Question 1:

A vibrating system has a mass (m = 4.54) kg and a spring stiffness (k = 3500) N/m. The ratio of
two consecutive amplitudes is 1.00 to 0.85.
(i) Determine the natural frequency of the undamped system.
The natural frequency ((\omega_n)) of an undamped system is given by: \omega_n =
\sqrt{\frac{k}{m}}$$Substituting the given values:$$\omega_n = \sqrt{\frac{3500 \text{ N/m}}{4.54
\text{ kg}}} = \sqrt{770.925 \text{ s}^{-2}} \approx 27.77 \text{ rad/s}
(ii) Calculate the logarithmic decrement.
The logarithmic decrement ((\delta)) is the natural logarithm of the ratio of two successive
amplitudes: \delta = \ln\left(\frac{A_n}{A_{n+1}}\right)$$Given the ratio \(\frac{A_n}{A_{n+1}} =
\frac{1.00}{0.85} \approx 1.176\):$$\delta = \ln(1.176) \approx 0.1625
(iii) Compute the damping ratio.
The logarithmic decrement ((\delta)) is related to the damping ratio ((\zeta)) by the following
formula: \delta = \frac{2\pi\zeta}{\sqrt{1-\zeta^2}}$$Since \(\delta\) is relatively small, we can use
the approximation \(\delta \approx 2\pi\zeta\):$$\zeta \approx \frac{\delta}{2\pi} =
\frac{0.1625}{2\pi} \approx 0.0259
Question 2:
A platform of mass (m = 1815) kg is supported by four equal columns. A horizontal force of (F =
4448) N causes a displacement of (x = 0.00254) m. Damping is 5% of critical ((\zeta = 0.05)).
(i) Compute the undamped natural frequency of the system.
First, we need to find the effective stiffness ((k)) of the system. Since the horizontal force causes
a displacement, we can use Hooke's Law: F = kx k = \frac{F}{x} = \frac{4448 \text{ N}}{0.00254
\text{ m}} \approx 1751181.1 \text{ N/m}$$Now, we can calculate the undamped natural
frequency:$$\omega_n = \sqrt{\frac{k}{m}} = \sqrt{\frac{1751181.1 \text{ N/m}}{1815 \text{ kg}}} =
\sqrt{964.838 \text{ s}^{-2}} \approx 31.06 \text{ rad/s}
(ii) Determine the absolute damping coefficient.
The critical damping coefficient ((c_c)) is given by: c_c = 2m\omega_n $$c_c = 2 \times 1815
\text{ kg} \times 31.06 \text{ rad/s} \approx 113085.9 \text{ Ns/m}$$The absolute damping
coefficient ((c)) is 5% of the critical damping:c = \zeta c_c = 0.05 \times 113085.9 \text{ Ns/m}
\approx 5654.3 \text{ Ns/m}
(iii) Find the time and number of cycles to reduce amplitude from 0.00254 m to 0.000254
m.
The amplitude of a damped oscillation is given by: A(t) = A_0 e^{-\zeta\omega_n t}$$We have
\(A_0 = 0.00254\) m and we want to find the time \(t\) when \(A(t) = 0.000254\)
m.$$\frac{0.000254}{0.00254} = e^{-0.05 \times 31.06 \times t} 0.1 = e^{-1.553 t}$$Taking the
natural logarithm of both sides:$$\ln(0.1) = -1.553 t t = \frac{\ln(0.1)}{-1.553} =
\frac{-2.3026}{-1.553} \approx 1.48 \text{ seconds}
Now, let's find the damped natural frequency ((\omega_d)): $$\omega_d = \omega_n
\sqrt{1-\zeta^2} = 31.06 \sqrt{1 - 0.05^2} = 31.06 \sqrt{0.9975} \approx 31.02 \text{ rad/s}$$The
period of damped oscillation ((T_d)) is:$$T_d = \frac{2\pi}{\omega_d} = \frac{2\pi}{31.02} \approx
0.2025 \text{ seconds/cycle}$$The number of cycles ((n)) is the total time divided by the
period:n = \frac{t}{T_d} = \frac{1.48 \text{ s}}{0.2025 \text{ s/cycle}} \approx 7.31 \text{ cycles}
Question 3:
A 3-storey RCC building (8m x 8m) in Zone V has the following properties:
●​ Floor area = 64 m²
●​ Dead load = 10 kN/m²
●​ Live load = 3 kN/m²
 ●​ Storey height = 3.5 m
●​ Z = 0.36, I = 1.5, R = 5, Base width = 8 m
Determine the design seismic load using the static method of IS 1893.
