3. A conical dome shown in Fig.

3 is to be constructed from reinforced concrete (C30, S400) per

the latest applicable Ethiopian Building Code Standard. It is to be supported on a beam (ring beam)
along its edges. With a consistent base span of 32.0m, six options are to be investigated with rises
h of. 3.0m, 5.0m, 7.0m, 10.0m, 13.0m and 16.0m. In addition to the own weight of the dome,
waterproofing material (0.5kN/m2) and a vertical live load of 1.5kN/m2 is assumed for the analysis
and subsequent design. Based on this set of information and clearly specifying any additional
assumption you may make in solving the problems:
a. Establish the membrane stresses
N and N for each of the six
cases and sketch, to scale, their
respective distributions.
b. Sketch to scale the distributions
of N and N at the base, quarter
points and at the top with rise h for
3.0 ≤ h ≤ 16.0.
c. Determine the tensile force T, if
any, developed in the ring beam
for each of the cases and sketch to
scale the variation of T with rise h
for 3.0 ≤ h ≤ 16.0. Discuss your
observation.
d. Design the shell-proper based
only on membrane stress resultants, and checking buckling condition, for h = 3.0m, h = 10.0m
and h = 16.0m per (a) above. If the provided thickness does not meet buckling requirements,
suggest another value and proceed with the design process.
e. Design the ring beam for the dome rises of h = 3.0m, h = 10.0m and h = 16.0m.
f. Design for shear between the shell proper and the ring beam for the dome rises of h = 3.0m, h
= 10.0m and h = 16.0m.
All computations are to be carried out in two ways as follows:
i. Manual procedure implementing all relevant expressions and equations and an
organized tabular format.
ii. Using appropriate structural-engineering software providing all modeling
assumptions. Compare and contrast your findings with the two approaches noted
above.
Solution
Part A

Thin shell analysis (membrane stress)

There are three different load cases: self-weight, waterproof and vertical live load. Own weight
and waterproof are considered to act throughout the conical dome vertically whereas the live
load acts as a distributed load on a horizontal surface.

Design load:

Self-weight and waterproof, 𝑔 = 1.35 ∗ (0.12𝑚 ∗ 25𝐾𝑁/𝑚3 + 0.5𝐾𝑁/𝑚2 ) = 4.725𝐾𝑁/𝑚2

Live load,𝑝 = 1.5 ∗ 1.5𝐾𝑁/𝑚2 = 2.25𝐾𝑁/𝑚2

i. Due to self-weight and waterproof

Tangential (meridional) stress, 𝑁𝜙 - Compression

𝑔 ∗ 𝑧 ∗ sec 2 𝛼 1
𝑁𝜙 = ∗
2 𝑡
Hoop (circumferential) stress, 𝑁𝜃 - Tension
1
𝑁𝜃 = 𝑔 ∗ 𝑧 ∗ tan2 𝛼 ∗
𝑡
Case 1 – ℎ = 3𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛼 = 79.380

4.725 ∗ 𝑧 ∗ sec 2 79.38 1

𝑁𝜙 = ∗ = 579.65 ∗ 𝑧 𝐾𝑁/𝑚2
2 0.12
1
𝑁𝜃 = 4.725 ∗ 𝑧 ∗ tan2 79.38 ∗ = 1119.93 ∗ 𝑧 𝐾𝑁/𝑚2
0.12
Case 2 – ℎ = 5𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛼 = 72.650

4.725 ∗ 𝑧 ∗ sec 2 72.65 1

𝑁𝜙 = ∗ = 221.39 ∗ 𝑧 𝐾𝑁/𝑚2
2 0.12
1
𝑁𝜃 = 4.725 ∗ 𝑧 ∗ tan2 72.65 ∗ = 403.4 ∗ 𝑧 𝐾𝑁/𝑚2
0.12
 Case 3 – ℎ = 7𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛼 = 66.370

4.725 ∗ 𝑧 ∗ sec 2 66.37 1

𝑁𝜙 = ∗ = 122.54 ∗ 𝑧 𝐾𝑁/𝑚2
2 0.12
1
𝑁𝜃 = 4.725 ∗ 𝑧 ∗ tan2 66.37 ∗ = 205.7 ∗ 𝑧 𝐾𝑁/𝑚2
0.12
Case 4 – ℎ = 10𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛼 = 57.9950

4.725 ∗ 𝑧 ∗ sec 2 57.995 1

𝑁𝜙 = ∗ = 70.1 ∗ 𝑧 𝐾𝑁/𝑚2
2 0.12
1
𝑁𝜃 = 4.725 ∗ 𝑧 ∗ tan2 57.995 ∗ = 100.8 ∗ 𝑧 𝐾𝑁/𝑚2
0.12
Case 5 – ℎ = 13𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛼 = 50.90

4.725 ∗ 𝑧 ∗ sec 2 50.9 1

𝑁𝜙 = ∗ = 49.5 ∗ 𝑧 𝐾𝑁/𝑚2
2 0.12
1
𝑁𝜃 = 4.725 ∗ 𝑧 ∗ tan2 50.9 ∗ = 59.62 ∗ 𝑧 𝐾𝑁/𝑚2
0.12
Case 6 – ℎ = 16𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛼 = 45.000

4.725 ∗ 𝑧 ∗ sec 2 45.00 1

𝑁𝜙 = ∗ = 39.38 ∗ 𝑧 𝐾𝑁/𝑚2
2 0.12
1
𝑁𝜃 = 4.725 ∗ 𝑧 ∗ tan2 45.00 ∗ = 39.38 ∗ 𝑧 𝐾𝑁/𝑚2
0.12
ii. Due to live load

Tangential (meridional) stress, 𝑁𝜙

𝑝 ∗ 𝑧 ∗ tan 𝛼
𝑁𝜙 =
2 ∗ 𝑡 ∗ cos 𝛼
Hoop (circumferential) stress, 𝑁𝜃

𝑝 ∗ 𝑧 ∗ tan 𝛼 ∗ sin2 𝛼
𝑁𝜃 =
𝑡 ∗ cos 𝛼
Case 1 – ℎ = 3𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛼 = 79.380
2.25 ∗ 𝑧 ∗ tan 79.38
𝑁𝜙 = = 271.30 ∗ 𝑧 𝐾𝑁/𝑚2
2 ∗ 0.12 ∗ cos 79.38
2.25 ∗ 𝑧 ∗ tan 79.38 ∗ sin2 79.38
𝑁𝜃 = = 524.16 ∗ 𝑧 𝐾𝑁/𝑚2
0.12 ∗ cos 79.38
 Case 2 – ℎ = 5𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛼 = 72.650
2.25 ∗ 𝑧 ∗ tan 72.65
𝑁𝜙 = = 100.63 ∗ 𝑧 𝐾𝑁/𝑚2
2 ∗ 0.12 ∗ cos 72.65
2.25 ∗ 𝑧 ∗ tan 72.65 ∗ sin2 72.65
𝑁𝜃 = = 183.355 ∗ 𝑧 𝐾𝑁/𝑚2
0.12 ∗ cos 72.65
Case 3 – ℎ = 7𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛼 = 66.370
2.25 ∗ 𝑧 ∗ tan 66.37
𝑁𝜙 = = 53.50 ∗ 𝑧 𝐾𝑁/𝑚2
2 ∗ 0.12 ∗ cos 66.37
2.25 ∗ 𝑧 ∗ tan 66.37 ∗ sin2 66.37
𝑁𝜃 = = 89.74 ∗ 𝑧 𝐾𝑁/𝑚2
0.12 ∗ cos 66.37
Case 4 – ℎ = 10𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛼 = 57.9950
2.25 ∗ 𝑧 ∗ tan 57.995
𝑁𝜙 = = 28.3 ∗ 𝑧 𝐾𝑁/𝑚2
2 ∗ 0.12 ∗ cos 57.995
2.25 ∗ 𝑧 ∗ tan 57.995 ∗ sin2 57.995
𝑁𝜃 = = 40.71 ∗ 𝑧 𝐾𝑁/𝑚2
0.12 ∗ cos 57.995
Case 5 – ℎ = 13𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛼 = 50.90
2.25 ∗ 𝑧 ∗ tan 50.9
𝑁𝜙 = = 18.3 ∗ 𝑧 𝐾𝑁/𝑚2
2 ∗ 0.12 ∗ cos 50.9
2.25 ∗ 𝑧 ∗ tan 50.9 ∗ sin2 50.9
𝑁𝜃 = = 22.03 ∗ 𝑧 𝐾𝑁/𝑚2
0.12 ∗ cos 50.9
Case 6 – ℎ = 16𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛼 = 45.000
2.25 ∗ 𝑧 ∗ tan 45
𝑁𝜙 = = 13.26 ∗ 𝑧 𝐾𝑁/𝑚2
2 ∗ 0.12 ∗ cos 45
2.25 ∗ 𝑧 ∗ tan 45 ∗ sin2 45
𝑁𝜃 = = 13.26 ∗ 𝑧 𝐾𝑁/𝑚2
0.12 ∗ cos 45
Combined load;

