DEVELOPMENT STUDIES

MODULE 1: PAPER TWO REVISION QUESTIONS

 MATER SPEI COLLEGE (b)(i) Describe the economic characteristics of developed countries.
DEVELOPMENT STUDIES - The economic characteristic of developed countries is high use of complex
technology
Module 1: Measuring & Investigating Development - The developed countries have high development of transport
networks/telecommunication/high infrastructural development
Paper 2 - The developed countries have high share of international trade/they
dominate or control international trade
- The economic characteristic of developed countries is high income
levels/high wages
- The developed countries have high energy consumption due to having many
industries.
- The developed countries export finished goods and import raw materials
- The developed countries have low percentage of population depending on
(a)(i) Describe any two aspects of development other than social development. agriculture
- Developed countries have high GNP/High GNP per capita/High GDP/High
- Economic Development is when the country’s production increases so that GDP per capita
the people become richer or wealthier Rule: DO NOT accept highly developed
- Political Development is when people’s participation in marking decisions
about their lives increases/ when people take control of their lives/ when (ii) Suggest why development is slow in most Southern African countries.
people enjoy human rights
- The development is slow in most Southern Africa is due to practice of
[RULE: Award 1 mark for mentioning the correct aspect; 1 mark for description] customs which are counter-productive, for examples, exclusion of women
from decision making.
(ii) Suggest ways by which the government of Botswana is promoting social - The lack of funds to use in development projects and poverty may lead to
development. slow development in most Southern Africa countries.
- The slow development in most Southern African countries is lack of skilled
- The way by which the government of Botswana is promoting social people caused by brain drain/skilled people leave for other countries
development is provides subsidized education - The colonial legacy/Europeans have introduced Southern African countries
- The government of Botswana provides sewage systems as a way of to trade in cheap primary products
providing social development. - The development is slow in most Southern African countries because of
- The government of Botswana imports food for the people as part of social large populations
development - The slow development in most Sothern African countries is caused by
- The government provides free food for the destitute ,elderly and the orphans export of raw materials.
- The government of Botswana allocates land and plots for people to build - The most countries in Southern African use of simple technology which
shelter lead to slow development.
- The government of Botswana builds clinics and hospitals to provide health - The slow development in most Southern African countries is due to mono-
care economies in which countries depend on producing only one product.
- The government of Botswana builds schools to improve literacy - The outbreak of civil wars causes slow development in most Southern
- The provision of piped and safe water to protect people from diseases by African countries.
government of Botswana as part of promoting social development. - The outbreak of killer diseases lead to slow development in Southern
- The government of Botswana control prices for staple food such as sorghum African countries, for example, Ebola, HIV/AIDS and Covid-19
to ensure that people can afford to buy food
- The way by which government is promoting social development is through
poverty alleviation programmes, for example, back yard gardening

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Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 2 Revision Questions Module 1: Measuring &Investigating Development
 MATER SPEI COLLEGE (ii) Describe the economic characteristics of the countries of the North.
DEVELOPMENT STUDIES
- The economic characteristic of countries of the North is high use of complex
Module 1: Measuring & Investigating Development technology
- The countries of the North have high development of transport
Paper 2 networks/telecommunication/high infrastructural development
- The countries of the North have high share of international trade/they
1 Study Fig. 1, which shows the division of the world into countries of the North and dominate or control international trade
countries of the South. - The economic characteristic of countries of the North is high income
levels/high wages
- The countries of the North have high energy consumption due to having
many industries.
- The countries of the North export finished goods and import raw materials
- The developed countries have low percentage of population depending on
agriculture
- Countries of the North have high GNP/High GNP per capita/High
GDP/High GDP per capita

Rule: DO NOT accept highly developed

(b)(i) Describe the challenges faced by the countries of the South as a result
of globalisation.

