Wind load

I wind load zone – Zielona Góra. The city is located under < 300 m. a. s. l.

According to the NA.1 PN-EN 1991-1-4 table, assumed the values:

𝑚
𝑣𝑏,0 = 22
𝑠
𝑘𝑁
𝑞𝑏,0 = 0,30
𝑚2
III terrain category – forest area

𝑤𝑒 = 𝑞𝑝 (𝑧) ∗ 𝑐𝑝𝑒

𝑞𝑝 (𝑧) = 𝑞𝑏 ∗ 𝑐𝑒 (𝑧)

𝑞𝑏 = 0,5 ∗ 𝑣𝑏2 ∗ 𝜌

𝑐𝑑𝑖𝑟 = 𝑐𝑠𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑜𝑛 = 1,0

𝑚 𝑚
𝑣𝑏 = 𝑐𝑑𝑖𝑟 ∗ 𝑐𝑠𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑜𝑛 ∗ 𝑣𝑏,0 = 1,0 ∗ 1,0 ∗ 22 = 22
𝑠 𝑠
𝑘𝑔
𝜌 = 1,25
𝑚3
𝑚2 𝑘𝑔
𝑞𝑏 = 0,5 ∗ 222 2
∗ 1,25 3 = 302,5 𝑃𝑎 = 0,3025 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑠 𝑚
Number of stories – 25

Assumed that 1 story is equal to 3m, that gives the total height of the building ℎ = 75𝑚

Width of the wall that takes the wind load (considiering 1 direction): 𝑏 = 29,6𝑚

Case ℎ > 2𝑏:

1
 𝑧 0,26
For the III terrain category, 𝑐𝑒 (𝑧) = 1,9 ∗ (10) , 𝑧𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 5𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 200𝑚

75 0,26
𝑐𝑒 (ℎ) = 𝑐𝑒 (75𝑚) = 1,9 ∗ ( ) = 3,21
10
𝑞𝑝 (ℎ) = 𝑞𝑝 (75𝑚) = 0,3025 𝑘𝑃𝑎 ∗ 3,21 = 0,97 𝑘𝑃𝑎

29,6 0,26
𝑐𝑒 (𝑏) = 𝑐𝑒 (29,6𝑚) = 1,9 ∗ ( ) = 2,52
10
𝑞𝑝 (𝑏) = 𝑞𝑝 (29,6𝑚) = 0,3025 𝑘𝑃𝑎 ∗ 2,52 = 0,76 𝑘𝑃𝑎

ℎ − 2𝑏 = 75 − 2 ∗ 29,6 = 15,8𝑚
15,8𝑚
Taken ℎ𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 = = 3,16𝑚
5

32,76 0,26
𝑐𝑒 (𝑏 + ℎ𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 ) = 𝑐𝑒 (32,76𝑚) = 1,9 ∗ ( ) = 2,59
10
𝑞𝑝 (𝑏 + ℎ𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 ) = 𝑞𝑝 (32,76𝑚) = 0,3025 𝑘𝑃𝑎 ∗ 2,59 = 0,78 𝑘𝑃𝑎

35,92 0,26
𝑐𝑒 (𝑏 + 2ℎ𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 ) = 𝑐𝑒 (35,92𝑚) = 1,9 ∗ ( ) = 2,65
10
𝑞𝑝 (𝑏 + 2ℎ𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 ) = 𝑞𝑝 (35,92𝑚) = 0,3025 𝑘𝑃𝑎 ∗ 2,65 = 0,80 𝑘𝑃𝑎

39,08 0,26
𝑐𝑒 (𝑏 + 3ℎ𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 ) = 𝑐𝑒 (39,08𝑚) = 1,9 ∗ ( ) = 2,71
10
𝑞𝑝 (𝑏 + 3ℎ𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 ) = 𝑞𝑝 (39,08𝑚) = 0,3025 𝑘𝑃𝑎 ∗ 2,71 = 0,82 𝑘𝑃𝑎

42,24 0,26
𝑐𝑒 (𝑏 + 4ℎ𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 ) = 𝑐𝑒 (42,24𝑚) = 1,9 ∗ ( ) = 2,76
10
𝑞𝑝 (𝑏 + 4ℎ𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 ) = 𝑞𝑝 (𝑚) = 0,3025 𝑘𝑃𝑎 ∗ 2,76 = 0,84 𝑘𝑃𝑎

