BCV654C INTEGRATED WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

MODULE-5
Electronic Waste (E-Waste) Management – Issues and Status in India and Globally, E-Waste
Management Rules 2016 and Management Challenges

Introduction
Electronics waste, commonly known as e-scrap or e waste, is the trash generated from surplus, broken,
and obsolete electronic devices. E-waste, encompasses discarded electrical and electronic equipment,
including computers, phones, and appliances, and poses environmental and health risks due to the
presence of toxic materials.
E-waste refers to all types of old, end-of-life, or discarded electrical and electronic equipment. This
includes household appliances, office equipment, entertainment devices, lighting equipment, and
tools. The amount of e-waste generated is increasing rapidly, driven by the rapid development of
technology and a consumption-driven society. The sources and types of commonly generated e-
waste is shown in figure 1 and 2 respectively.

Figure 1: Sources of E-waste

Figure 2: Types of E-waste.

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E-Waste Generation Rate:

In 2022, a record 62 million tonnes of e-waste was produced, up 82% from 2010, and is projected to
rise to 82 million tonnes by 2030. Only 22.3% of the generated e-waste was documented as formally
collected and recycled in an environmentally sound manner. The global average is 7.8 kg of e-waste
per capita per year. The generation of electronic waste is rising almost five times faster than
documented e-waste recycling. India is the 3rd largest e-waste generator globally, with 4.1 billion kg
generated in 2022. The total E-waste in India has been estimated to be 1,86,180 Tonnes per year.

E-Waste Growth and Per capita Analysis-Globally: E-waste is a health and environmental hazard,
containing toxic additives and hazardous substances.
• UNU report shows steady growth in e-waste, projected to reach nearly 50 million metric tonnes by
2018.
• About one quarter of total e-waste is personal digital devices, with household appliances and
heating/cooling equipment accounting for the rest.
• Asia generated the most e-waste in 2014, with 16 million metric tonnes.
• Europe generates the most e-waste per capita, with 15.6 kg per inhabitant.
• A record 62 million tonnes of e-waste was produced in 2022, up 82% from 2010.
• The report predicts a drop in the documented collection and recycling rate from 22.3% in 2022 to
20% by 2030.
• Challenges include technological progress, higher consumption, limited repair options, shorter
product life cycles, growing electronification, design shortcomings, and inadequate e-waste
management infrastructure.
• If countries could increase e-waste collection and recycling rates to 60% by 2030, benefits would
exceed costs by over $38 billion.
• Less than 23.2% of the year’s e-waste mass was properly collected and recycled in 2022, leaving
US$ 62 billion worth of recoverable natural resources unaccounted for.
The annual generation of e-waste is rising by 2.6 million tonnes annually, on track to reach 82 million
tonnes by 2030.

E-waste production in India:

• India is the second largest electronic waste generator in Asia, with an expected 20% annual
increase.
• The country has two types of electronic waste: organized (10%) and unorganized (90%).
• 90% of the waste is in the unorganized market, contributing to 70% of overall toxic wastes in
landfills.
• The Indian PC industry is growing at a rate of 25% annually as shown in figure 4.
• Only 40% of the total electronic waste is recycled, with 60% remaining in warehouses due to
inefficient collection systems.
• E-waste scrap is managed through reuse, back yard recycling, and municipal dumping.
• The top ten cities generating e-waste as shown in figure 5 are Mumbai, followed by Tamil Nadu,
Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Delhi, Karnataka, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, and
Punjab.

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Fig 4. Projection of E-waste generation in India. Fig 5. State wise contribution to E-waste in
India.

The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) estimates the e-waste generation at national level based
on the countrywide sales data provided by producers and average life of notified electrical and
electronic equipment (EEE), as mandated under the E-waste Management Rules, 2016. As per the
information available with CPCB, e-waste generated in the country from twenty-one (21) types of EEE
notified under the E-Waste (Management) Rules, 2016 since Financial Year (FY) 2017-18 is given
below:

Financial Year Generation (Tonnes)

2017-18 7,08,445.00

2018-19 7,71,215.00

2019-20 10,14,961.21

2020-21 13,46,496.31

2021-22 16,01,155.36

The quantity of WEEE generated in India is illustrated in figure 3.