Case 1 – ℎ = 3𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛼 = 79.380

𝑁𝜙 = 579.65 ∗ 𝑧 + 271.30 ∗ 𝑧 = 850.95 ∗ 𝑧 𝐾𝑁/𝑚2

𝑁𝜃 = 1119.93 ∗ 𝑧 + 524.16 ∗ 𝑧 = 1644.09 ∗ 𝑧 𝐾𝑁/𝑚2

Case 2 – ℎ = 5𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛼 = 72.650

𝑁𝜙 = 221.39 ∗ 𝑧 + 100.63 ∗ 𝑧 = 322.02 ∗ 𝑧 𝐾𝑁/𝑚2

𝑁𝜃 = 403.4 ∗ 𝑧 + 183.355 ∗ 𝑧 = 586.755 ∗ 𝑧 𝐾𝑁/𝑚2

 Case 3 – ℎ = 7𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛼 = 66.370

𝑁𝜙 = 122.54 ∗ 𝑧 + 53.50 ∗ 𝑧 = 176.04 ∗ 𝑧 𝐾𝑁/𝑚2

𝑁𝜃 = 205.7 ∗ 𝑧 + 89.74 ∗ 𝑧 = 295.44 ∗ 𝑧 𝐾𝑁/𝑚2

Case 4 – ℎ = 10𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛼 = 57.9950

𝑁𝜙 = 70.1 ∗ 𝑧 + 28.3 ∗ 𝑧 = 98.4 ∗ 𝑧 𝐾𝑁/𝑚2

𝑁𝜃 = 100.8 ∗ 𝑧 + 40.71 ∗ 𝑧 = 141.51 ∗ 𝑧 𝐾𝑁/𝑚2

Case 5 – ℎ = 13𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛼 = 50.90

𝑁𝜙 = 49.5 ∗ 𝑧 + 18.3 ∗ 𝑧 = 67.8 ∗ 𝑧 𝐾𝑁/𝑚2

𝑁𝜃 = 59.62 ∗ 𝑧 + 22.03 ∗ 𝑧 = 81.65 ∗ 𝑧 𝐾𝑁/𝑚2

Case 6 – ℎ = 16𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛼 = 45.000

𝑁𝜙 = 39.38 ∗ 𝑧 + 13.26 ∗ 𝑧 = 52.64 ∗ 𝑧 𝐾𝑁/𝑚2

𝑁𝜃 = 39.38 ∗ 𝑧 + 13.26 ∗ 𝑧 = 52.64 ∗ 𝑧 𝐾𝑁/𝑚2

Membrane stresses

Case 1 Z, m 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

h = 3m 0.00 425.475 850.95 1276.42 1701.9 2127.37 2552.85
𝑁𝜙 5 5
0.00 822.045 1644.09 2466.13 3288.18 4110.22 4932.27
𝑁𝜃 5 5
Case 2 Z, m 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
h = 5m 𝑁𝜙 0.00 161.01 322.02 483.03 644.04 805.05 966.06 1127.07 1288.08 1449.09 1610.1

𝑁𝜃 0.00 293.4 586.755 880.133 1173.51 1466.89 1760.3 2053.64 2347.02 2640.4 2933.8

Case 3 Z, m 0 1 2 3 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7

h = 7m 𝑁𝜙 0.00 176.04 352.08 528.12 704.16 792.18 880.2 968.22 1056.24 1144.26 1232.28

𝑁𝜃 0.00 295.44 590.88 886.32 1181.76 1329.48 1477.2 1624.92 1772.64 1920.36 2068.08

