Psych_Gyaan Shravani Raskar
(Neuropsychologist)
Statistic Notes: Cheat sheet
Topic Concept Tests/Types Application Memory Tip / Trick
Levels of Types of data: Nominal, – Decides what NOIR: Nominal =
Measurement Ordinal, Interval, Ratio statistical test Name, Ordinal =
you can use Order, Interval =
IQ, Ratio = Real
Zero
Descriptive Ways to summarize – Summarizes Mean = avg,
Statistics data: Central tendency and describes Median = middle,
& Dispersion collected data Mode = most
frequent
Normal Bell-shaped curve, – Underpins 68-95-99.7 Rule:
Distribution symmetrical parametric Covers 1, 2, 3 SDs
tests, from mean
assumption for
many tests
Z-score How far a value is from – Standardizes Z = standard
the mean in SDs different scales distance from mean
Skewness & Skew = shape – Tells about Skew: “Tail tells the
Kurtosis (symmetry); Kurtosis = shape of data tale”
peakness or flatness
Hypothesis Null Hypothesis (H₀) vs – Core of Type I = False
Testing Alternate Hypothesis inferential Positive, Type II =
(H₁) statistics False Negative
p-value & Chance that result – Helps decide p low → reject H₀
Significance occurred randomly whether to
reject H₀
Parametric Require normality, t-test, Large, Parametric =
Tests continuous data ANOVA, normally Powerful
Pearson’s r distributed
data
Non- Fewer assumptions, Chi-square, Non-normal or Not Normal = Non-
Parametric works with Mann- small sample parametric
Tests ordinal/nominal data Whitney U, data
Kruskal-
Wallis
t-tests Compare two means Independent Independent: "Two means take
t-test, Paired two groups the t-test"
t-test Paired: same
group twice
ANOVA Compare 3 or more One-way One IV (1- ANOVA = Analysis
group means ANOVA, Two- way), Two IVs of Variance
way ANOVA (2-way)
Psych_Gyaan Shravani Raskar
(Neuropsychologist)
Chi-square Categorical/frequency Chi-square Goodness-of- Use when dealing
Test data (χ²) fit, with counts or
independence categories
Correlation Measures relationship Pearson’s r, r > .7 = r = relatedness
strength between 2 Spearman’s strong, r < .3
variables rho = weak
Regression Prediction of one Simple Linear Predict DV Line of best fit
variable based on Regression from IV
another
Multiple Prediction using Multiple Used for More X’s = Multiple
Regression multiple independent Linear complex Regression
variables Regression prediction
models
Factor Data reduction Exploratory / Group items Find the hidden
Analysis technique to uncover Confirmatory that measure factors
underlying factors the same
construct
Reliability Consistency of a test or Test-retest, Consistent Reliable =
measurement Cronbach’s results over Repeatable; α > .70
alpha time = acceptable
Validity Accuracy – whether the Face, Measurement Valid = Valid Aim
test measures what it’s Content, quality
supposed to Construct,
Criterion
Effect Size How big/meaningful Cohen's d, r² Indicates d = 0.2 (small), 0.5
the difference or effect practical (not (medium), 0.8
is just statistical) (large)
importance
Power Ability of test to detect – Done before Power up = Avoid
Analysis an effect study to Type II Errors
ensure
sufficient
sample size
Type I & II Type I: False positive – Helps assess Type I = False
Errors (rejecting true H₀) Type error risks in Alarm; Type II =
II: False negative testing Missed Signal
(accepting false H₀)
🧠 Bonus Tips for Remembering:
• NOIR scale: A quick way to recall the 4 levels of measurement.
• p low = null must go! (p < 0.05 → reject the null)
• “Tail tells the tale” – positive skew = tail on right, negative = left.
• Parametric = normal data; Non-parametric = ordinal/categorical/small samples
• Use Chi-square for frequency tables (observed vs expected counts).
• r = correlation strength; d = effect size
• ANOVA = comparing more than 2 groups
Psych_Gyaan Shravani Raskar
(Neuropsychologist)
• Regression = prediction → One variable (simple), multiple (MR)
Psych_Gyaan Shravani Raskar
(Neuropsychologist)
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