- The challenges faced by countries of the South as a result of globalisation

is development of international crime syndicates or terrorism
- The countries of the South lack of funds to educate and train people which
lead to high illiteracy rate.
- Globalisation may lead to loss of sovereignty or loss of independence.
Fig.1 - Globalisation causes dominance of the economy by Trans National
Companies (TNCs) taking profit away to their countries of origin
(a)(i) Describe the geographical locations of the countries of the South. - The challenge faced by the countries of the South as a result of globalisation
is increase in brain drain or educated people prefer working in developed
- The countries of the South are located in Central America, for example, countries.
Mexico - Globalisation lead to HIV and AIDS killing skilled man power.
- The countries of the South are found in South America/Latin America, for - The challenge faced by the countries of the South as a result of globalisation
example, Brazil and Argentina is that of Environmental damage by Trans National Companies (TNCs)
- The countries in Africa are all countries of the South, for example, - The countries of the South are having weak economies which fail to
Botswana, Nigeria, Egypt, Ethopia and South Africa compete in a globalised world.
- The countries of the South are located in South Asia, for example, India - Globalisation will lead to loss of culture by countries of the South.
- There are located in Far East, for example, Malaysia/South East Asia - Globalisation will lead to people of countries of the South having difficulty
- East Asia, for example, China to accept change
- The countries of the South are located in Middle East, for example, Saudi
Arabia
Rule: Do NOT accept South of Brandt line
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Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 2 Revision Questions Module 1: Measuring &Investigating Development
(ii) Suggest ways through which globalisation encourages development of all MATER SPEI COLLEGE
countries.
DEVELOPMENT STUDIES
- The way through which globalisation encourages development of all
countries is improvement of technology or complex technology , for Module 1: Measuring & Investigating Development
example, automated machines/transfer from developed countries (DCs) to
less developed countries (LDCs) Paper 2

- Globalisation encourages development of all countries through introduction 1. Study Fig. 1, which shows the Newly Industrialised Countries (NICs), and answer
of global communication networks, for example, internet and television. questions (a)(i) and (ii).

- The way globalisation can encourage development of all countries is

through trade liberalisation in which countries are allowed to trade with
each other freely.

- Globalisation encourages development of all countries through

International policing or Interpol.

- The way through which globalisation encourages development of all

countries is through increase of Trans National Companies [TNCs]

- The formation of regional and international groupings such as European

Union [EU] and African Union [AU] can help encourage development of
all countries through globalisation.

- Globalisation can encourage development of all countries through

promotion of democracy.

- The free movement of labour due to globalisation may lead to development Fig.1
of all countries.
(a)(i) Describe the location of the Newly Industrialised Countries.
- The way globalisation encourages development of all countries is through
encouragement of investment or saving. - The Newly Industrialising Countries [NICs] are located in Southern Africa,
for example, South Africa.
- The Newly Industrialising Countries are located in the Far East countries
such as Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore, Philippines, South Korea and China
- The NICs are located in South of North America, for example, Mexico
- The Newly Industrialising Countries are found in North/Northeast of South
America, for example, Brazil/ North East or East of Latin America, for
example, Brazil
- The Newly Industrialising Countries are located in South Asia, for example,
India
- The Newly Industrialised Countries are located in Middle East, for
example, Saudi Arabia and Turkey

