Chungbuk National University Electric Engineering – Circuit Theory II
The second semester
Chapter 11- AC Power Analysis
Written by Ohmin Kwon
11. 1 Introduction
- Power analysis will be done in this chapter
- Power is the most important quantity in electric utilities, electronic,
and communication systems, etc.
11.2 Instantaneous and Average Power
□ Definition of Instanteneous power
The instantaneous power (in watts) is the power at any instant of time
p (t ) = v(t )i (t )
- It is the rate at which an element absorbs energy.
□ The general case of instantaneous power
Figure 11.1 Sinusoidal source and passive linear circuit
v(t ) = Vm cos(wt + q v )
i (t ) = I m cos(wt + q i )
Then,
p (t ) = v(t )i (t ) = Vm I m cos(wt + q v ) cos(wt + q i )
1
¯ cos A cos B = [cos( A - B ) + cos( A + B )]
2
1 1
= Vm I m cos(q v - q i ) + Vm I m cos(2wt + q v + q i )
2 4442444
1 3 1 2 4444244443
time independent Freq . is twice the source signal
=> p(t) changes with time and is difficult to measure it.
1
Chungbuk National University Electric Engineering – Circuit Theory II
The second semester
Chapter 11- AC Power Analysis
Written by Ohmin Kwon
□ Average power
The average power, in watts, is the average of the instantaneous power
over one period
1 T
P= ò p (t )dt
T 0
1 1
¯ p (t ) = Vm I m cos(q v - q i ) + Vm I m cos(2wt + q v + q i )
2 2
1 T1 1 T 1
P= ò Vm I m cos(q v - q i )dt + ò Vm I m cos(2wt + q v + q i )dt
T 20 T 0 2
1
= Vm I m cos(q v - q i )
2
□ Phase representation of Average Power
Note that
V = Vm Ðq v = Vm (cos q v + j sin q v ), I = I m Ðq i = I m (cos q i + j sin q i )
.
V I * = Vm I m Ð(q v - q i ) = Vm I m (cos(q v - q i ) + j sin(q v - q i ))
Then,
1 1
P = Vm I m cos(q v - q i ) = Vm I m Re{cos(q v - q i ) + j sin(q v - q i )}
2 2
1
= Re{VI *}
2
□ Special Case
(1) q v = q i : Purely resistive circuit
1 1 1 2 2
P = Vm I m = I 2 m R = I R ( I = I ´ I * )
2 2 2
(2) q v - q i = ±90o : Purely reactive circuit
1
P = Vm I m cos(q v - q i ) = 0
2
2
Chungbuk National University Electric Engineering – Circuit Theory II
The second semester
Chapter 11- AC Power Analysis
Written by Ohmin Kwon
<Ex 11.4> Determine the average power at each elements
3
Chungbuk National University Electric Engineering – Circuit Theory II
The second semester
Chapter 11- AC Power Analysis
Written by Ohmin Kwon
11.3 Maximum Average Power Transfer
□ Maximum Power Transfer
- Given parameter: VTh , ZTh = RTh + jX Th
- Variable : Z L = RL + jX L
- Objective : Maximize the power absorbed in Z L = RL + jX L
1 2
P = I RL
2
VTh VTh
¯I= =
Z Th + Z L ( RTh + RL ) + j ( X Th + X L )
2
1 VTh
= RL
2 ( RTh + RL ) 2 + ( X Th + X L ) 2
Our objective is to find the load parameters RL and X L so that P
¶P ¶P
is maximum. To do this, we set and as zero.
¶X L ¶RL
2
¶P VTh RL ( X Th + X L )
=- 2
¶X L é( RTh + RL )2 + ( X Th + X L )2 ù
ë û
=> X L = - X Th
2 2 2
¶P V [( RTh + RL ) + ( X Th + X L ) - 2 RL ( RTh + RL )]
= Th
¶RL 2 2 2
2 é( RTh + RL ) + ( X Th + X L ) ù
ë û
2 2
=> ( RTh + RL ) + ( X Th + X L ) - 2 RL ( RTh + RL ) = 0
2
=> RTh2 - RL2 + ( X Th + X L ) = 0
2
=> RL = RTh2 + ( X Th + X L )
4
Chungbuk National University Electric Engineering – Circuit Theory II
The second semester
Chapter 11- AC Power Analysis
Written by Ohmin Kwon
This results leads to
2 2 2
1 VTh 1 VTh RTh VTh
Pmax = 2 2
RL = =
2 ( RTh + RL ) + ( X Th + X L ) 2 4 R 2 Th 8 RTh
<Ex. 11.5> Determine the load impedance that maximize the average
power absorbed in Z L and calculate the maximum average power
delivered to Z L ?