45,4 0,26
𝑐𝑒 (𝑏 + 5ℎ𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 ) = 𝑐𝑒 (45,4𝑚) = 1,9 ∗ ( ) = 2,82
10
𝑞𝑝 (𝑏 + 5ℎ𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 ) = 𝑞𝑝 (45,4𝑚) = 0,3025 𝑘𝑃𝑎 ∗ 2,82 = 0,85 𝑘𝑃𝑎

2
 Distribution of the 𝒒𝒑 (𝒛):

Calculating the 𝒄𝒑𝒆,𝟏𝟎

𝑑 = 24,48𝑚
ℎ 75
= = 3,06
𝑑 24,48

𝑐𝑝𝑒,10 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝐷

𝑐𝑝𝑒,10 = +0,8

𝑐𝑝𝑒,10 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝐸 (interpolation)

−0,2 ∗ 2,06
𝑐𝑝𝑒,10 = −0,5 + = −0,603 ≈ −0,6
4
0,8 + |−0,6| = 1,4

𝑤𝑒 = 1,4 ∗ 𝑞𝑝

3
 𝑧 [𝑚] 𝑞𝑝 [𝑘𝑃𝑎] 𝑤𝑒 [𝑘𝑁/𝑚] ℎ𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 [𝑚] 𝑟 [𝑚] 𝑀 [𝑘𝑁𝑚]
29,60 0.76 1.06 1.60 29.60 14.8
32,76 0.78 1.09 1.64 3.16 31.18
35,92 0.8 1.12 1.68 3.16 34.34
39,08 0.82 1.15 1.72 3.16 37.50
42,24 0.84 1.18 1.76 3.16 40.66
45,40 0.85 1.19 1.79 3.16 43.82
75,00 0.97 1.36 2.04 29.60 60.2
- - - - ∑ 3567
Assuming uniform distribution of wind load in 2 cases:

1st approximation of 𝑤𝑒 (same moments at rigid foundation support)

ℎ2 2𝑀𝑚𝑥 3567 𝑘𝑁
𝑤𝑒 ∗ = 𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 => 𝑤𝑒 = 2
=2∗ 2
= 1,27 2
2 ℎ 75 𝑚
2nd approximation of 𝑤𝑒 (same load area)

𝐴1 = 𝐴2
𝑘𝑁
𝐴1 = 1,06 ∗ 29,6 + (1,09 + 1,12 + 1,15 + 1,18 + 1,19) ∗ 3,16 + 1,36 ∗ 29,6 = 89,74
𝑚
𝐴2 = 𝑤 ∗ 75𝑚
89,74 𝑘𝑁
𝑤= = 1,20 2
75 𝑚
We take the bigger value from those two (two characteristic values)

𝑤𝑒 = 1,27 𝑘𝑃𝑎

Calculations of total designed horizontal load

Horizontal load resulting from not vertical erection of the walls

𝑘𝑁
𝑞𝑏𝑙𝑑 = 3,5
𝑚3
𝑞𝑏𝑙𝑑 ⋅ 𝑑 3,5 ⋅ 24,48 𝑘𝑁
𝑤𝑝 = = = 0,19 2
450 450 𝑚
Total characteristic horizontal load 𝑤𝑡
𝑘𝑁
𝑤𝑡 = 𝑤𝑒 + 𝑤𝑝 = 1,27 + 0,19 = 1,46
𝑚2
Minimal horizontal load 𝑤𝑠
𝑘𝑁
𝑤𝑠 = 0,01 ⋅ 𝑞𝑏𝑙𝑑 ⋅ 𝑑 = 0,01 ∗ 3,5 ∗ 24,48 = 0,87
𝑚2
𝒌𝑵 𝒌𝑵
Total design horizontal load𝒘𝟎𝒕 = 𝒘𝒕 𝜸𝒇 = 𝟏, 𝟒𝟔 ∗ 𝟏, 𝟓 = 𝟐, 𝟐 𝒎𝟐 > 𝒘𝒔 = 𝟎, 𝟖𝟕 𝒎𝟐

4
Calculation for moment of inertia

5
 𝐼1 = 2 ∙ (𝐼1 +𝐼2 +𝐼3 +𝐼4 )

𝐼2 = 2 ∙ (𝐼5 +𝐼6 )

𝐼3 = 2 ∙ (𝐼7 +𝐼8 )