First, let's calculate the total seismic weight of the building. Assuming the live load on the roof is
zero and 50% of the live load on other floors is considered for seismic weight:
Weight on roof = (Dead load) x (Floor area) = (10 \text{ kN/m}^2 \times 64 \text{ m}^2 = 640
\text{ kN}) Weight on each of the other two floors = (Dead load + 0.5 x Live load) x (Floor area)
= ((10 + 0.5 \times 3) \text{ kN/m}^2 \times 64 \text{ m}^2 = 11.5 \times 64 = 736 \text{ kN})
Total seismic weight (W) = Weight on roof + 2 x (Weight on each of the other two floors) (W =
640 + 2 \times 736 = 640 + 1472 = 2112 \text{ kN})
Now, we need to determine the seismic coefficient ((A_h)) using the formula from IS 1893 (Part
1): 2002: $$A_h = \frac{Z I S_a}{2 R g}$$We need to estimate the fundamental natural period
((T_a)) to find the spectral acceleration coefficient ((S_a/g)). For an RCC frame building, (T_a)
can be estimated as:$$T_a = 0.075 h^{0.75}$$where (h) is the total height of the building = (3
\times 3.5 = 10.5) m.T_a = 0.075 \times (10.5)^{0.75} \approx 0.075 \times 5.743 \approx 0.431
\text{ seconds}
Assuming medium soil type, for (T_a = 0.431) s, the value of (S_a/g) from IS 1893 (Part 1):
2002 (Figure 2) will fall in the constant acceleration region. For medium soil, up to (T = 0.55) s,
(S_a/g = 2.5). So, (S_a/g = 2.5).
Now, we can calculate (A_h): A_h = \frac{0.36 \times 1.5 \times 2.5}{2 \times 5} = \frac{1.35}{10}
= 0.135
The design seismic base shear ((V_B)) is given by: V_B = A_h W = 0.135 \times 2112 \text{ kN}
\approx 285.12 \text{ kN}
Now, we need to distribute this base shear to different floor levels. The vertical distribution of
base shear ((Q_i)) at floor (i) is given by: Q_i = V_B \frac{W_i h_i^2}{\sum_{j=1}^{n} W_j h_j^2}
where (W_i) is the seismic weight of floor (i), and (h_i) is the height of floor (i) from the base.
For the roof (floor 3): (W_3 = 640) kN, (h_3 = 10.5) m For floor 2: (W_2 = 736) kN, (h_2 = 7) m
For floor 1: (W_1 = 736) kN, (h_1 = 3.5) m
(\sum_{j=1}^{3} W_j h_j^2 = (736 \times 3.5^2) + (736 \times 7^2) + (640 \times 10.5^2)) (= (736
\times 12.25) + (736 \times 49) + (640 \times 110.25)) (= 9016 + 36064 + 70560 = 115640)
Seismic load at roof (floor 3): (Q_3 = 285.12 \times \frac{640 \times 10.5^2}{115640} = 285.12
\times \frac{70560}{115640} \approx 174.25 \text{ kN})
Seismic load at floor 2: (Q_2 = 285.12 \times \frac{736 \times 7^2}{115640} = 285.12 \times
\frac{36064}{115640} \approx 88.70 \text{ kN})
Seismic load at floor 1: (Q_1 = 285.12 \times \frac{736 \times 3.5^2}{115640} = 285.12 \times
\frac{9016}{115640} \approx 22.17 \text{ kN})
Question 4:
Using the data from Question 3, determine the dynamic properties (natural period and mode
shapes) for the structure for vibrations in both directions.