(Fig 11.8)
<Ex. 11.6> Find the value of RL that will absorb the maximum average
power. Calculate that power.
5
Chungbuk National University Electric Engineering – Circuit Theory II
The second semester
Chapter 11- AC Power Analysis
Written by Ohmin Kwon
11.4 Effective or RMS Value
The effective value of a periodic current is the dc current that delivers
the same average power to a resistor as the periodic current
1 T
Paverage = ò i 2 Rdt = I 2 eff R
T 0
1 T
=> I eff = ò i 2 dt = I rms (root - mean - square)
T 0
1 T
=> Veff = ò v 2 dt = Vrms
T 0
For the sinusoid i (t ) = I m cos(wt ) , I rms can be obtained as
1 T I m2 T 1 I
I rms = ò
2
m
2
I cos (wt )dt = ò (1 + cos(2wt ))dt = m .
T 0 T 0 2 2
Note that
1
P = Vm I m cos(q v - q i ) = Vrms I rms cos(q v - q i ) .
2
The average power absorbed by a resistor R can be written as
2
P = I rms 2
R = Vrms /R.
<Ex 11.7> Determine the rms value of the current waveform in Fig.11.14.
If the current is passed through a 2W resistor, find the average power
absorbed by the resistor.
<Fig.11.14>
6
Chungbuk National University Electric Engineering – Circuit Theory II
The second semester
Chapter 11- AC Power Analysis
Written by Ohmin Kwon
11.5 Apparent Power and Power Factor
□ Definition of Apparent Power and Power Factor
1
P = Vm I m cos(q v - q i ) = Vrms I rms cos(q v - q i )
2
S = Vrms I rms : Apparent Power (VA)
Power Factor : cos(q v - q i )
P
pf = (Dimensionless)
S
□ Power factor angle
The angle q v - q i is called the power factor angle
Property: Power factor angle is equal to the angle of the load impedance
V V Ðq V
Z = = m v = m Ð(q v - q i )
I I m Ðq i Im
2Vrms Ðq v Vrms
= = Ð(q v - q i )
2 I rms Ðq i I rms
Purely resistive load: pf=1
Purely reactive load: pf=0
pf is also said to leading or lagging
leading: current leads voltage – a capacitive load
lagging: current lags voltage – a inductive load
<Ex 11.10> Determine the power factor of the entire circuit of Fig. 11.18
as seen by the source. Calculate the average power delivered by the
source.
<Fig.11.18>
7
Chungbuk National University Electric Engineering – Circuit Theory II
The second semester
Chapter 11- AC Power Analysis
Written by Ohmin Kwon
11.6 Complex Power
□ Motivation of introducing complex power
Complex power concept, which contains all the information pertaining to
the power absorbed by a given load, is introduced to find the total
effect of parallel loads.
1 *
S= VI = Vrms I * rms = Vrms I rms Ð(q v - q i )
2
= Vrms I rms cos(q v - q i ) + jVrms I rms sin (q v - q i )
□ Load impedance representation of complex power
Note that
V V
Z = = rms Ð(q v - q i ) => Vrms = ZI rms
I I rms
Then, we have
2
2 Vrms
S = I rms Z= = Vrms I *rms
Z*
2
= I rms ( R + jX )
= P + jQ
2
P : Re{S} = I rms R (VA) = Vrms I rms cos(q v - q i )
2
Q : Im{S} = I rms X (VAR) = Vrms I rms sin(q v - q i )
1. Q = 0 for resistive loads (unity pf)
2. Q < 0 for capacitive loads (leading pf)
3. Q > 0 for inductive loads (lagging pf)
1 *
Complex Power = S = P + jQ = VI = Vrms I rms Ð(q v - q i )
2
Apparent Power = S = S = Vrms I rms = P 2 + Q 2
Real Power =P = Re{S} = S cos(q v - q i )
Reactive Power = Q = Im{S} = S sin (q v - q i )
P
Power Factor= = cos(q v - q i )
S
8
Chungbuk National University Electric Engineering – Circuit Theory II
The second semester
Chapter 11- AC Power Analysis
Written by Ohmin Kwon
<Power triangle><Impedance triangle>
<Ex. 11.11>
11.7 Conservation of AC Power
11.8 Power Factor Correction
11.9 Applications