Case 4 Z, m 0 1 2 3 5 6 7 8 9 9.5 10
h = 10m 𝑁𝜙 0.00 98.4 196.8 295.2 492 590.4 688.8 787.2 885.6 934.8 984
0.00 141.51 283.02 424.53 707.55 849.06 990.57 1132.08 1273.59 1344.34 1415.1
𝑁𝜃 5
Case 5 Z, m 0 1.5 3 4.5 6 7.5 9 10.5 12 12.5 13
h = 13m 𝑁𝜙 0.00 101.7 203.4 305.1 406.8 508.5 610.2 711.9 813.6 847.5 881.4
0.00 122.475 244.95 367.43 489.9 612.4 734.85 857.325 979.8 1020.62 1061.45
𝑁𝜃 5
Case 6 Z, m 0 1.6 3.2 4.8 6.4 8 9.6 11.2 12.8 14.4 16
h = 16m 𝑁𝜙 0.00 84.224 168.448 252.67 336.9 421.12 505.344 589.6 673.79 758.016 842.24

𝑁𝜃 0.00 84.224 168.448 252.67 336.9 421.12 505.344 589.6 673.79 758.016 842.24
Part B
Membrane stress

Z, m 0.00 0.75 2.25 3.00

Case 1 h = 3m 𝑁𝜙 0.00 638,2 1914.6 2552.8
𝑁𝜃 0.00 1233.06 3699.2 4932.3
Case 2 h = 5m Z, m 0.00 1.25 3.75 5.00
𝑁𝜙 0.00 402.53 1207.58 1610.1
𝑁𝜃 0.00 733.44 2200.33 2933.78
Case 3 h = 7m Z, m 0.00 1.75 5.25 7.00
𝑁𝜙 0.00 308.1 924.2 1232.3
𝑁𝜃 0.00 517.02 1551.06 2068.08
Case 4 h = 10m Z, m 0.00 2.50 7.50 10.00
𝑁𝜙 0.00 246. 738 984
𝑁𝜃 0.00 353.8 1061.3 1415.1
Case 5 h = 13m Z, m 0.00 3.25 9.75 13.00
𝑁𝜙 0.00 220.35 661.05 881.24
𝑁𝜃 0.00 265.36 796.1 1061.24
Case 6 h = 16 m Z, m 0.00 4 12 16
𝑁𝜙 0.00 210.56 631.68 842.24
𝑁𝜃 0.00 210.56 631.68 842.24

h = 3m
6000

5000

4000
Picture 02

3000

2000

1000

0
0 0.75 2.25 3
Z, m 0
 h = 5m
2500

2000

1500

1000

500

0
1.25 3.75 5
Z, m 0

N_ϕ N_θ

h = 7m
2000

1500

1000

500

0
1.75 5.25 7
Z, m 0

N_ϕ N_θ

h = 10m
1200

1000

800

600

400

200

0
2.5 7.5 10
Z, m 0

N_ϕ N_θ
 h = 13m
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
3.25 9.75 13
Z, m 0

N_ϕ N_θ

h = 16m
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
4 12 16
Z, m 0

N_ϕ N_θ
Part C

Tensile force in the bottom ring is going to be developed due to meridional stress (𝑁𝜙 ) only that is no
tensile force is developed due to circumferential stress (𝑁𝜃 ). Two types of loading act on the ring beam:
load from the dome and its own self-weight. Tension due to horizontal component of compression at
the base of depth h is taken into account.

𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒, 𝑇 = 𝑁𝜙 ∗ 𝑡 ∗ sin 𝛼 ∗ ℎ ∗ tan 𝛼

Case 1 – ℎ = 3𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛼 = 79.380

𝑇 = 850.95 ∗ 3 ∗ 0.12 ∗ sin 79.380 ∗ 3 ∗ tan 79.380 = 4817.1𝐾𝑁

Case 2 – ℎ = 5𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛼 = 72.650

𝑇 = 322.02 ∗ 5 ∗ 0.12 ∗ sin 72.65 ∗ 5 ∗ tan 72.65 = 2951.465𝐾𝑁

Case 3 – ℎ = 7𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛼 = 66.370

𝑇 = 176.04 ∗ 7 ∗ 0.12 ∗ sin 66.37 ∗ 7 ∗ tan 66.37 = 2167.53𝐾𝑁

Case 4 – ℎ = 10𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛼 = 57.9950

𝑇 = 98.4 ∗ 10 ∗ 0.12 ∗ sin 57.995 ∗ 10 ∗ tan 57.995 = 1602.14𝐾𝑁

Case 5 – ℎ = 13𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛼 = 50.90

𝑇 = 67.8 ∗ 13 ∗ 0.12 ∗ sin 50.9 ∗ 13 ∗ tan 50.9 = 1313𝐾𝑁

Case 6 – ℎ = 17.5𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛼 = 45.000

𝑇 = 52.64 ∗ 16 ∗ 0.12 ∗ sin 45 ∗ 16 ∗ tan 45 = 1143.5𝐾𝑁

As stated above tensile force are developed due to meridional (tangential) force only. The results are
presented in both table format and graph. The largest force encountered is for a conical dome with a
height of 3m and this tensile force reduces like the stress from h = 3m to 16m.
Tensile force

Force, KN

h = 3m T 4817.1
h = 5m T 2951.46
h = 7m T 2167.53
h = 10m T 1602.14
h = 13m T 1313
h = 16 T 1143.5
 tensile force
6000

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

0
T T T T T T
Force, KN h = 3m h = 5m h = 7m h = 10m h = 13m h = 16

Part D

Buckling analysis

The derivation of the equations for the buckling of conical shells is fairly complicated. The derivation
(Niordson 1947) for the buckling pressure of the cone consists of obtaining expressions for the work
done by the applied pressure, membrane forces, stretching of the middle surface, and bending of the
cone. The total work is then minimized to obtain a critical pressure expression in the form:

𝐸∗𝑡 𝑡 2 𝑎𝑜 4
𝑃𝑐𝑟 = ∗ 𝑓 ∗
𝜌𝑜 𝑎𝑜 2 (1 − 𝜇2 )𝜌0 2
By various substitutions (Jawad 1980), it can be shown that the equation can be transferred to the form:

𝑡 2.5
0.87 ∗ 𝐸 ∗ ( 𝑒⁄𝑅 )
𝑃𝑐𝑟 =
𝐿𝑒⁄
𝑅
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝐸 = 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
Mean value of concrete cylinder compressive strength, 𝑓𝑐𝑚 = 𝑓𝑐𝑘 + 8, 𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 32 for concrete grade C30,
therefore, 𝑓𝑐𝑚 = 30𝑀𝑝𝑎.

𝑓𝑐𝑚 0.3
𝐸 = 22 ∗ ( ) = 30.5886𝐺𝑝𝑎
10
𝑡𝑒 = 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 = 𝑡 ∗ cos 𝛼
ℎ
𝐿𝑒 = 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑒 =
2

Case 1 – ℎ = 3𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛼 = 79.380

 2.5
0.87 ∗ 30.5886 ∗ (0.12 ∗ cos 79.38⁄16)
𝑃𝑐𝑟 = = 20.16𝐾𝑁/𝑚2
0.5 ∗ 3⁄
16
Check, 𝑊𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 6.525/𝑚2 < 𝑃𝑐𝑟 = 20.16𝐾𝑁/𝑚2 OK!

Case 4 – ℎ = 10𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛼 = 57.9950

2.5
0.87 ∗ 30.5886 ∗ (0.12 ∗ cos 57.995⁄16)
𝑃𝑐𝑟 = = 84.8𝐾𝑁/𝑚2
0.5 ∗ 10⁄
16
Check, 𝑊𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 6.525/𝑚2 < 𝑃𝑐𝑟 = 84.8𝐾𝑁/𝑚2 OK!

Case 6 – ℎ = 16𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛼 = 45.000

2.5
0.87 ∗ 30.5886 ∗ (0.12 ∗ cos 45⁄16)
𝑃𝑐𝑟 = = 109.0𝐾𝑁/𝑚2
0.5 ∗ 16⁄
16
Check, 𝑊𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 6.525/𝑚2 < 𝑃𝑐𝑟 = 109𝐾𝑁/𝑚2 OK!

