RNAV; RNP..............................................................

33

Chapter 1
Preflight action; flight plan........................................ 34
Preferred routes ....................................................... 34
Seat belts & shoulder harness ................................. 34
Airspace and Airport Do you need an ALTERNATE?.................. 35
Operations ..............................1 Alternate airport weather ........................ 35
Fuel supply......................................................... 36, 37
Graphic overview of airspace .....................................2
Void time; IFR takeoff limitations; taxiing................. 38
Class A & B Airspace .................................................3
Class C & airport beacons..........................................4 Takeoff briefing & TOLD card .................. 39
Class D .......................................................................5 Wake turbulence ...................................................... 40
Class E .......................................................................6 Climb gradient.......................................................... 41
VFR in Class E ...........................................................6 Pilotage .................................................................... 41
Surface based Class E ...............................................6 Dead reckoning........................................................ 41
Class G ...................................................................... 7 RCO; RTR; GCO ..................................................... 42
Class G control towers .............................................. 7 Departure Procedures (DP) ...................... 43
Transition area........................................................... 8 VFR-On-Top; VFR-Over-The-Top ........................... 44
TRSA ......................................................................... 8 Minimum fuel advisory ............................................. 44
Airport Advisory Area................................................. 8 VFR flight following .................................................. 44
Void time.................................................................... 8 Non-radar position reporting .................................... 45
VFR in all Classes & Special VFR .............. 9 Additional reports; pilot’s discretion ......................... 45
Prohibited; Restricted; MOAs; Warning areas; VOR ......................................................................... 46
Alert areas, etc. ..................... 10 Class I & Class II navigation .................................... 46
Class F airspace...................................................... 10 Federal (Victor) airways ........................................... 47
Aerobatic flight ......................................................... 11 Colored airways ....................................................... 47
Normal; Commuter; Utility & Jet routes ................................................................. 47
Acrobatic category Aircraft ........... 11 Crossing restrictions ................................................ 47
ADIZ; DEWIZ; mountainous areas .......................... 12 Standard Terminal Arrival (STAR)........................... 48
Intercept procedures................................................ 13 Timed approaches ................................................... 48
Flap setting in Class G airspace.............................. 14 Cruise clearance ...................................................... 49
Land And Hold Short Operations (LAHSO)............. 14 Cruise climb ............................................................. 49
Turns at airports without an Radar service terminated......................................... 49
NACO (NOS) approach plate revision date ............. 49
operating control tower ......... 15 D-ATIS ..................................................................... 49
Traffic pattern entry........................... 16, 17 Approach Briefing .................................... 50
Traffic pattern altitude & glide slope 18, 19 TOLD card — approach side ................................... 51
Runway markings............................... 20, 21 Cleared for approach ............................................... 52
Airport signs, markings ............................................ 22 ADF/GPS ................................................................. 52
Runway weight bearing capacity............................. 22 Minimum Vectoring Altitude — MVA........................ 52
Holding position markings: ILS critical area ............ 23 RADAR..................................................................... 53
Runway lights..................................... 24, 25 Procedure turn ......................................... 54
Airport elevation & reference point .......................... 26 DME arc .................................................... 54
Low altitude alert ..................................................... 26 Approach categories ................................................ 55
Braking action / runway friction reports.. 26 Full scale deflection ................................................. 55
Exiting the runway after landing .............................. 26 Pilot controlled runway lights ................................... 55
Formation flight........................................................ 27 Final Approach Fix ................................... 56
GlideSlope Intercept Altitude (GSIA)....... 56
False GlideSlopes .................................... 56
Final Approach Point................................................ 57
Chapter 2 Final Approach Segment ......................................... 57
ILS critical area ........................................................ 57
Flight Rules & Approach CAT I, II, III ILS minimums ....................................... 57
Precision approach .................................................. 58
Procedures............................29 Nonprecision approach ............................................ 58
Precision-like approach............................................ 58
Is the AIRPLANE Legal?........................... 30
ILS............................................................................ 59
Is the PILOT Legal?.................................. 31 Marker beacon ......................................................... 59
Equipment suffixes; flight plan information.............. 32 Localizer antenna..................................................... 59
x EVERYTHING EXPLAINED for the Professional Pilot
Glideslope antenna .................................................. 59