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Fig 3: Quantity of WEEE generated in India

Composition of E-wate
E-waste composition typically includes metals (like gold, silver, and copper), plastics, glass, and toxic
materials like lead, mercury, and cadmium. Figure 6 illustrates the distinctive materials in a WEEE.
 Metals: E-waste contains various metals, including gold, silver, copper, and less common metals
like platinum, palladium, and rhodium.
 Plastics:
A significant portion of e-waste is made up of different types of plastics, including PVC
and flame-retardant materials.
 Glass: Screens, lenses, and other components in electronic devices contain glass, which is also a
part of e-waste.
 Toxic Materials: E-waste can contain hazardous substances like lead, mercury, cadmium, and
beryllium, which pose risks to human health and the environment.
 Other materials: E-waste also contains metal oxides, ceramics, polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH),
PCBs, PBDEs, and polyvinyl chloride phthalates.

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Fig 6: The distinctive contents of a WEEE.

Environmental and Health Risks:

E-waste contains hazardous substances like lead, mercury, cadmium, and PVC, which can
contaminate soil, water, and air. Exposure to these toxins can cause serious health problems,
including nervous system damage and respiratory issues as shown in table 1.
Proper recycling of e-waste is crucial to prevent these materials from entering the environment and
causing harm. Some e-waste is illegally dumped, leading to further environmental contamination
and health risks.
Table 1: Effects of E-waste constituent on health

Some non-hazardous materials found in e-waste are presented in Table 2:

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Table 2. Non-Hazardous substances found in E-waste and their sources.

Non-Hazardous Substances Source
Tin Solder, coatings on component leads.
Copper Copper wire, printed circuit boards tracks, component leads.
Aluminium Nearly all electronic goods using more than a few watts of power
(heat sinks),electrolytic capacitors.
Iron Steel chassis, cases, and fixings.
Germanium Transistorized electronics (bipolar junction transistors).
Silicon Doides, Transistors and IC's.
Zinc Plating.

What is E-Waste Management?

E-waste management is a process to collect e-waste, recover and recycle material by safe methods,
dispose of e-waste by suitable techniques to reduce its adverse impacts on environment. E-waste
management refers to handling and managing electronic waste, such as phones, computers, tablets,
and more.

Challenges of Managing E-Waste

There are quite a few challenges to managing e-waste that make it hard for organizations to practice
it. While these are difficult challenges, organizations must overcome them to establish an effective and
efficient workflow for managing e-waste. Here are some of the key challenges in e-waste management
that companies today face:

 Ignorance of the importance of practicing proper e-waste management within an organization

 Poor infrastructure for managing e-waste in certain areas
 Short lifespan of modern electronics
 Not enough regulations and enforcement by local authorities.
 Technological advances speed up obsolescence & lead to more e- waste.

E-Waste Management and Toxic Substances

• Electrical and electronic items contain toxic substances, which can be released into the
environment when managed improperly.
• Unsound practices at e-waste sites include scavenging, dumping, landfilling, open burning, acid
baths, plastic shredding, and manual disassembly.
• These activities release toxic pollutants, contaminating air, soil, dust, and water.
• Open burning and heating are the most hazardous due to the toxic fumes they create.
• These pollutants can travel significant distances, exposing people in faraway areas to hazardous
substances.

E-Waste Recycling and Adverse Health Outcomes

• Children and pregnant women are particularly vulnerable to hazardous pollutants from informal e-
waste recycling activities.

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• Children often engage in waste picking, scavenging, burning, and manual dismantlement, which
exposes them to injury and high levels of hazardous substances.
• E-waste exposure may lead to adverse neonatal outcomes, neurodevelopment, learning, and
behaviour outcomes, especially associated with lead.
• Reduced lung and respiratory function and increased asthma incidence may be linked to high
levels of contaminated air pollution from e-waste recycling sites.
• Children and pregnant women are at high risk due to their unique vulnerabilities, with e-waste
recycling activities releasing toxic chemicals that can contaminate breastmilk.
• E-waste contains neurotoxicants like lead and mercury, which may disrupt the development of the
central nervous system during pregnancy, infancy, childhood, and adolescence.

