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12th Botany Lesson1 Notes

Reproduction is a biological process essential for the continuity of species, classified into asexual and sexual types. Asexual reproduction involves a single parent producing genetically identical offspring, while sexual reproduction involves two parents and results in genetically diverse offspring. The document also discusses reproductive structures, vegetative reproduction in plants, and the life span of organisms.

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15 views3 pages

12th Botany Lesson1 Notes

Reproduction is a biological process essential for the continuity of species, classified into asexual and sexual types. Asexual reproduction involves a single parent producing genetically identical offspring, while sexual reproduction involves two parents and results in genetically diverse offspring. The document also discusses reproductive structures, vegetative reproduction in plants, and the life span of organisms.

Uploaded by

qwee6579
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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12th Standard - Tamil Nadu State Board

Botany - Lesson 1: Reproduction in Organisms

Lesson 1: Reproduction in Organisms

1. Introduction

- Reproduction: A biological process by which new individuals are produced.

- Ensures continuity of species.

2. Types of Reproduction

A. Asexual Reproduction

- Involves a single parent.

- Offspring are genetically identical (clones).

- Common in unicellular organisms and some multicellular organisms.

Types:

i) Binary Fission: Amoeba, Paramecium

ii) Budding: Yeast, Hydra

iii) Fragmentation: Spirogyra

iv) Spore Formation: Rhizopus

B. Sexual Reproduction

- Involves two parents.

- Fusion of male and female gametes.

- Offspring genetically different from parents.

Phases:

i) Pre-fertilization: Gametogenesis and gamete transfer

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12th Standard - Tamil Nadu State Board
Botany - Lesson 1: Reproduction in Organisms

ii) Fertilization: Fusion of gametes (syngamy)

iii) Post-fertilization: Zygote formation and embryogenesis

3. Reproductive Structures in Organisms

- Unicellular organisms reproduce through cell division.

- Multicellular organisms have specialized reproductive structures.

- Flowering plants: Flower is the reproductive unit.

4. Vegetative Reproduction in Plants

- Type of asexual reproduction.

- Parts involved: Root, stem, leaf.

- Examples: Potato (stem tuber), Bryophyllum (leaf buds), Ginger (rhizome)

5. Reproductive Health in Plants

- Flowering: Indicates maturity and readiness for reproduction.

- Pollination: Transfer of pollen to stigma.

Types: Self-pollination and Cross-pollination

- Fertilization leads to seed and fruit formation.

6. Life Span of Organisms

- Period from birth to natural death.

- Varies among species.

Examples: Mayfly (1 day), Banyan tree (200+ years)

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12th Standard - Tamil Nadu State Board
Botany - Lesson 1: Reproduction in Organisms

7. Events in Sexual Reproduction

i) Pre-fertilization:

- Gametogenesis: Formation of gametes (male and female)

- Gamete Transfer: Movement of gametes to the site of fertilization

ii) Fertilization:

- External and internal fertilization

iii) Post-fertilization:

- Zygote develops into embryo, then into new organism

8. Parthenogenesis

- Development of an organism from an unfertilized egg.

- Seen in rotifers, honey bees, some lizards and birds.

9. Summary

- Reproduction is essential for species continuation.

- Two main types: Asexual and Sexual.

- Plants and animals show diversity in reproductive methods.

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