Chapter 3
Traffic pattern altitude & glideslope.......................... 60
Localizer approach................................................... 61
Localizer backcourse approach ............................... 61
ASR approach.......................................................... 61 Navigation & Radios ............ 89
PAR approach.......................................................... 61 Compass stuff........................................... 90
DME arc procedures ................................................ 61
VOR ........................................................... 91
LNAV / VNAV approaches......................... 62
VOR check ...............................................................91
Contact approach ..................................... 62 VOT ..........................................................................91
Option approach ....................................... 62 Class I & Class II navigation.....................................92
Low approach ........................................... 62 DME........................................................... 93
NDB..........................................................................63 Portable electronic devices.......................................93
Nonprecision—NDB/VOR GPS ..................................................... 94, 95
approach & holding ....... 64, 65 Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS)..............96
Holding Pattern Speeds............................ 65 Local Area Augmentation System (LAAS) ..............96
LDA .......................................................................... 66 ANTENNAS........................................... 97-99
SDF .......................................................................... 66 Transponder codes................................................ 100
Straight-in approach................................................. 67 Frequencies........................................................... 100
Circling approach ..................................................... 67 NDB ......................................................... 101
Terminal arrival area—GPS approaches ...........68, 69 UNICOM ................................................................ 102
Landing under IFR ................................................... 70 Automated UNICOM.............................................. 102
Missed approach...................................................... 70 EFAS / Flight Watch / FSS — frequencies............ 102
Standard rate turns .................................................. 71 ADS-B — Automated Dependent Surveillance-
No-gyro approach .................................................... 71 Broadcast ................................ 103
Missed approach prior to MAP................................. 71 High Frequency (HF) Radio..................... 104
RVR ........................................................... 72 Telecommunication terms — Datalinks................. 105
Braking Action .......................................... 72
Exiting the runway after landing............................... 72
Approach lighting ................................ 73-74
VASI ......................................................................... 75
PAPI ......................................................................... 75
Chapter 4
Visual approach........................................ 76 Speed, Altitude & Jet
Low altitude alert ...................................................... 76
Visual Descent Point (VDP) ...................... 77 Operations...........................107
Planned Descent Point (PDP).................................. 77 Speed limits ..................................... 108-110
Vertical Descent Angle (VDA) .................................. 77 Holding pattern speeds.......................................... 109
Charted Visual Flight Procedure (CVFP) ................. 77 Aircraft approach categories.................................. 110
Transponder Landing System (TLS)........................ 78 Circling radii........................................................... 110
ILS PRM approaches ............................................... 79
Speed limits—cross-reference .............................. 110
Simultaneous converging instrument approaches... 80 Crossing restrictions .............................................. 111
Side-step maneuver ................................................. 80
How to meet a crossing restriction ........................ 111
Canceling IFR .......................................................... 81
Hydroplane speed ................................................. 111
Exiting the runway after landing............................... 81 V-speeds ......................................... 112, 113
Communications failure............................................ 82
Airspeed errors, types & colors ............................. 114
Communications with control towers in Class G...... 83
Speed of sound & Mach.......................... 115
Instruments & equipment......................... 84
Flight regimes ........................................................ 116
Safety belts .............................................................. 84
Troposphere; Tropopause; Stratosphere .............. 116
Clock ......................................................... 85 Temp lapse rate..................................................... 116
Aircraft lights ............................................................ 85
ISA — International Standard Atmosphere........... 117
Interference with crewmembers............................... 86 Kollsman window................................................... 118
Dropping objects ...................................................... 86
Altitude types (Pressure, Density, Indicated, etc.) 118
Right-of-way rules .................................................... 86
Altimeter setting..................................................... 119
Overhead approach maneuver ................................ 87 Altitude temperature correction chart .................... 119
Same runway separation ......................................... 88 Pressure/temperature & altimetry.................. 120, 121
Density altitude ............................... 122-125
Decompression sickness after scuba diving ......... 123
EVERYTHING EXPLAINED for the Professional Pilot xi
LOW & HIGH altimeter setting restrictions ............ 126 Additional miscellaneous terms ............................. 158