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Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 2 Revision Questions Module 1: Measuring &Investigating Development
RULE: Award mention of appropriate examples - The Newly Industrialised Countries have high GNP due to having many
industries producing goods and services
(ii) Explain the challenges which are faced by the Newly Industrialised - The Newly Industrialised Countries have high GNP per capita.
Countries.
(ii) Suggest actions that Less Developed Countries (LDCs) could copy from
- The challenge faced by Newly Industrialising Countries is that of high Newly Industrialised Countries (NICs) to speed up development.
inflation rates[high inflation is when prices of goods are high]
- The Newly Indusrialised Countries have weak currencies. - The action that Less Developed Countries can copy from Newly
- The challenge faced by Newly Industrialised Countries is that of high fuel Industrialised Counties to speed up development is by inviting Multi-
price National Companies (MNCs) to invest in them
- The Newly Industrialisng Countries are faced with a challenge of foreign
debts/debt crisis - The Less Developed countries (LDCs) can focus on Maths and Science
- There is huge disparities of wealth or wide gap between the rich and the education to help them speed up development like Newly Industrialised
poor in Newly Industrialised Countries. Countries (NICs).
- The dominance of the industrial process by Multi-National companies
(MNCs) who move their investment out of the country is a challenge faced - The LDCs can adopt import substitution industrialisation (ISI) to speed up
by Newly Industrialised Countries [ The capital flight is when Multi development which was used by Newly Industrialised Countries. This is
National Companies take profit out of Newly Industrialised Countries] encouraging people to buy locally produced goods than those from
- The challenge faced by Newly Industrialised Countries is that of depletion elsewhere.
of the natural resources or damage to the environment
- The Newly Industrialsed Countries have a problem of fast growth of the - The LDCs can adopt export oriented industrialisation (EOI) to speed up
private sector which is becoming difficult to be controlled by the development which was used by Newly Industrialised Countries. This is
government. setting up industries that produce goods needed for the outside market.
- The challenge faced by Newly Industrilised Countries is that of exploitation
of workers by the employers. - The Less Developed countries (LDCs) can borrow capital from financial
- The problem faced by Newly Indusrialised Countries is that of corruption institutions such as the World Bank and International Monetary Fund
- The Newly Industrialsed Countries have high expenditure on imports and (IMF), and countries of the South.
less on exports - The Less Developed countries (LDCs) can invest in infrastructure
development
(b)(i) Describe the economic characteristics of Newly Industrialised Countries
(NICs) - The Less Developed countries (LDCs) can establishing innovation and
research centres/ use advanced technology.
- The economic characteristic of Newly Industrialised Countries is have fast
growing industrial sector.
- The Newly Industrialised Countries have greater dependence on exports of
manufactured goods.
- The Newly Industrialised Countries have rapidly commercialised
agricultural sector, for example, from subsistence to commercial
agriculture.
- The Newly Industrial Countries have raising income levels.
- The Newly Industrialised Countries have emergence of new Trans
National Companies, for example, Samsung, Daewoo, Kia, all from South
Korea.
- The Newly Industrialised Countries have high GDP.

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Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 2 Revision Questions Module 1: Measuring &Investigating Development
 MATER SPEI COLLEGE (ii) Describe the ways in which the government is trying to reduce the infant
mortality rate in Botswana.
DEVELOPMENT STUDIES
- The way in which government of Botswana is trying to reduce infant
Module 1: Measuring & Investigating Development mortality rate is through widespread immunisation against infant killer
diseases in the country, for example, measles and polio
Paper 2
- The government of Botswana is trying to reduce infant mortality rate
through provision of clean or safe water to all people.

- The provision of nutritious food or balanced diets in clinics helps to reduce

infant mortality rate in Botswana, for example, Tsabana

- The government of Botswana is trying to reduce infant mortality rate

through construction of more health facilities, for example, clinics and
hospitals

- The dissemination of health education or media or environmental health

helps to reduce infant mortality rate in Botswana.

- The implementation of Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission

(PMTCT) programme helps to reduce infant mortality rate in Botswana.

- The way government of Botswana is trying to reduce infant mortality rate

is through training or employing more health personnel, for example,
doctors and nurses
(a)(i) Describe the causes of high infant mortality rate in developing countries.
(b)(i) Development is a process of change which involves economic, social and
- The cause of high infant mortality rate in developing counties is that of lack political development. Describe these aspects of development.
of widespread immunisation programmes which lead to infant killer
diseases, for example, polio and measles - Economic development is when a country produces more/enough for
- The developing countries have high infant mortality rate because of lack of everyone, the society gets richer; improvement in production , for example,
access to clean water or safe water by majority of infants and mothers GNP, GDP, GNP per capita, energy consumption
- The high infant mortality rate in developing countries is caused by poor
nutrition leading to malnutrition - Social development is when people’s basic needs are more fully met;
- The developing countries have high infant mortality rate because of lack of improvement of people’s living standards, for example, birth rate, infant
health facilities to attend to killer diseases such as polio and measles. mortality rate (IMR), life expectancy, access to clean water, etc.
- The HIV and AIDS infection among mothers to infants lead to high infant
mortality rate in developing countries. - Political development is when there is more freedom and justice, and people
- The high infant mortality rate in developing countries is caused by poor are free to participate in decision making; respect for human rights/safety and
health education among mothers to raise babies security, for example, democracy, equality, justice, etc.
- The shortage of health personnel to attend infants in developing countries
causes high infant mortality rate, for example, doctors and nurses