Design of shell

Maximum compression due to tangential stress, 𝑁𝜙

Case 1 – ℎ = 3𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛼 = 79.380

𝑁𝜙 = 2552.85𝐾𝑁/𝑚2

0.85 ∗ 30
Check, 𝑓𝑐𝑑 = = 13,600. 𝐾𝑁/𝑚2 > 𝑁𝜙 = 2552.85𝐾𝑁/𝑚2
1.25 ∗ 1.5
Provide minimum reinforcement

Case 4 – ℎ = 10𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛼 = 57.9950

𝑁𝜙 = 984𝐾𝑁/𝑚2

0.85 ∗ 30
Check, 𝑓𝑐𝑑 = = 13,600𝐾𝑁/𝑚2 > 𝑁𝜙 = 984𝐾𝑁/𝑚2
1.25 ∗ 1.5
Provide minimum reinforcement

Case 6 – ℎ = 16𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛼 = 45.000

𝑁𝜙 = 842.24/𝑚2

0.85 ∗ 30
Check, 𝑓𝑐𝑑 = = 13,600𝐾𝑁/𝑚2 > 𝑁𝜙 = 842.24𝐾𝑁/𝑚2
1.25 ∗ 1.5
Provide minimum reinforcement
 Minimum reinforcement and spacing as per ES EN 1992-1-1:2015

Provide 𝜙8 bar with a nominal cover of 15mm.

𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.26 ∗ 𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝑡
𝑏𝑑 > 0.0013𝑏𝑡 𝑑

2
(0.3 ∗ 323 )
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.26 ∗ ∗ 1000 ∗ (120 − 15 − 8) = 190.65𝑚𝑚2
400
> 0.0013 ∗ 1000 ∗ (120 − 15 − 8) = 126.10𝑚𝑚2
𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔, 𝑆 = 360𝑚𝑚 < 3 ∗ 120 < 400
As a rule of thumb provided 0.2% of the cross sectional area,

𝐴𝑠 = 0.2% ∗ 1000 ∗ 120 = 240𝑚𝑚2

𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔, 𝑆 = 209𝑚𝑚
𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝝓𝟖𝒄/𝒄𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝒂𝒔 𝒂 𝒉𝒐𝒐𝒑 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒎𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒓𝒆𝒊𝒏𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕.
Part E

From tension in ring beam (part C)

𝐻𝑜𝑜𝑝 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚, 𝑇 = 𝑁𝜙 ∗ 𝑡 ∗ sin 𝛼 ∗ ℎ ∗ tan 𝛼

Case 1 – ℎ = 3𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛼 = 79.380

𝑇 = 4817.1𝐾𝑁
Case 4 – ℎ = 10𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛼 = 57.9950

𝑇 = 1602.14𝐾𝑁
Case 6 – ℎ = 16𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛼 = 45.000

𝑇 = 1143.5𝐾𝑁
Design of ring beam

Case 1 – ℎ = 3𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛼 = 79.380

𝑇 4817.1 ∗ 1000𝑁
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙, 𝐴𝑠𝑡 = = = 12042.75𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑦𝑘 400𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

𝑼𝒔𝒆 𝟐𝟎𝝓𝟐𝟖, 𝑨𝒔𝒕 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟒𝟐. 𝟕𝟓𝒎𝒎𝟐

𝑇
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒, 𝐴𝑐 = − (𝑚 − 1) ∗ 𝐴𝑠𝑡
𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚
4817.1 ∗ 1000
𝐴𝑐 = − (18 − 1) ∗ 12315 = 1.39 ∗ 106 𝑚𝑚2
3.024
𝑼𝒔𝒆 𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎𝒙𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎 𝒃𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
Case 4 – ℎ = 10𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛼 = 57.995
𝑇 1602.14 ∗ 1000𝑁
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙, 𝐴𝑠𝑡 = = = 4005.35𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑦𝑘 400𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

𝑼𝒔𝒆 𝟏𝟎𝝓𝟐𝟒, 𝑨𝒔𝒕 = 𝟒, 𝟎𝟎𝟓. 𝟑𝒎𝒎𝟐

𝑇
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒, 𝐴𝑐 = − (𝑚 − 1) ∗ 𝐴𝑠𝑡
𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚
1602.14 ∗ 1000
𝐴𝑐 = − (18 − 1) ∗ 4005.3 = 0.462 ∗ 106 𝑚𝑚2
3.024
𝑼𝒔𝒆 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎𝒙𝟔𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎 𝒃𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
Case 6 – ℎ = 16𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛼 = 45.000
𝑇 1143.5 ∗ 1000𝑁
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙, 𝐴𝑠𝑡 = = = 2858.75𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑦𝑘 400𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