Transponder—altitude reporting— Driftdown ................................................................ 159
Mode C ............ 127 Obstacle-clearance criteria .................................... 159
Transport category turbine LANDING criteria........ 159
IFR altitudes—minimum altitudes for IFR.............. 128
GlideSlope Intercept Altitude (GSIA) .................... 128 TOLD Card ...................................... 160, 161
Min/max & mandatory altitudes ............................. 128 Windmill start / airstart ........................................... 162
Minimum Safe Altitudes......................................... 129 Altitude alerting system—turbojets ........................ 162
Minimum Vectoring Altitude (MVA) ....................... 129 Fire detection and protection ................................. 162
Minimum Safe/Sector Altitude (MSA) ................... 129 Winglets ................................................................. 162
Changing altitudes................................................. 129 Windshield heat ..................................................... 163
Pilot’s discretion..................................................... 129 Tires ....................................................................... 163
Traffic pattern altitude—Class B, C, or D .............. 130 Swept wing............................................................. 163
GlideSlope in Class B, C, or D airspace................ 130 Dutch roll ................................................................ 163
Traffic pattern altitude @ uncontrolled airports ..... 131 Yaw damper ........................................................... 163
Cruising altitudes ................................... 132 RAT — TAT — SAT — OAT...................... 164
Reduced Vertical Separation Minimums (RVSM) . 133 Noise standards ..................................................... 165
Altimeter setting and the flight levels..................... 134
Mountain flying—the “venturi effect”...................... 134
Altimeter pitot/static check..................................... 135
Radar altimeter ...................................................... 135
Altitude cross-reference ................. 136-138
Chapter 5
Oxygen altitudes.................................................... 139 Pilot Certificates, Log Books,
Altimetry around the world
(QNH, QNE, QFE) ....... 140, 141 Medical, Drugs & Alcohol .. 167
Convert inches of mercury to millibars .................. 141 Pilot certificate — category / class / type ............... 168
Rapid decompression............................................ 142 Aircraft — category / class ..................................... 168
Altitude chambers.................................................. 142 Flight review (BFR) ................................................ 169
Pressurized aircraft basic components ................. 142 Basic “CURRENCY” requirements ........................ 169
Oxygen systems ..................................... 143 PIC instrument currency (6 month) ....... 170
Jet & turbine operations—101 ............... 144 Safety pilot ............................................................. 171
Jet fuel pounds vs. avgas gallons ......................... 145 Recent flight experience PIC (3 bounces) ..... 172, 173
Jet / turbine engine—101 ............... 146, 147 Airplane Flight Manual / Limitations /
Jet engine starting ................................................. 148 Markings and Placards...... 174
Jet / turbine engine terminology ............................ 149 Documents on board aircraft ................. 175
Electrical terminology ............................................ 150 Certificates required in pilot’s possession.............. 175
Fuel terminology .................................................... 151 Logbooks / logging time ................. 176, 177
Hydraulic terminology ............................................ 151
Logging SIC—Navajo, King Air, Citation ....... 178, 179
Air conditioning terminology .................................. 151
Change of address................................................. 180
Flight control terminology ...................................... 151
Replacement of airman certificates ....................... 180
Avionics terminology.............................................. 152
Falsification of logbooks or records ....................... 181
TCAS ..................................................................... 152
Lost or stolen logbook ........................... 181
Pressurization ........................................ 153
SIC qualifications ................................... 182
Jet takeoff.............................................. 154
Balanced field length ............................................. 155 Student pilot........................................... 183
Critical field length ................................................. 155 Recreational pilot ................................................... 184
Stopway ................................................................. 155 Private pilot ............................................................ 185
Clearway................................................................ 155 Instrument rating; instrument currency .................. 186
First segment definition variations ......................... 155 Commercial pilot .................................................... 187
Screen height......................................................... 155 Airline Transport Pilot.................... 188, 189
Critical engine ........................................................ 155 Flight instructor .............................................. 190, 191
Takeoff distance .................................................... 156 Flight examiner ...................................................... 192
Accelerate-STOP distance ..................... 156 Status of an examiner ............................................ 192
Accelerate-GO distance......................... 156 Cross-country time................................. 193
Takeoff run............................................................. 157 Temporary certificate ............................ 193
Takeoff path........................................................... 158 Type rating ............................................................. 194
Net takeoff flight path............................................. 158 Complex endorsement........................................... 194