Prevention and Management of E-Waste Recycling: The toxins contribute to e-waste's slow-burn
problem for health and the planet. Proper recycling can help control these toxins, but too much ends
up dumped or burned.
• Adopt and enforce high-level international agreements.
• Develop and implement national e-waste management legislation.
• Incorporate health protection measures into national legislation.
• Monitor e-waste sites and communities.
• Implement interventions to improve informal e-waste recycling activities.
• Educate health workers on e-waste-related child health issues.
• Eliminate child labour.

International Agreements
• Basel Convention controls transboundary movement of hazardous wastes.
• Ban Amendment to Basel Convention in 2019 prohibits movement of hazardous wastes.
• Runs programmes and workshops on environmentally sound e-waste management.
• Regional conventions like Bamako Convention and Waigani Convention restrict e-waste movement
in African and South Pacific countries.

E-Waste management in India:

India is a major e-waste producer, ranking among the top five globally after the United States, China,
Japan, and Germany. The majority of e-waste in India is managed by the informal sector, with over
95% of e-waste being illegally recycled by informal waste pickers. India lacks adequate infrastructure
for formal e-waste collection and recycling, leading to improper disposal and environmental
contamination.
The informal recycling practices in India, often involving open burning and dismantling, lead to the
release of toxic substances into the environment, affecting air, water, and soil quality, and posing health
risks to workers and nearby communities.
India generates over 2 million tonnes of e-waste annually and also imports massive volumes of e-waste
from other countries. There is a lack of public awareness about the hazards of e-waste and the penalties
for improper disposal, and consumers lack financial incentives for responsible disposal.

Need for a Multi-Pronged Approach:

Addressing India's e-waste problem requires a multi-pronged approach, including strengthening
regulations, promoting responsible consumption, investing in infrastructure, and engaging the informal
sector.

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BCV654C INTEGRATED WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

E-waste management in India is predominantly informal, with approximately 90% of e-waste

collection and 70% of recycling being managed by a competitive informal sector. The volume of e-
waste in India has witnessed a significant surge to 1.6 million tonnes in 2021-22. Over 2 Million old
PCs ready for Disposal in India State wise contribution of E- waste in India

E-Waste Recycling Challenges in India

• Inefficient and hazardous processing of e-waste due to leakages from formal to informal sectors.
• Many e-waste recyclers in India are not recycling waste and are storing it in hazardous conditions.
• The informal e-waste trade chain is characterized by an entrepreneurial SME infrastructure,
allowing profitability in operations.
• Unauthorized facilities and informal recyclers use unsafe waste management systems and sub-
standard technologies.
• High collection rates for various categories of e-waste, including high-value WEEE like computers,
laptops, televisions, and mobiles.
• Dismantling and recycling operations are crude and expose individuals to hazardous chemicals and
environmental damages.
• E-waste contains potent toxins like lead, cadmium, and mercury, which can be hazardous to
workers when not processed cautiously.

E-waste Management Rules in India

The Environment, Forest, and Climate Change Ministry (MoEF&CC) have announced the E-Waste
Management Rules 2016. These new rules replaced the earlier E-Waste (Management and Handling)
Rules of 2011.

Introduction
 Increasing use and dependence on Electrical and Electronic Equipment (EEE), such as, Mobile
Phones, Personal Computers, Laptops, Servers, Data Storage Devices, Photo-copying Machines,
Televisions, Washing Machines, Refrigerators, Air Conditioners, etc. resulting into generation of
large quantities of e-Waste.
 The EEE have valuable materials and hazardous/ toxics substances in their components. After
their useful life, they may not cause any harm if stored safely in households/stores, however, if
the e-Waste is opened-up and attempts are made for retrieval of useful components or material in
an un-scientific manner or if the material is disposed in open, then it may cause health risks and
damage to environment.