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Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 2 Revision Questions Module 1: Measuring &Investigating Development
(ii) Explain why countries of the South are less developed than countries of the MATER SPEI COLLEGE
North.
DEVELOPMENT STUDIES
- The countries of the South are less developed than countries of the North
due to practice of customs which are counter-productive, for examples, Module 1: Measuring & Investigating Development
exclusion of women from decision making.
Paper 2
- The lack of funds to use in development projects and poverty is the reason
why countries of the South are less developed than countries of the North. 1. Study Fig. 1 which shows some indicators to measure development.

- The countries of the South are less developed than countries of the North
because of lack of skilled people caused by brain drain/skilled people leave
for other countries.

- The colonial legacy/Europeans have introduced countries of the South to

trade in cheap primary products.

- The development is less in countries of the South than countries of the North
is because of large populations.

- The less development of countries of the South than countries of the North
is caused by export of raw materials.

- The countries of the South are less developed than countries of the North
because of use of simple technology which lead to slow development.
(a)(i) Explain how each indicator shown in Fig.1 is used to measure
- The less development of countries of the South than countries of the North development.
is caused by been mono-economies in which countries depend on producing
only one product. - The doctor –patient ratio shows that if the population per doctor is high
then there is less development/ If Doctor-population Ratio is high then there
- The outbreak of civil wars causes countries of the South to be less developed is less development/ If the Doctor-Patient Ratio is low then there is high
than countries of the North. development.

- The countries of the South are less developed than countries of the North - The calorie intake indicator of development shows that the higher the
because of outbreak of killer diseases , for example, Ebola, HIV and AIDS, calorie intake, the higher the development/ the lower the calorie intake, the
and Covid-19 lower the development

- The school enrolment shows that the higher the school enrolment, the
higher the development/ the lower the calorie intake, the lower the
development.

- The GNP per capita shows that the higher the GNP per capita, the higher
the development/ the lower the GNP per capita, the lower the development.

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Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 2 Revision Questions Module 1: Measuring &Investigating Development
 - The percentage of the population in agriculture shows that the higher the is high and if it is low then development is low, for example, good
percentage of population engaged in agriculture, the lower the development governance and transparency
and the lower the percentage of population in agriculture, the higher the
development. - The political indicator that can be used to measure development is that of
incidents of discrimination/inequality (times when people are treated
- The income level shows that the higher the income level, the higher the unfairly for who they are) because if there are many incidents of
development/the lower the income level, the lower the development. discrimination development is low and if there are few development is high,
for example, justice and fair trial
Rule: Award 1mark even if only one side is given - The political indicator that can be used to measure development is that of
incidents of conflict because if the occurrence of serious disagreements,
(ii) State the disadvantage of using GNP per capita to measure development. for example, war and social unrest is high then development is low
- The political indicator that can be used to measure development is that of
- The disadvantage of using GNP per capita to measure development is that peace because if there is calmness in the country or the absence of wars or
it is just an average figure that ignores how wealth is distributed social unrest then development is high
- The political indicator that can be used to measure development is that of
- The GNP per capita fails to show the actual standard of living enjoyed by security because if the sense of safety in a country is high, then
the people. development is high
- The political indicator that can be used to measure development is that of
- The disadvantage of GNP per capita is that it excludes income from the happiness because if the feeling of joy/gladness among people in a country
informal sector so it is inaccurate, for example, selling of drugs. is then development is higher.