To determine the dynamic properties (natural period and mode shapes), we need to perform a
dynamic analysis of the structure. This typically involves creating a structural model with
appropriate mass and stiffness matrices. Given the simplified information, we can make some
assumptions and provide a qualitative understanding.
Assumptions:
●​ The mass is lumped at each floor level.
●​ The structure behaves as a shear building, meaning the floor slabs are rigid in their plane
and deformations are primarily due to shear in the columns.
●​ The stiffness of the columns is the primary contributor to the lateral stiffness of each
 storey.
Stiffness of a column: The lateral stiffness ((k_{col})) of a column fixed at both ends is given by:
k_{col} = \frac{12 EI}{L^3} where (E) is the modulus of elasticity, (I) is the moment of inertia, and
(L) is the length (storey height).
Given:
●​ Column size = 300 mm x 300 mm
●​ (f_{ck} = 20) MPa
●​ (I_c = 6.75 \times 10^{-4} \text{ m}^4) (Moment of inertia of one column)
●​ (E = 5000 \sqrt{f_{ck}} = 5000 \sqrt{20} \approx 22360.68 \text{ MPa} = 22.36 \times 10^9
\text{ N/m}^2)
●​ Storey height (L = 3.5) m
Stiffness of one column: k_{col} = \frac{12 \times 22.36 \times 10^9 \times 6.75 \times
10^{-4}}{(3.5)^3} = \frac{180.954 \times 10^6}{42.875} \approx 4.22 \times 10^6 \text{ N/m}
Since there are four equal columns supporting each storey, the storey stiffness ((K_i)) is: K_i = 4
\times k_{col} = 4 \times 4.22 \times 10^6 = 16.88 \times 10^6 \text{ N/m} Assuming the storey
stiffness is the same for all storeys.
Lumped masses at each floor: Mass at roof ((m_3)) = (W_3 / g = 640 \text{ kN} / 9.81 \text{
m/s}^2 \approx 65.24 \times 10^3 \text{ kg}) Mass at floor 2 ((m_2)) = (W_2 / g = 736 \text{ kN} /
9.81 \text{ m/s}^2 \approx 75.03 \times 10^3 \text{ kg}) Mass at floor 1 ((m_1)) = (W_1 / g = 736
\text{ kN} / 9.81 \text{ m/s}^2 \approx 75.03 \times 10^3 \text{ kg})
To find the natural periods and mode shapes, we would need to solve the eigenvalue problem:
[K]\{\phi\} = \omega^2 [M]\{\phi\} where ([K]) is the stiffness matrix, ([M]) is the mass matrix,
(\omega) is the natural frequency, and ({\phi}) is the mode shape vector.
For a 3-storey shear building, the mass matrix is: [M] = \begin{bmatrix} m_1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & m_2
& 0 \\ 0 & 0 & m_3 \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} 75.03 \times 10^3 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 75.03 \times
10^3 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 65.24 \times 10^3 \end{bmatrix} \times 10^3 \text{ kg}
The stiffness matrix for a 3-storey shear building with equal storey stiffness (K) is: [K] =
\begin{bmatrix} 2K & -K & 0 \\ -K & 2K & -K \\ 0 & -K & K \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} 2 \times
16.88 \times 10^6 & -16.88 \times 10^6 & 0 \\ -16.88 \times 10^6 & 2 \times 16.88 \times 10^6 &
-16.88 \times 10^6 \\ 0 & -16.88 \times 10^6 & 16.88 \times 10^6 \end{bmatrix} \text{ N/m} [K] =
\begin{bmatrix} 33.76 & -16.88 & 0 \\ -16.88 & 33.76 & -16.88 \\ 0 & -16.88 & 16.88
\end{bmatrix} \times 10^6 \text{ N/m}
Solving the eigenvalue problem ([K]{\phi} = \omega^2 [M]{\phi}) will give three natural
frequencies ((\omega_1, \omega_2, \omega_3)) and their corresponding mode shapes
(({\phi_1}, {\phi_2}, {\phi_3})). The natural periods ((T_i)) are then given by (T_i = 2