xii EVERYTHING EXPLAINED for the Professional Pilot

High performance endorsement ............................194 Ceiling.................................................................... 218
High altitude endorsement..................... 195 Virga ...................................................................... 218
Tailwheel endorsement .......................... 195 Limited Aviation Weather Reporting Station (LAWRS)
............................................................................... 218
Maintaining currency for a type rating....................196
METAR identifiers.................................................. 218
MEDICAL certificate ............................... 197
METAR/TAF explanations ....................... 219
Operations requiring a medical certificate..............197
Wind direction — true north vs. magnetic ............. 220
Operations NOT requiring a medical certificate .....197
Prohibitions on operations during METAR/TAF & flight plan WALLET SIZED
medical deficiency.....................198 CHEAT-SHEETS............... 221
Duration of a medical certificate ........... 199 Color codes ........................................................... 221
Vision requirements ...............................................199 EFAS / Flight Watch / FSS — Frequencies........... 223
SODA ....................................................... 200 Standard briefing ................................................... 223
Abbreviated briefing............................................... 223
Lasik eye surgery ...................................................200
Outlook briefing ..................................................... 223
Contact lenses .......................................................200
Inflight briefing ....................................................... 223
Eye (required vision) ..............................................200
Turbulence reporting criteria ................................. 223
Ear, Nose, Throat, and Equilibrium........................201
AIRMET (WA)........................................................ 224
Mental.....................................................................201
SIGMET (WS)........................................................ 224
Neurologic ..............................................................201
Convective SIGMET (WST)................................... 224
Cardiovascular .......................................................201
Severe weather forecast alerts (AWW) ................. 224
Diabetes mellitus—general medical condition .......201
Center Weather Advisories (CWA)........................ 224
Kidney stones.........................................................201
Telephone Information Briefing Service (TIBS)..... 224
Hypertension ..........................................................201
Pilot Automatic Telephone Answering Service
Special issuance—discretionary issuance.............201
(PATWAS)...................... 224
Drugs or alcohol ............................. 202, 203 Transcribed WEather Broadcast (TWEB) ............. 224
Motor vehicle action ...............................................202 Hazardous Inflight Weather Advisory Service
Speeding tickets..................................... 203 (HIWAS) ......................... 224
Over-The-Counter medications..............................204 PIlot REPortS (PIREP)(UA)(UUA)......................... 225
Radar weather reports (SD) .................................. 225
Aviation area forecast (FA).................................... 225
Winds and temperatures aloft forecast (FD) ......... 225

