacitor: A capacitor stores electric energy. If the plates of a charged capacitor are connected by a conductor such as a wire, charge moves between each plate and its connecting wire until the capacitor is uncharged. The discharge can often be observed as a visible spark. If you accidentally touch the opposite plates of a charged capacitor, your fingers act as a pathway for discharge and the result is an electric shock. The degree of shock you receive depends on the capacitance and the voltage applied to the capacitor. f 6 bhe enersy stondin a Q 2 —_—_ Caprcitor V5 u- @ agile 7) ar > Now Us ) Gy ea ——> =, Q OV oe. i ye awh vs Fou = V, cw tor WJ Une aloe ep uations ave ved! for any capeeito { sb ot . My a omen 4, NokrCe by oes 9 5 Meas Le ble warcunen ; werk Fe om - Gut there a ater tat. Jk I on Me Se for bles Waser, Cah ati ors one afoli wide (Qraleng vothye) ‘ jy vol hage \abel ed usbh eakrnns ofaah wy vi aapsartor . ny pavallel tite ead pclae le (x2) (ed) = Vs As = Wyte VB => uo. ly Le ct ow) density (mer a he \ast wal vs ee - ee , are lees stbs JAnw ave cagaeiter vg Per dat volume)“Td capnclets Cramd Gy (whete e= e mie planets he a, same initial potential difference AV,, The charged capacitors ore removed from the battery, and their plates are connected with opposite polarity as in Figure 26.12a, The switches $, * a and S, are then closed as in Figure 26.12b, \ f (A) Find the final potential difference AV; between aand b afier the switches are closed. OIE & i) ‘When the switches are closed, the charge on the system will redistribute between the capacitors until both Capacitors have the ‘same potential difference. Because C , > C 2, more charge exists on C, than on C;, so the final configuration will have positive charge on the left plates as shown in Figure. it might appear as if the capacitors are connected in parallel, but there is no battery in this circuit to apply a voltage across the combination. Therefore, we cannot categorize this problem as one in which capacitors are connected in parallel. We can categorize it as a problem involving an isolated system for electric charge. The left-hand plates of the capacitors form an isolated system because they are not connected to the right-hand plates by conductors. ‘Write an expression for the total charge on the left-hand plates of the system before the switches are closed, noting that a negative sign for Qa, is necessary because the charge on the left plate of capacitor C, is negative: Qe e QM = AOE — C2 NE = COG) AMC After the switches are closed, the charges on the individual capacitors change to new values Quy and Qo; such that the potential difference is again the same across both capacitors, with a value of AV. Write an expression for the total charge on the left-hand plates of the system after the switches are closed: Vp = Clr) AY Oye Rp ae Gg = OO +G Bp = Corer) Ay Because the system is isolated, the initial and final charges on the system must be the same. Bp Q => Ge) ays God ave Say = fon. \ aN CeCe {(B) Find the total energy stored in the capacitors before and afier the switches are closed and determine the ratio of ‘he final energy to the initial energy. EC Use Equation 26.11 to find an expression forthe @).-U,= 36,(A¥))* + Jo,(Av)? = HE PENAVE total energy stored in the capacitors before the switches are closed: Write an expression for the total e gy stored in Up= Jay)? + olay? = Koy + cy(av,? the capacitors after the switches are closed a Ie Cy{AV Use the results of part (A) to rewnite this express (5) A 5 setae Satna ereminsiernee 8) Cre)" - Wate Divide Equation (5) by Equation (4) to obtain the ratio of the energies stored in the system:26.5 Capacitors with Dielectrics: Se ‘A dielectric is a nonconducting material such as rubber, glass, or waxed paper. Now the question is what is the effect of adding a dielectric material in between the plates of a capacitor. \@ before eS (Bde gree ye ah dideotn'c a Ee | oh ey x dickabme encint ( , Now after ad bhe dicherne Velen the plated , bhe volhaje iS wducd py = ote eo NSN, as I>! Cdinenssnhees) 2 Cz Be. Bo Qo G ai ay Se = Ce Physical capacitors have a specification called by a variety of names, including working voltage, breakdown voltage, and rated voltage. This parameter represents the largest voltage that can be applied to the capacitor without exceeding the dielectric strength of the dielectric material in the capacitor. Approximate Dielectric Constants and Dielectri of Various Materials at Room Temperature Strengths Material Dielectric Constant (0° V0) en 0X Vata, Air ry) 1.00059 Bakelite 49 tretd Bro Fused quartz 378 8 Mylar 7 cw be. = s pelted = mon te a S dahes = (aie ed) Silicone oil 25 % Strontiun 233 8 Teflon. 