Drainage system :
Different drainage patterns -
dendriti radial centripet trellis
c al
Dendritic resemble the branch of a tree. In radial pattern -
Rivers that originate from a central dome or peak, ( e.g.
amarkanthak – M.P and Chattisgarh border). In centripetal –
rivers drain their water into a lake. In trellis pattern – tributaries
join the main river in the right angles.
River systems of India : 1. Himalayan (perenial – contain water
all throughout the year) 2. Peninsular (ephemeral-only
seasonal).
Himalayan rivers – antescedent (rivers flowing already
before the made of himalaya, they did not change the
course of river). E.g. satluj, koshi , Indus etc.
Indus river system :
Total length is 3180 km. india is 800 km.
Originates near Mansarovar lake called Bhokhar chu in
Tibet.
In Tibet this river is known as Singi Khambar or ‘Lion’s
Mouth’, enters India in Demchok.
Leh is the only city located on the banks of Indus river.
Left bank tributaries – shok, gilgit
Right bank tributaries – zaskar
Jhelum : originates in Verinag. Sri nagar is located on its
banks. Wular lake gets its water from Jhelum. Its ancient
name is Vitasta. The river meanders in its youthful stage
( usually river meanders in its mature or old stage).
Chenab : orginates in Baralachla pass ( connects lahual
and spiti valley with leh). Chandra and Bhaga river when
joined makes Chenab river. Its ancient name is Askini. It is
the largest tributary.
Ravi : originates in Rogtang Pass ( connects Manali with
Lahual and Spiti). Its ancient name was Purushni.
Beas : also originates near Rohtang Pass. Its ancient name
was Bipasha. This river does not go to Pakistan.
Satluj : originates near Mansarovar lake ( Rakas tal). Its
ancient name was Shutudri. It enters India through
Shivkila pass. It is the longest tributary.
2nd Feb is celebrated as wetland day. Currently India has
80 RAMSAR sites.
Doab : is the area lying between two rivers.
Doab made from North to South : . Indus, jhelum, chenab,
ravi, beas and satluj.
Sindh sagar doab – between indus and jhelum
Chej doab – between jhelum and chenab
Rechna doab – between chenab and ravi
Bari doab – between ravi and beas
Bhist doab – between beas and satluj.
Indus river meets the Panchnad ( i.e. jhelum, chenab,
beas, ravi and sutluj) at Mithankot.
It drains into Arabian Sea. It is the national river of
Pakistan.
Indus Water Treaty – 1960 by World Bank. First meeting
at Karachi ( J.L Nehru and Ayub Khan).
Ganga River System :
Alaknanda + Bhagirathi = Ganga
Alaknanda and Bhagirathi river meets at
Devprayag.
Bhagirathi river originates from Gamukh
glacier , also the originator of river Ganga.
Alaknanda river orignates from Satopanth
glacier.
Mandakani river originates from Chorabari
glacier.
First, Alaknanda meets Dhauli at Vishnuprayag
Second, Alaknanda meets Nandakini at
Nandprayag
Third, Alaknanda meets Pinar at Karnaprayag
Mandakini meets Alaknanda meets at Rudra
prayag.
Yamuna : originates from yamunotri glacier or Banderpunch
Range. Length 1370 km . largest tributary of Ganga. And its
largest tributary is Chambal. Chambal river originates from
Janapao Hills (Mhow plataeu), makes badland topography.
Famous for gully erosion making it unfit for cultivation, creates
Ravines.
Son : originates from Amarkanthak plateau. Tributaries – Rihand
and Koel( right bank ), it has no left bank tributary.
Punpun : originates from Chotanagpur plateau , meets ganga
near Bhagalpur of Bihar.
Note : yamuna is the longest / largest tributary of Ganga but by
volume Ghaggar is the largest tributary.
Ghaggar : it originates from Mapchachungo Glacier. This
river also known by Saryu river. Its important tributary is
known as Sharda ( also known by Gori Ganga), which
originates from Milam Glacier. Other tributaries are- Tila,
Seti and Beri. It is a transboundary river. Nepal , India and
Tibet.
Gandak : its tributaries are – Trishulganga, Budhi gandhak
and Bari ganga.
Ganga is made the national river of India in 2008. It has
bacteriophage due to which it is protected from worms.
Citites located in order – prayagraj, kanpur, varanasi, and
patna. Lenth 2525 km. Ganga when enters Bangladesh is
known by Padma. Ganga – 5 states ( Uk, Up, bihar, Jk and
WB), longest in UP and shortest in Jharkand.
Koshi is known as sorrow of Bihar.
Farakka Agreement – signed in 1977 between India and
Bangladesh.
Brahmaputra water system :
Originates from same as Indus i.e.
Chemayungdung / Angsi glacier
In Tibet known as Yarlang Tsangpo
Arunachal – siang -> dihang
In Assam – Brahmaputra. Then southout turn
from Duburi and U turn in Namcha Barua.
In Bangladesh – Jamuna. Padma + Jamuna =
Megna.
Barak is the tributary of Meghna not of
brahmaputra, which originates in Manipur hills.
Left bank tributaries – lohit, dhansiri, dibang
Right bank tributaries – teesta, kameng,
subansiri, manas.
Peninsular rivers of India :
Two types ; 1. East flowing river (Bay of Bengal) delta 2. West
flowing river (ie. Arabian sea - estuary).
The east flowing rivers are flowing towards the
east due to the tilt of Deccan Plateau.
East flowing rivers :
1. Damodar : > chotanagpur plateau
Flows in Rift valley
Tributary of Hugli
Sorrow of bengal
Tributaries : bokaro, barakar, konar
Note : chotanagpur plateau is known as Ruhr state , its
easternmost boudary is Rajmahal hills
2. Subarnrekha :
Chotanagpur plateau ( Randri Plateau)
3. Baitarani :
4. Brahmani : sankha + south koel rivers
5. Vamsdhara : drains and creates delta at Andhara Pradesh.
Nesting ground for Olive Ridley Turtles.
6. Mahanadi :
850 km
Sorrow of Odisha
Chhatisgarh + Odisha ( JK, MH, MP)
Hirakud dam
Tributaries – tel, jonk, ong and hasdeo, mand
7. Godavari :
1450 km
Origin – trimbakeshwar ( Nasik, Maharashtra)
MH -> Telengana -> Andra Pradesh ( CG, Odisha, MP, karnataka)
Largest river of south india
Called Dakshini Ganga
Tributaries – painganga, wainganga, vardha, manjira, indravati, purna,
pranhita and sabri.
Krishna :
1400 km.
origin at Mahabaleswar.
Flows through – maharashtra, karnataka,
telengana, andhra pradesh and delta
Second longest river of south india.
Tributaries are - bhima, tungabhadra,
ghatprabha, malaprabha, musi , koyna,
doodhganga.