- The disadvantage of GNP per capita is that people usually lie about the [RULE: Award 1mark for mentioning and 1mark for usage even if only one side is given]
earnings to avoid paying tax.
(ii) Explain why political development is difficult to measure.
- GNP per capita is calculated using outdated/ old government statistics

- GNP per capita emphasizes economic development but ignores social and - Political aspects of development is difficult to quantify because are intangible
political development or immeasurable, for example, they can neither be seen nor touched.
- The political development is difficult to measure because most countries
(b)(i) Explain how any three political indicators can be used to measure development. prohibit independent human rights groups to monitor human rights violations.

- The political indicator that can be used to measure development is that of - In developing countries most people are illiterate and unaware of their rights
number of women in decision making positions because if the which makes it difficult to measure political development.
percentage of females in leadership position is high it mean high
development whereas if it is low it mean low development - Political aspects of development are affected by cultural or religious beliefs,
for example, women being marginalised or there are gender inequalities.
- The political indicator that can be used to measure development is that of
voter turnout/number of people who vote because if the percentage of - The issue of sovereignty makes it difficult to measure political development
adults who participate in elections is high then development is high and if because countries belief that they are independent therefore nobody can tell
it is low the development is low them how to treat their citizens.

- The political indicator that can be used to measure development is that of - Political development is difficult to measure because it is affected by different
adherence to human rights/human rights ratings/ranking because if the political systems, for example, dictatorship prohibits human rights because
respect that a country has for people’s entitlement is high then development they are no voting, no freedom of speech.

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Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 2 Revision Questions Module 1: Measuring &Investigating Development
 MATER SPEI COLLEGE (ii) Explain why there are differences in the levels of development between
developed and developing countries.
DEVELOPMENT STUDIES
- The developing countries export raw materials due to lack of advanced
Module 1: Measuring & Investigating Development technology while developed countries import raw materials because they
have complex technology and export finished goods.
Paper 2
- The developing countries have huge debts from developed countries.
1. Fig. 1 shows a list of countries and their indicators of development. Use it
to answer question 1(a) - There is political instability in developing countries such as civil wars and
peace in developed countries.

- There is high skilled manpower in developed countries and shortage of

skilled manpower in developing countries lead to differences of
development.

- The developed countries policies directed to high infrastructural

development while developing countries policies directed to poverty and
diseases

(b)(i) Describe the weaknesses of the dependency theory.

- The weakness of Dependency theory is that it ignores the fact that small
countries are unable to raise enough investment/capital on their own to
break away

Fig.1 - The countries that uses dependency theory may lose all benefits of
international trade/countries that cut links economically fell

(a)(i) Using Fig. 1 only, describe three economic characteristics of developed - The weakness of dependency theory is that if small countries try to make
countries. all their own goods, there will probably be a less efficient use of resources

- The economic characteristic of developed countries is that of high - The weakness of dependency theory is that it is impossible to cut off all
GNP per capita due having many industries that produces goods and communication in a world linked together in so many ways/connections
services. difficult to break

- The developed countries have high energy use per capita due to having - The people often aspire for the northern ways of life/object when
many industries and use of complex technology. governments stop importing western goods/negative attitudes towards local
goods and services
- The developed countries have low percentage (%) of GDP on
Agriculture or Agriculture sector contributes less to GDP because of
practising commercial farming and the use of advanced technology

RULE: 1mark for mentioning and another 1mark for description

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Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 2 Revision Questions Module 1: Measuring &Investigating Development
(ii) Explain how developing countries can use modernisation theory in their MATER SPEI COLLEGE
development programmes.
DEVELOPMENT STUDIES
- The developing countries can use modernisation theory in their
development programmes by embracing market economy /capitalism Module 1: Measuring & Investigating Development

- The modernisation theory can be used by developing countries in their Paper 2

development programmes by investing a lot in setting up of industries.
1. Study Fig. 1, which shows some theories of development.
- The developing countries can use modernisation theory by investing a lot in
infrastructural development.

- The modernisation theory encourages inventions/new ideas/methods from

your own culture.

- The modernisation theory can be used by developing countries in their

development programmes by putting more emphasis on formal vocational
/technical education.