𝑼𝒔𝒆 𝟏𝟎𝝓𝟐𝟎, 𝑨𝒔𝒕 = 𝟐𝟖𝟓𝟖. 𝟕𝟓𝒎𝒎𝟐

𝑇
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒, 𝐴𝑐 = − (𝑚 − 1) ∗ 𝐴𝑠𝑡
𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚
1299.05 ∗ 1000
𝐴𝑐 = − (18 − 1) ∗ 3141.6 = 0.33 ∗ 106 𝑚𝑚2
3.024
𝑼𝒔𝒆 𝟗𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎𝒙𝟔𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎 𝒃𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
Part F
𝑟∗ℎ∗𝑤
𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑜𝑚𝑒 =
𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛/2
Case 1 – ℎ = 3𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛼 = 79.380
𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛/2 32/2
𝑟= = = 86.82
cos 𝛼 cos 79.38
𝑟 ∗ ℎ ∗ 𝑤 86.82 ∗ 3 ∗ 6.525
𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟, 𝑉𝑒𝑑 = = = 106.2𝐾𝑁/𝑚
𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛/2 32/2
𝑉𝑒𝑑 106.2 ∗ 1000
𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 = = = 265.54𝑚𝑚2 /𝑚
𝑓𝑦𝑘 400

Results in 𝝓𝟖𝒄/𝒄𝟒𝟑𝟎𝒎𝒎

However, considering minimum spacing and size of the beam,

𝑼𝒔𝒆 𝟐𝝓𝟏𝟎𝒄/𝒄𝟐𝟎𝟎, 𝑨𝒔𝒕 = 𝟏𝟓𝟕𝟎. 𝟖𝒎𝒎𝟐

Case 4 – ℎ = 10𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛼 = 57.9950

32/2
𝑟= = 30.2
cos 57.996
𝑟 ∗ ℎ ∗ 𝑤 30.2 ∗ 10 ∗ 6.525
𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟, 𝑉𝑒𝑑 = = = 123.11𝐾𝑁/𝑚
𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛/2 32/2
𝑉𝑒𝑑 123.11 ∗ 1000
𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 = = = 307.8𝑚𝑚2 /𝑚
𝑓𝑦𝑘 400

Results in 𝝓𝟖𝒄/𝒄𝟑𝟖𝟎𝒎𝒎

However, considering minimum spacing and size of the beam,

𝑼𝒔𝒆 𝟐𝝓𝟏𝟎𝒄/𝒄𝟐𝟎𝟎, 𝑨𝒔𝒕 = 𝟏𝟓𝟕𝟎. 𝟖𝒎𝒎𝟐

Case 6 – ℎ = 16𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛼 = 45.000

32/2
𝑟= = 24.75
cos 45
𝑟 ∗ ℎ ∗ 𝑤 24.75 ∗ 16 ∗ 6.525
𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟, 𝑉𝑒𝑑 = = = 147.6𝐾𝑁/𝑚
𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛/2 32/2
𝑉𝑒𝑑 147.6 ∗ 1000
𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 = = = 369.11𝑚𝑚2 /𝑚
𝑓𝑦𝑘 400

Results in 𝝓𝟖𝒄/𝒄𝟑𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎

However, considering minimum spacing and size of the beam,

𝑼𝒔𝒆 𝟐𝝓𝟏𝟎𝒄/𝒄𝟐𝟎𝟎, 𝑨𝒔𝒕 = 𝟏𝟓𝟕𝟎. 𝟖𝒎𝒎𝟐

Part G: Finite Element Analysis

For h = 3m
For h = 5m
For h = 7m
For h = 10m
For h = 13m
For h = 16m
Conclusion

For lower rise (height), both the meridional and circumferential stress from the manual calculation and
the finite element analysis give different result. However, as the height increases the difference
between the two analysis decreases especially for minimum stress. This is mainly due to bulging of the
dome just above the base under the finite element analysis, consequently, higher stress is located above
the base which is contradictory to the manual calculation. Furthermore, disregarding bending of the
conical dome on the finite element analysis removed the bulging of the dome prior to the base and
resulted in lower stresses (both meridional and circumferential) compared to the manual calculation.