Objective & Application

To enable the recovery and/or reuse of useful material from Waste Electrical and Electronic
Equipment (WEEE), thereby reducing the hazardous wastes destined for disposal and to ensure
environmentally sound management of all types of WEEE. These rules may be called the E-Waste
(Management) Rules, 2016.

Application
Apply to every manufacturer, producer, consumer, bulk consumer, collection centres, dealers, e-
retailer, refurbisher, dismantler and recycler involved in manufacture, sale, transfer, purchase,
collection, storage and processing of e-waste or electrical and electronic equipment listed in Schedule

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I, including their components, consumables, parts and spares which make the product operational but
shall not apply to –
(a) Used lead acid batteries as covered under the Batteries (Management and Handling) Rules, 2001
made under the Act.
(b) Micro enterprises as defined in the Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Development Act, 2006
(27 of 2006); and 2.
(c) Radio-active wastes as covered under the provisions of the Atomic Energy Act, 1962 (33 of 1962)
and rules made there under.

Responsibilities of the manufacturer

 Collect e-waste generated during the manufacture and channelise it for recycling or disposal.
 Apply for an authorization in Form 1 (a) from the concerned State Pollution Control Board.
 Ensure that no damage is caused to the environment during storage and transportation of e-waste.
 Maintain records of the e-waste generated, handled and disposed.
 File annual returns in Form-3, to the concerned State Pollution Control Board on or before the 30th
day of June following the financial year to which that return relates.

Responsibilities of the producer

Implementing the Extended Producers Responsibility with the following frameworks, namely:
(a) Collection and channelization of e-waste generated from the ‘end-of-life’ products with the
targets prescribed in Sch. III in EPR – Authorizations.
(b) The mechanism used for authorized dismantler or recycler shall be as per EPR - authorization.
(c) For disposal in Treatment, Storage and Disposal Facility, a pre-treatment is necessary to
immobilize the mercury and reduce the volume of waste.
(d) EPR should comprise of general scheme for collection of e-waste from the market placed earlier,
such as through dealer, collection centers, Producer Responsibilities organization, through buy-
back arrangement, exchange scheme, deposit refund system etc. and channelizing to authorized
recyclers.
(e) Providing contact details such as address, e-mail address, toll-free telephone numbers or helpline
numbers to consumer(s) or bulk consumer(s) through their website and product user
documentation so as to facilitate return of end-of-life electrical and electronic equipment.
(f) Creating awareness through media, publications, advertisements, posters, or by any other means
of communication.

Responsibilities of consumer or bulk consumer

 Consumers or bulk consumers shall ensure that e-waste generated by them is channelized through
collection center or dealer of authorized producer or dismantler or recycler or through the
designated take back service provider of the producer to authorized dismantler or recycler.
 Bulk consumers shall maintain record of e-waste generated by them in Form-2 and make such
records available for scrutiny by the concerned State Pollution Control Board.
 Consumers or bulk consumers shall ensure that such end-of-life electrical and electronic
equipment are not admixed with e-waste containing radioactive material as covered under the
provisions of the Atomic Energy Act, 1962 (33 of 1962) and rules made there under.
 Bulk consumers shall file annual returns in Form-3, to the concerned State Pollution Control Board
on or before the 30th day of June following the financial year to which that return relates. In case

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of the bulk consumer with multiple offices in a State, one annual return combining information
from all the offices shall be filed to the concerned State Pollution Control Board on or before the
30th day of June following the financial year to which that return relates.

Storage of e-waste
 Every manufacturer, producer, bulk consumer, collection center, dealer, refurbisher, dismantler
and recycler may store the e-waste for a period not exceeding one hundred and eighty days and
 Shall maintain a record of collection, sale, transfer, and storage of wastes and make these records
available for inspection:

Provided that the concerned State Pollution Control Board may extend the said period up to three
hundred and sixty-five days in case the waste needs to be specifically stored for development of a
process for its recycling or reuse.