𝑾𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝟏

43 ∗ 0,20 2
0,23 ∗ 2,9
𝐼1 = ( + 4 ∗ 0,20 ∗ 10,1 + ( + 2,9 ∗ 0,20 ∗ 92 )) = 129,87 m4
12 12

1,453 ∗ 0,20
𝐼2 = ( + 1,45 ∗ 0,20 ∗ 5,842 ) = 9,94 m4
12

1,013 ∗ 0,20 2
0,203 ∗ 2,9
𝐼3 = ( + 1,01 ∗ 0,20 ∗ 3,10 + + 2,9 ∗ 0,20 ∗ 32 ) = 7,18 m4
12 12

1,73 ∗ 0,20
𝐼4 = ( + 1,7 ∗ 0,20 ∗ 0,852 ) = 0,33 m4
12

𝑰𝟏 = 𝟐 ∙ (𝟏𝟐𝟗, 𝟖𝟕 𝐦𝟒 + 𝟗, 𝟗𝟒 𝐦𝟒 + 𝟕, 𝟏𝟖 𝐦𝟒 + 𝟎, 𝟑𝟑 𝐦𝟒 ) = 𝟐𝟗𝟒, 𝟔𝟒 𝐦𝟒

𝑾𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝟐

6,363 ∗ 0,20 0,203 ∗ 0,3

𝐼5 = += ( + 6,36 ∗ 0,20 ∗ 8,902 ) + ( + 0,3 ∗ 0,20 ∗ 92 )
12 12
0,203 ∗ 4,04
+( + 4,04 ∗ 0,20 ∗ 32 ) = 105,04 + 4,86 m4 + 7,27 m4
12
= 117,16 m4

1,453 ∗ 0,20
𝐼6 = ( + 1,45 ∗ 0,20 ∗ 0,722 ) = 0,46 m4
12

𝑰𝟐 = 𝟐 ∙ (𝟏𝟏𝟕, 𝟏𝟔 𝐦𝟒 + 𝟎, 𝟒𝟔 𝐦𝟒 ) = 𝟐𝟑𝟓, 𝟐𝟔 𝐦𝟒

𝑾𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝟑

6.23 ∗ 0,20 0,23 ∗ 2,90

𝐼7 = ( + 6,2 ∗ 0,20 ∗ 62 ) + ( + 2,90 ∗ 0,20 ∗ 32 )
12 12
0,23 ∗ 2,14
+( + 2,14 ∗ 0,20 ∗ 32 ) = 48,61 m4 + 5,22 m4 + 3,87 m4
12
= 57,7 m4

1.453 ∗ 0,20
𝐼8 = ( + 1,45 ∗ 0,20 ∗ 0,852 ) = 0.26 m4
12

𝑰𝟑 = 𝟐 ∙ (𝟓𝟕, 𝟕 + 𝟎, 𝟐𝟔) = 𝟏𝟏𝟓, 𝟗𝟐 𝐦𝟒

6
 𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑴𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝑰𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒂:

𝐼 = 2 ∗ (𝐼1 + 𝐼2 + 𝐼3 )

𝑰 = 𝟐 ∗ (𝟐𝟗𝟒, 𝟔𝟒 + 𝟐𝟑𝟓, 𝟐𝟔 + 𝟏𝟏𝟓, 𝟗𝟐) = 𝟏𝟐𝟗𝟏, 𝟔𝟒 𝐦𝟒

Calculations of internal forces:

𝑆𝑧 = 𝐴1 ⋅ 𝑦1 + 𝐴2 ⋅ 𝑦2
𝑆𝑧
𝑧𝑐 =
𝐴1 +𝐴2

𝑆𝑧 = 6 ∗ 0,2 ∗ 3,1 + 5,24 ∗ 0,2 ∗ 0,1 = 3,72 + 0,10 = 3,82𝑚3

3,82 𝑚3
𝑧𝑐 = = 1,75𝑚
1,2 + 1,05 𝑚2

7
Areas:

𝐹3𝐴 = 6 ∗ 0,2 + 5,24 ∗ 0,2 = 2,25𝑚2

𝐹3𝐵 = 0,2 ∗ 1,45 = 0,29𝑚2

Moments of inertia:

6,003 ∗ 0,20 0,23 ∗ 5,24

𝐼3𝐴 = + + 2,25 ∗ 4,652 = 3,6 + 25,95 = 48,65 𝑚4
12 12
1,453 ∗ 0,20
𝐼3𝐵 = + 1,45 ∗ 0,2 ∗ 0,72 = 0,05 + 0,21 = 0,26𝑚4
12
There are two lines of openings, symmetrical:

𝑙2 1 1 12𝐼𝑝
𝛼 = √( + + )∗
∑ 𝐼𝑖 𝐹1 𝐹2 ℎ𝑘 ∗ 𝑏 3

Because of symmetry:

Total moment of inertia for wall 3: ∑ 𝐼𝑖 = 2 ∗ 𝐼3𝐴 +2 ∗ 𝐼3𝐵 = 97,30 + 0,52 = 𝟗𝟕, 𝟖𝟐 𝒎𝟒

𝐹1 = 𝐹3𝐴 = 2,25𝑚2 – area of cross-section no 1

𝐹2 = 𝐹3𝐵 = 0,29𝑚2 – area of cross-section no 2

𝑙 = 4,65 𝑚

h = 3,00 m – storey height

b = 1,45 m – width of opening

Ip – moment of inertia of header

𝑑 ∗ ℎ𝑝3 0,20 ∗ 0,83 0,102

𝐼𝑝 = 2 = 2 = = 0,0046 𝑚4
ℎ𝑝 0,80 22,2
12 ∗ [1 + 2,8 ∗ ( ) ] 12 ∗ [1 + 2,8 ∗ ( ) ]
𝑏 1,45

4,652 1 1 12 ∗ 0,0046 4,652 1 1

𝛼 = √( + + )∗ = √( + + ) ∗ 0,006 = 0,157
97,82 2,25 0,29 3,00 ∗ 1,453 97,82 2,25 0,29

We use the Rossman approach:

𝛼 ∗ 𝐻 = 0,157 ∗ 75 = 11,78

Individual values for different strips:

8
𝑥𝑖 = 𝜉 ∗ 𝐻 𝜉 − thickness of slide η, η’ = f(α * H ; ξ)

𝑥0 = 0,0 ∗ 𝐻 = 0,0 ∗ 75 𝑚 = 0,00 𝑚 𝜂𝑜 = 0,000 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜂0′ = 0,083

𝑥1 = 0,1 ∗ 𝐻 = 0,1 ∗ 75 𝑚 = 7,50 𝑚 𝜂1 = 0,020 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜂1′ = 0,125

𝑥2 = 0,2 ∗ 75 𝑚 = 15 𝑚 𝜂2 = 0,053 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜂2′ = 0,208

𝑥3 = 0,3 ∗ 75 𝑚 = 22,5 𝑚 𝜂3 = 0,104 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜂3′ = 0,302

𝑥4 = 0,4 ∗ 75 𝑚 = 30 𝑚 𝜂4 = 0,174 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜂4′ = 0,400

𝑥5 = 0,5 ∗ 75 𝑚 = 37,5 𝑚 𝜂5 = 0,264 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜂5′ = 0,497

𝑥6 = 0,6 ∗ 75 𝑚 = 45 𝑚 𝜂6 = 0,373 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜂6′ = 0,592

𝑥7 = 0,7 ∗ 75 𝑚 = 52,5 𝑚 𝜂7 = 0,499 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜂7′ = 0,673

𝑥8 = 0,8 ∗ 75 𝑚 = 60 𝑚 𝜂8 = 0,639 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜂8′ = 0,709

𝑥9 = 0,9 ∗ 75 𝑚 = 67,5 𝑚 𝜂9 = 0,774 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜂9′ = 0,599

′
𝑥10 = 1,0 ∗ 75 𝑚 = 75 𝑚 𝜂10 = 0,847 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜂10 = 0,000

Data for the calculations of internal forces:

𝐼 115,92
𝑤𝑐 = 𝑞 ∗ 𝐿 ∗ = 1,46 ∗ 29,6 ∗ = 3,88 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
∑𝐼 1291,64
𝑤𝑜 = 𝑤𝑐 ∗ 1,5 = 3,88 ∗ 1,5 = 5,82 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
𝑙 12 ∗ 𝐼𝑝 4,65 12 ∗ 0,0046 1
𝜓= ∗ = ∗ = 0,048 ∗ 0,006 = 0,00029
∑ 𝐼𝑖 ℎ𝑘 ∗ 𝑏 3 97,82 3 ∗ 1,453 𝑚3