Chapter 6 Convective outlook (AC)........................................ 225

Stability chart ......................................................... 225
Radar summary chart ............................................ 225
Weather & NOTAMS ........... 205 Severe weather outlook chart................................ 225
Windshear, microburst ...........................................206 NOTAMs .......................................... 226, 227
Thunderstorm avoidance / penetration ..................207 Fog......................................................................... 228
Extreme turbulence ................................................207 FSS Toll-Free Nationwide Telephone
ICE .................................................. 208, 209 Numbers (cell phone) ........ 229
Carburetor icing......................................................210
Frost .......................................................................211
Rime ice .................................................................211
Clear ice .................................................................211
Freezing rain ..........................................................211
Ice pellets ...............................................................211
Chapter 7
Trace, light, moderate, severe icing.......................211 An Overview of Commercial
Ground icing conditions ......................... 212
(FPD) de-ice/anti-ice fluids ..................... 212 Operations...........................231
Holdover times ....................................... 212 Definitions — Commercial ...................... 232
Braking action ........................................ 213 Common/Noncommon or Private............ 232
Contaminated runways ..........................................213 Commuter ............................................... 233
“Iced-over” sparkplug electrodes ...........................213 On-Demand ............................................. 233
Jet stream .............................................. 214 Domestic................................................. 234
Clear Air Turbulence ..............................................215 Flag ......................................................... 234
Wind chill factors ....................................................216
Supplemental.......................................... 234
AWOS vs. ASOS ...................................... 217
Scheduled ............................................... 235
METAR vs. TAF ....................................... 218
EVERYTHING EXPLAINED for the Professional Pilot xiii
Domestic, Flag, Supplemental, Part 121............... 235 Provisional airports ................................................ 276
Part 125 ................................................................. 235 Runway lighting...................................................... 276
Part 135 or Part 121 does not apply to.................. 236 International flights between
Business names .................................................... 237 Mexico or Canada and the U.S.... 277
Common carriage .................................................. 237
Small & large Aircraft ............................................. 278
Noncommon carriage ............................................ 237
Type rating required............................................... 278
Aircraft requirements ............................................. 237
Operational control ................................................ 237 Accelerate-STOP Distance .................... 278
Certificate-Holding District Office (CHDO) ............ 237 Accelerate-GO Distance ........................ 278
Direct air carrier ..................................................... 237 Landing limitations—60%, 70%, 80%..... 279
Part 91 vs. Part 121 vs. Part 135 .................. 238, 239 Effective runway length ......................... 279
PIC qualifications ................................... 240 Subpart F — large and turbine-powered
SIC qualifications ................................... 241 multiengine airplanes............... 280
SIC required ........................................... 241 Autopilot — minimum altitudes for use .................. 281
Training, testing & checking—a quick synopsis .... 242 Alcoholic beverages............................................... 282
Passengers during cargo only operations ............. 243 Stowage of food, beverage .................................... 282
Exit seating............................................................. 282
Load manifest (W&B) ............................. 243
Smoking prohibitions.............................................. 283
Load manifest, W&B; recordkeeping..................... 244
Justifiable aircraft equipment................................. 244 Subpart K of Part 91....................... 284, 285
Maximum payload capacity ................................... 244 Effect of Subpart K on Part 135............. 286
Standard average passenger weights................... 244
Cargo floor limits.................................... 244
Weight / Balance & Center of Gravity.................... 245
Pilot recordkeeping—W&B—load manifest........... 246
COMAT.................................................................. 246 Chapter 8
Effects of forward / aft CG ..................................... 247
Reporting mechanical irregularities ....................... 247
More Commercial Stuff ...... 287
Airworthiness check............................................... 247 Operations Specifications ..................... 288
Cargo compartment classification ......................... 248 Operations Manual (GOM) .............. 289, 290
Sterile cockpit........................................ 249 Management personnel qualifications ................... 291
Manipulation of controls......................................... 249 Ramp check ........................................... 292
Admission to flight deck......................................... 249
Checklists .............................................. 293
PIC/SIC designation required ................................ 249
Charts..................................................................... 293
Fuel supply ..................................... 250, 251 Performance data .................................................. 293
Destination & alternate Passenger occupancy of pilot seat ........................ 293
airport weather......... 252, 253 Briefing of passengers before takeoff .................... 293
Do you need an alternate? ..................... 254 Proving runs ........................................................... 294
Cockpit Voice Recorder (CVR) .............................. 294
Alternate airport weather minimums .... 255
Flight Data Recorder (FDR) ................................... 294
People Express Exemption (3585)................ 256, 257 Ground Proximity Warning Systems (GPWS) ....... 294
Takeoff minimums.......................... 258, 259 Initial, Transition & Upgrade GROUND training..... 295