21 60 ‘Vacuum 1.000 00, _ Water 80 —26.7 An Atomic Description of Dielectrics: Consider a dielectric made up of polar molecules placed in the electric field between the plates of a capacitor Polar molecules are ‘When an external ‘The charged edges of the dictectic randomly oviented in electric field supplied, | can be modeled as au aditional the absence of the molecules partially pair of parallel plates establishing, external electric Hel aligh with the field i, —— The degree of alignment of the molecules with the electric field depends on temperature and the magnitude of the field, In general, the alignment increases with decreasing temperature and with increasing electric field. If the molecules of the dielectric are nonpolar, the electric field due to the plates produces an induced polarization in the molecule. These induced dipole moments tend to align with the external field, and the dielectric is polarized. therefore, a dielectric can be polarized by an external field regardless of whether the molecules in the dielectric are polar or nonpolar. Now consider a slab of dielectric material placed between the plates of a capacitor so ‘that it is in a uniform electric field E, as shown in figure b. The electric field due to the plates is directed to the right and polarizes the dielectric. The net effect on the dielectric is the formation of an induced positive surface charge density +¢ina On the right face and an equal-magnitude negative surface charge density —@ina On the left face as shown in figure c. Because we can model these surface charge distributions as being due to charged parallel plates, the induced surface charges on the dielectric give rise to an induced electric field Eing in the direction opposite the external field E, . Therefore, the net electric field in the dielectric has a magnitude E = Ey-Eina 3 whet — Ee Be ark be Bid yl Baas = 26: be Sil oy oe - Cid i Ku % He st x z 1 2 1 g (BS ’ ar " 2Q ie ~~ dieleetwe rs wglagel rae decanre Conductor (E29) , wok he > Ex bo bind =0 Onl -% D Ong = > Bend = Eo te feEffect of a Metallic Slab ‘A parallel-plate capacitor has a plate separation d and plate area A. An uncharged metallic slab of thickness a is inserted midway between the plates. y rey (A) Find the capacitance of the device, > ae atl ae eles \2S 1 re ) «ar c Ce eA & ete csmmes-. Ga (- a7 eA daa STEGWIER What if the metallic stab in part (A) is not midway between the plates? How would that affect the capacitane Aisvance fom amm ahte. Nothing would change. The capacitance is independent of the value of b, so it does not matter where the slab is located. In the above figure, when the central structure is moved up or down, the decrease in plate separation of on capacitor is compensated by the increase in plate separation for the other (see textbook) (B) Show that the capacitance of the original capacitor is unaffected by the insertion of the metallic slab ifthe slab infinitesimally thin. In the result fe t (A), le 0: c=ili (#4) = in the result for part (A), let a— 0: mda d See A Partially Filled Capacitor A paralle-plate capacitor with a plate separation d has a capacitance Cy in the absence of a dielectric. What is the capacitance when a slab of dielectric material of dielectric constant « and thickness fil is inserted between the plates | (Fig. 26.24a), where fis a fraction between 0 and 1? eA co and C; Gm fe CG Red eA fa aNd ft“ a KeA Key K eA 6A K CTI) d ” fee Finalize Let's test this result for some known limits. If f—> 0, the dielectric should disappear. In this limit, C—> € which is consistent with a capacitor with air between the plates. If fr 1, the dielectric fills the volume between th plates. In this limit, C—> «Gp, which is consistent with Equation 26.14.