India's Environmental Regulation and Waste Management

• The Environment (Protection) Act of 1986 focuses on preventing, controlling, and abatement of
environmental pollutants.
• The E-Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2011 regulate e-waste management, involving
stakeholders from EEE producers to recyclers.
• The 2016 Amendment added more stakeholders, including PROs, and outlined their roles and
responsibilities.
• The 2018 Amendment revised collection targets and mandated PROs to register with the CPCB
for monitoring and auditing.
• The 2022 MoEF&CC notified the E-waste Management Rules, limiting the rules to four
stakeholders: producers, manufacturers, recyclers, and refurbishers.
• The rules define responsibilities of various bodies, including CPCB/SPCBs, manufacturers,
recyclers, state government, urban local bodies, and port authorities.

Legislations on E-Waste
As per E-Waste (Management) Rules, 2022, Rule 17, Schedule - V the responsibilities of Urban
Local Bodies are defined as follows:
(1) To ensure that e-waste if found to be mixed with Municipal Solid Waste is
properly segregated, collected and is channelised to registered recycler or
refurbisher.
(2) To ensure that e-waste pertaining to orphan products is collected and channelized
to registered recycler or refurbisher.
(3) To facilitate setting up e-waste collection, segregation, and disposal systems.
(4) Conducting training sessions to develop capacities of the urban and rural local bodies.

E-waste Management: E-waste management should begin at the point of generation. This can be
done by:-
• Waste minimization techniques by sustainable product design.
• Regulatory Compliance and Follow Agreed Standards.

Steps for E-waste management: To use things with care to reduce the amount of waste generated.
To repeat use of items or parts of items. To use waste as resources.

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• Step 1: Use 3R technique to minimize the E-waste.

• Step 2: Identify the E-waste category item.
• Step 3: Identify the E-waste composition or determine it.
• Step 4: Identify possible hazardous content in E- waste.
• Step 5: Identify, whether the E-waste component is hazardous or the entire E-waste item is hazardous.

The e-waste recycling process: Electronics recycling is the process of recovering material from old
devices to use in new products. Recycling e-waste involves several steps, each designed to handle and
recover valuable materials from old electronic devices safely, which is explained in simple terms as
shown in fig 7.

Fig 7: Steps in recycling E-waste.

Step 1: Collection-The first step is gathering old electronics through designated recycling bins, drop-
off centres, or take-back programs. Local governments, businesses, or community events may run
these collection points. Some services even offer on-demand pickups to make recycling easier. In this
step proper separation rules. Many centres use bins for various types of e-waste, such as batteries,
phones, or computers, to prevent harmful substances from mixing. Batteries, for instance, require
special care because they can cause fires or leak toxic chemicals.

Step 2: Safe Storage- Once collected, e-waste is stored safely until it’s ready for processing. This is
especially important for items like old TVs and monitor screens containing lead, which can harm
people and the environment if mishandled. In the past, glass from these screens was recycled into new
products, but declining demand has left much of it in storage.

Step 3: Sorting, Dismantling, and Shredding-Next, the e-waste goes through manual sorting.
Workers remove specific items that need special processing, such as batteries or lightbulbs. Some
parts, like reusable components or valuable metals, are separated at this stage. After sorting, the
remaining e-waste is shredded into tiny pieces, usually just a few centimetres in size. This makes
separating materials like metals, plastics, and glass more accessible.

Step 4: Mechanical Separation-Uses advanced machines to sort materials based on their properties:
Magnetic Separation-Large magnets pull out metals like steel and iron. Nonferrous metals like
aluminum and copper are separated using eddy currents. Water Separation-Plastic and glass pieces are
separated using water. Heavy materials sink, while lighter ones float, making it easier to sort and purify
each type. These processes ensure that every material is collected and prepared for the next stage.

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Step 5: Material Recovery-Finally, the separated materials are cleaned and prepared for reuse. Metals
like steel and copper may be used in smelting plants to create new products. Plastics might be melted
down and turned into new items, while reusable components can go directly back into production. This
stage is vital for creating a circular economy. By recovering and reusing materials, the need for mining
raw resources reduces, which helps protect the environment and save energy.