- The modernisation theory encourages new attitude and appropriate cultural

changes/fight rigidity.
(a)(i) Describe the stages of the Modernisation theory.
- The modernisation theory tell people to work hard/be patient and expect
less income/wealth until the economy has grown quite large/trickle down of
wealth. - The traditional society is where people practise barter system, subsistence
farming, make simple crafts and experience low standard of living
- The developing countries can use modernisation in their development
programmes by been democratic/Government must be democratic. - Preconditions for take-off is where new technology arises, farming is
commercialised, specialisation increases and urbanisation starts to happen
- Modernisation theory encourage urbanisation which is proportional
increase in number of people living in towns and cities. - Take off stage/the push is here people become rich and there is rapid
urbanisation
- The developing countries should open up for technological transfer/adopt
advanced technology as a way of using modernisation theory in their - The Drive to maturity/maturity stage is where manufacturing dominates
development programmes. the economy, there are more exports than imports/wages increase and
demand for consumer goods increases
- Modernisation theory encourages specialisation/division of labour.
- The age of high consumption/high mass consumption is where service
- The developing countries can use modernisation theory in their industries and consumer goods dominate the economy/wages are high for
development programmes by Commercialising agriculture/mechanise many people/many people experience high living standards
agriculture.
RULE: 1mark for mentioning and another 1mark for description
- The developing countries can use modernisation theory in their
development programmes through participation in international trade

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Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 2 Revision Questions Module 1: Measuring &Investigating Development
 (ii) Describe the benefits to the people of a country where modernisation has - The development is slow in most Southern African countries because of
taken place. large populations.

- The benefit to the people of a country where modernisation has taken place - The slow development in most Sothern African countries is caused by
is that of technological development/ the use of complex technology export of raw materials.

- The benefit to the people of a country where modernisation has taken place - The most countries in Southern African use of simple technology which
is that of wealth creation lead to slow development.

- The benefit to the people of a country where modernisation has taken place - The slow development in most Southern African countries is due to mono-
is that of infrastructural development. economies in which countries depend on producing only one product.
- The outbreak of civil wars causes slow development in most Southern
- The benefit to the people of a country where modernisation has taken place African countries.
is that of Human resource development/high literacy rate. - The outbreak of killer diseases lead to slow development in Southern
African countries, for example, Ebola, HIV/AIDS and Covid-19
- The benefit to the people of a country where modernisation has taken place
is that of improved standard of living (ii) Explain how social indicators are used to measure development.

- The benefit to the people of a country where modernisation has taken place
- The social indicator that is used to measure development is that when infant
is that of improved service delivery through research and development.
mortality rate [IMR] is low it means that development is high/when IMR
is high it means development is low.
- The benefit to the people of a country where modernisation has taken place
is that of availability of affordable goods and services
- The social indicator that is used to measure development is that when there
- The benefit to the people of a country where modernisation has taken place
is high literacy rate means that a country is developed/ a low literacy rate
is that of employment creation.
means that a country is less developed.
- The benefit to the people of a country where modernisation has taken place
is that of democratic process.
- The social indicator that is used to measure development is that when there
is high Birth Rate means that a country is less developed/a low Birth rate
(b)(i) Describe the factors that slow down development in the developing means that a country is developed.
countries.
- The social indicator that is used to measure development is that when there
- The development is slow in most Southern Africa is due to practice of is high Death Rate means that a country is less developed/a low Death Rate
customs which are counter-productive, for examples, exclusion of women means that a country is developed.
from decision making.
- The social indicator that is used to measure development is that when there
is high doctor-patient ratio it means that the country is less developed/ a
- The lack of funds to use in development projects and poverty may lead to low doctor- patient ratio means that the country is developed.
slow development in most Southern Africa countries.
- The social indicator that is used to measure development is that when High
- The slow development in most Southern African countries is lack of skilled life expectancy shows that the country is developed/a low life expectancy
people caused by brain drain/skilled people leave for other countries.
shows that the country is less developed.
- The colonial legacy/Europeans have introduced Southern African countries - High calorie intake shows that the country is developed and low calorie
to trade in cheap primary products. intake shows that the country is less developed

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Mater Spei College Development Studies Paper 2 Revision Questions Module 1: Measuring &Investigating Development