Approach weather required ................... 260 Recurrent training .................................................. 295
Descent below DH or MDA.................................... 260 Group I & Group II airplanes .................................. 296
Approach weather NOT required for Part 91......... 260 Training TYPE DEFINITIONS (Initial, Transition,
Landing under IFR................................................. 261 Upgrade, Differences, Recurrent, etc.) .... 296
RVR ....................................................................... 261 Grace month........................................... 296
Approach lighting................................................... 262 EMERGENCY training ........................................... 297
High minimums captain ......................... 263 Fire extinguishers................................................... 297
Special Exemption 5549........................................ 263 HAZMAT ........................................................ 298, 299
Arrival at airports with Company flight instructors ..................................... 300
no weather reporting......... 264 Authorized instructor means .................................. 300
Check airman ......................................................... 301
Departing airports with
CHECKRIDES................................... 302-307
no weather reporting......... 265 Initial Operating Experience (IOE) ......................... 308
Flight Time & Duty .......................... 266-275 Flight attendants .................................................... 308
Flight locating procedures ..................................... 276 Weapons ................................................................ 308
Regular airport....................................................... 276 Aircraft tests & inspections..................................... 309
xiv EVERYTHING EXPLAINED for the Professional Pilot
100 hour inspection ................................ 309 Critical engine........................................................ 333
Progressive inspection program ............................309 Accelerate-STOP / Accelerate-GO........................ 333
Continuous Airworthiness Inspection Program ......309 Area of decision..................................................... 333
Approved Aircraft Inspection Program (AAIP).......309 Single-engine service ceiling ................................. 333
Annual inspection................................... 309 Single-engine absolute ceiling............................... 333
Driftdown................................................................ 333
VOR check .............................................................309
Service difficulty reports .................................310, 311 VMC.......................................................... 334
Time in service .......................................................311 Left engine is critical because ............................... 335
Mechanical interruption summary report................312 How to CRASH an airplane equipped
Approved Aircraft Inspection Program (AAIP).......312 with a perfectly good spare engine... 336
Operation after maintenance .................................312 Common multiengine accident scenarios.............. 336
Maintenance required (owner, operator)................312 Emergency equipment........................................... 337
Operable condition .................................................312 Fire extinguisher .................................................... 337
Mechanical irregularity ...........................................312 First aid kits ........................................................... 337
Instruments & equipment required.........................313 Megaphone............................................................ 337
Safety belts ............................................................313 Minimum fuel advisory ........................... 337
Radio & nav equipment—extended overwater ......314
Immediately ........................................................... 337
Emergency equipment—extended overwater........314
Emergency ............................................................ 337
Performance requirements—over water ................314
Emergency frequencies......................................... 337
Extended overwater weather .................................315
Priority.................................................................... 337
Airborne weather radar ..........................................315
Mayday .................................................................. 337
TCAS......................................................................315
Pan, pan, pan ........................................................ 337
Flashlight ................................................ 315 Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT).................. 338
Aircraft airworthiness..............................................316 ELT changes in the works ..................................... 339
Reporting mechanical irregularities........................316 NASA reports .......................................... 340
Flight crewmembers at stations .............................316
Aviation safety reporting program ......................... 340
Seat belts & shoulder harness ...............................316
Careless or reckless operation.............................. 340
Airplane Flight Manual (AFM) ................. 317 Enforcement action........................................ 342, 343
Pilot Operating Handbook (POH) ............ 317 Accident or incident ............................... 344
Limitations / Markings / Placards ........... 317 Major or minor damage ......................................... 344
Minimum Equipment List (MEL) .....................318-321 Notification of accidents......................................... 345
Configuration Deviation List (CDL) ........................320 Notification of incidents & overdue aircraft ............ 345
Inoperative means..................................................320 NTSB phone numbers ............................. 345
Ferry permit (special flight permit) .................322, 323 Preservation of Wreckage; reports........................ 345
Pilot record sharing (PRIA)..................... 324 Aeronautical Information Manual—
Access investigation check (airport badge) ...........325 only an advisory? ......... 346
Closing & locking of flightcrew door .......................325 Copies of ATC Tower/Center—
Aircraft dispatcher ..................................................326 audio/radar track tapes .... 346
Dispatch release / flight release.............................326
FAA “Hot Line”....................................................... 346
Age 60 and Part 121 ..............................................327
AOPA “Hot Line”.................................................... 346