Benefit of recycling of E-waste:

 E-waste contains many valuable, recoverable materials such as aluminium, copper, gold, silver,
plastics, and ferrous metals. In order to conserve natural resources and the energy needed to produce
new electronic equipment from virgin resources, electronic equipment can be refurbished, reused,
and recycled instead of being landfilled.
 E-waste also contains toxic and hazardous materials including mercury, lead, cadmium, beryllium,
chromium, and chemical flame retardants, which have the potential to leach into our soil and water.
 Protects your surroundings- Safe recycling of outdated electronics promotes sound management of
toxic chemicals such as lead and mercury.
 Conserves natural resources- Recycling recovers valuable materials from old electronics that can
be used to make new products. As a result, we save energy, reduce pollution, reduce greenhouse
gas emissions, and save resources by extracting fewer raw materials from the earth.
 Helps others- Donating your used electronics benefits your community by passing on ready-to-use
or refurbished equipment to those who need it.
 Saves landfill space - E-waste is a growing waste stream. By recycling these items, landfill space
is conserved.

E-Waste Management for Cities

E-waste management should be considered in the broader sustainability context and not in
isolation. E-waste management, recycling, refurbishing, and circular economy in manufacturing
(e.g., using recycled materials in manufacturing) are all interconnected sustainability practices.
The smart cities should align the policies and approaches targeted at promoting e-waste recycling
and sync with those formulated to promote a circular economy in electronics and other sectors.

The life cycle of any electronic product may be considered in three phases: pre-consumption,
consumption, and post-consumption.

Pre-consumption Consumption Post-consumption

Mining E-waste management

Material Extraction Use Collection and Disassembly
Design Servicing Material recovery
Manufacturing sales Warranty Refurbishment
andDistribution Repair

Post-Consumption Recycling and Its Interconnectedness:

• Recycling is linked to activities under the 'Pre-consumption', 'Consumption', and 'Post-
consumption' phases.
• Sustainable design in the 'Pre-consumption' phase minimizes waste production, increasing ease

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and scope of recycling in the 'Post-consumption' phase.

• Sustainable design in the 'Pre-consumption' phase facilitates easier dismantling of electronic
products and higher material recovery rates from collected e-waste.
• There's a disconnect between the 'Pre-consumption', 'Consumption', and 'Post-consumption'
phases for most electronic products.
• Rapid technological advancements in electronic product manufacturing have led to changing
material compositions.
• There's a lack of communication between designers and manufacturers and refurbishers and
recyclers.
• Unchecked e-waste volume and underlying technology complexity make it difficult to manage
and recycle.

Smart Cities' E-Waste Management Strategy

• Establish a database of electronic repair shops in smart cities.
• These shops should maintain a material flow accounting of e-waste and e-waste components.
• The database will help prepare an inventory of e-waste, facilitating compliance with regulations
and attracting recyclers.
• Convert current informal sector hubs to 'Micro Enterprise Clusters', with in-situ development as the
strategy.
• Encourage individuals and entities in the informal sector to own shops or connect with others in
electronic hubs.
• Organise periodic information dissemination, training sessions, and workshops for the informal
sector entrepreneurs and workers.
• Engage other key stakeholders with the informal sector and facilitate cross-sector partnerships.
• Use existing IT infrastructure to create a knowledge bank of systems, practices, and approaches to
manage e-waste.
• Employ a multi-pronged approach for public engagement with e-waste management and recycling.
• Awareness campaigns and monthly collection drives at schools, colleges, and commercial
establishments can help educate the public about e-waste management and disposal options.

Stakeholder Engagement and EPR Framework for Smart City

• Insufficient engagement of producers with key stakeholders: informal sector, formal recyclers, and
local governments.
• EPR framework entrusts different e-waste flow responsibilities to these stakeholders.
• Producers can be incentivised to engage with smart city's recyclers and administrators.
• Expected introduction of 'right to repair' rule similar to EU's.
• Database of electronic repair shops, physical electronic hubs, integrated informal sector, and
knowledge bank can facilitate producer involvement.

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