𝑤𝑜 ∗ 𝐻 2 5,82 ∗ 752
𝑀𝐻𝑜 = = = 16369 𝑘𝑁𝑚
2 2
𝑇𝐻𝑜 = 𝑤𝑜 ∗ 𝐻 = 5,82 ∗ 75 = 437 𝑘𝑁

Example of calculation:
𝜓 0,00029
𝑇=𝜂∗ 2
∗ 𝑀𝐻𝑜 = 0,020 ∗ ∗ 16369 = 3,85 𝑘𝑁
𝛼 0,1572
𝜓 0,00029
𝑇 ′ = 𝜂′ ∗ 2
∗ 𝑇𝐻𝑜 = 0,083 ∗ ∗ 437 = 0,64 𝑘𝑁
𝛼 0,1572
𝜓 0,00029
𝑄 = 𝜂′ ∗ 𝛼2 ∗ 𝑇𝐻𝑜 ∗ ℎ = 0,083 ∗ ∗ 437 ∗ 3,00 = 1,93 kN
0,1572

𝑀𝑥𝑜 = 𝑀𝐻𝑜 ∗ 𝜉 2 = 20165,63 ∗ 0,12 = 163,69 𝑘𝑁𝑚

𝑀𝑥 = 𝑀𝑥𝑜 − 𝑇 ∗ 2𝑙 = 201,66 − 15,99 ∗ 2 ∗ 8,92 = 13458 𝑘𝑁𝑚

Tabulated results:

9
 ξ η η' T (kN) T' (kN) Q (kN) Mxo (kNm) Mx (kNm)
0 0 0,083 0,00 0,43 1,28 0,00 0,00

0,1 0,02 0,125 3,85 0,64 1,93 163,69 94,98

0,2 0,053 0,208 10,21 1,07 3,21 654,76 472,67

0,3 0,104 0,302 20,03 1,55 4,66 1473,21 1115,90

0,4 0,174 0,4 33,51 2,06 6,17 2619,04 2021,23

0,5 0,264 0,497 50,84 2,56 7,67 4092,25 3185,22

0,6 0,373 0,592 71,83 3,04 9,13 5892,84 4611,32

0,7 0,499 0,673 96,10 3,46 10,38 8020,81 6306,39

0,8 0,639 0,706 123,06 3,63 10,89 10476,16 8280,75

0,9 0,774 0,599 149,06 3,08 9,24 13258,89 10599,66

1 0,847 0 163,12 0,00 0,00 16369,00 13458,96

T (kN)
200.00

150.00

100.00
T (kN)
50.00

0.00
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

T' (kN)
4.00
3.50
3.00
2.50
2.00
"T' (kN)"
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

10
 Q (kN)
12.00

10.00

8.00

6.00
Q (kN)
4.00

2.00

0.00
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Mxo (kNm)
18000.00
16000.00
14000.00
12000.00
10000.00
8000.00 Mxo (kNm)
6000.00
4000.00
2000.00
0.00
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Mx (kNm)
16000.00
14000.00
12000.00
10000.00
8000.00
Mx (kNm)
6000.00
4000.00
2000.00
0.00
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

11
SLS – serviceability limit state

𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 ≥ 𝑓𝑠 + 𝑓𝑓

Additional 0,5 m for foundation in each direction.

𝑤 = 𝑞 ∗ 𝐿 = 1,46 ∗ 29,6 = 43,22 𝑘𝑁/𝑚

𝑘𝑁
𝑊 = 𝑤 ∗ 𝐻 = 43,22 ∗ 75 𝑚 = 3241,5 𝑘𝑁
𝑚
𝐻 75
𝑧= + 𝐻𝑓 = + 12,8 = 50,3 𝑚
2 2
𝑏ℎ3 (𝐿 + 1)(𝐵 + 1)3 29,6 ∗ 24,483
𝐼𝑓 = = = = 38186,35 𝑚4
12 12 12
𝐶 = 30,2 𝑀𝑁/𝑚3
𝑊 ∗ 𝑧 ∗ (𝐻 + 𝐻𝑓 ) 3241,5 ∗ 50,3 ∗ (75 + 12,8)
𝑓𝑓 = = = 0,0124𝑚 = 1,24 𝑐𝑚
𝐶 ∗ 𝐼𝑓 30,2 ∗ 1000 ∗ 38186

12