Chapter 9 Chapter 10
Emergencies & Legal ......... 329 Miscellaneous, Definitions,
Compliance with ATC clearances ..........................330
Deviating from a rule due to an emergency ...........330 Aerodynamics & Trivia ...... 293
Confirm it! ...............................................................330 Piper — Numbers & Names .................... 348
Do not mumble.......................................................330
Beechcraft — Numbers & Names........... 349
EMERGENCY—allowed to
Hypoxia.................................................................. 350
IMMEDIATELY deviate .... 330 Hyperventilation..................................................... 350
EMERGENCY ........................................... 331 Carbon Monoxide .................................................. 350
Responsibility and authority of the PIC ..................331 Ear block................................................................ 350
Engine failure.................................. 332, 333 Air ambulance flights — “Life Guard” .................... 350

EVERYTHING EXPLAINED for the Professional Pilot xv

Aerodynamics.................................. 351-353 English ................................................................... 359
Forces acting on an aircraft in flight ...................... 351 Wilco ...................................................................... 359
Angle of attack ....................................................... 351 Tango ..................................................................... 359
Angle of incidence ................................................. 351 Flight check ............................................................ 359
Camber .................................................................. 351 Manifold pressure and the
Chord or chord line ................................................ 351 constant speed propeller ..... 360
Relative wind ......................................................... 351 Supercharged / turbocharged engines .................. 361
Wing planform ....................................................... 351 Horsepower ............................................ 362
Aspect ratio............................................................ 351
Wattage vs. Kilowatts vs. Horsepower .................. 362
Lift-Drag ratio — L/D.............................................. 351
Power and weight .................................................. 362
Gravity ................................................................... 352
Brake horsepower.................................................. 363
Center of Gravity ................................................... 352
Shaft horsepower................................................... 363
Bernoulli................................................................. 352
Time in service....................................................... 363
Center of lift ........................................................... 352
PMA ....................................................................... 363
Center of pressure................................................. 352
Drag ....................................................................... 352 FAA 337 Form—
Induced drag.......................................................... 352 Major Repair and Alteration ... 363
Effect of air density on lift and drag ....................... 352 TBO......................................................... 364
Effect of altitude, temperature & humidity ............. 352 STC ......................................................... 364
Parasite drag ......................................................... 353
TSO......................................................... 364
Form drag .............................................................. 353
Skin friction drag.................................................... 353 Preventive maintenance ........................................ 365
Interference drag ................................................... 353 Oil—mineral vs. ashless dispersant....... 366
Angle of attack and lift ........................................... 353 Oil—viscosity.......................................... 366
Critical angle of attack ........................................... 353 Piston engine smoke.............................................. 366
Load factor............................................................. 353 Backfiring ............................................................... 366
Flaps/Slots/Slats & Clearway ................................................ 367
Boundary layer control..... 354, 355 Stopway.................................................. 367
Plain flap ................................................................ 355 Flight visibility ......................................................... 367
Split flap ................................................................. 355 Visibility and the Earth’s horizon ............................ 367
Slotted flap............................................................. 355 Radar reflectors ..................................................... 367
Fowler flap ............................................................. 355 Notice of Proposed Rule Making (NPRM) ............. 368
Aerodynamic twisting caused by flap .................... 355 Shadows ................................................................ 368
Fixed slot ............................................................... 355 Mountains............................................................... 368
Automatic slot ........................................................ 355 Empire State building............................................. 368
Boundary layer control........................................... 355 Charts..................................................................... 369
Laminar flow .......................................................... 356 Sectional charts—runways longer than 8,069’ ...... 369
Boundary layer ...................................................... 356 Night—four definitions............................................ 370
Reynolds number .................................................. 356 Aircraft lights .......................................................... 371
Adverse vs. Proverse Yaw ..................... 357 Hydroplaning .......................................................... 372
Dutch roll................................................................ 357 Test to detect contamination of jet fuel .................. 373
Yaw damper........................................................... 357 Specific Gravity...................................... 373
Trim tabs................................................................ 357 Control towers ........................................................ 373
Service ceiling........................................ 358 Aircraft [weight] classes—
All engine service ceiling ....................................... 358 (heavy, large, small) ............. 373
Single-engine service ceiling ................................. 358 Crosswinds............................................................. 373
Certified ceiling ...................................................... 358 Simulators—four levels .......................... 374
Maximum certified ceiling ...................................... 358 Gold seal flight instructor certificate....................... 375
Maximum certified altitude..................................... 358
Absolute ceiling ..................................................... 358
Single-engine absolute ceiling............................... 358
Driftdown................................................................ 358
Fastest and highest flying airplane........................ 358
Contrails................................................................. 358
Pilot In Command ................................... 359
Pilot In Command seating position........ 359
Active pilots in the United States.......... 359

xvi EVERYTHING EXPLAINED for the Professional Pilot

Chapter 11
Reference, Rules of Thumb,
Conversions ........................ 377
ICAO airport identifier country prefix .... 378
Aircraft country registration number codes ............378
Airport identifier logic..............................................379
A few interesting identifiers ....................................379
ZULU time............................................... 380
Pitot-static system malfunctions.............................381
Effects of forward / aft CG......................................381
Fuel & fluid colors...................................................381
Draining fuel sumps ...............................................381
Crosswinds.............................................................381
Cutouts (placards)..................................................382
ºC to ºF (placard)..................................... 382
Reciprocals (placard) ............................. 382
TAKEOFF mnemonic............................... 382
Flight plan (wallet-sized) ........................ 382
Measurements (1/64-1/32-3/64-1/16, etc.) ............382
Spin recovery—PARE............................................382
SHUTDOWN mnemonic........................... 382
Quickie conversions ...............................................383
POUNDS to GALLONS .........................................383
POUNDS of Jet A to LITERS.................................383
CELSIUS to FAHRENHEIT ...................................383
Liquid measures (ounce, cup, pint, quart, etc.) .....383
Radio call................................................................383
Acre ........................................................................383
Reciprocals—22 Rule ............................................383
Fuel weight ............................................. 384
Conversions, Comparisons,
Formulas & Weights........... 385
Formulas & Rules of Thumb ............ 386-389
Conversion Tables ..........................................390-394

INDEX............................395

EVERYTHING EXPLAINED for the Professional Pilot xvii