1

Dec 2024
Q1) Answer the following any four
a)​ Explain the triple constraint in project management
b)​ Explain the stages of team development and growth
c)​ Explain the work breakdown structure
d)​ Explain Goldrat’s critical chain
e)​ Explain the earned value management technique for measuring the value of work
f)​ Explain multicultural and virtual projects

Q2)
a)​ ABC Industries has a potential project with an initial cost of Rs. 20,00,000. The capital
budget allows to accept only one project. Using the NPV method, which project should
be selected?
b)​ Discuss why project management is essential in today's business environment. What
benefits does it provide in achieving organizational goals?

Q3)
a)​ Explain Risk response strategies for positive and negative risks.
b)​ What is the importance of vendor documents? How the vendor documents should be
preserved?

Q4)
a)​ The R & D project has a list of tasks to be performed whose time estimates are given in
the table below.
b)​ Explain the aggregate project plan used in the portfolio process. (5 marks)
c)​ Explain the project buffer. (5 marks)

Q5.
a)​ Explain the project management template with a sample template sheet.
b)​ Define Project Management Information Systems (PMIS) and evaluate its role in the
successful execution of complex projects. (5 marks)
c)​ Write a short note on the GANTT chart. (5 marks)

Q6
a)​ Why are meetings useful in project monitoring? What rules should be followed to
maximize the effectiveness of meetings? (10 marks)
b)​ List and briefly describe the ways projects may be terminated. What are some non-
technical reasons for project termination? (10 marks)
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MAY 2024

Q1) Write a short note on the following (Any Four)

a)​ Triple constraints in Project Management

b)​ Project charter and Project sponsor
c)​ Project Management Information system
d)​ Goldratt's critical chain methods
e)​ Project audits

Q2)
a)​ Explain stages of team development and growth. What are the advantages of effective
team and barriers to team effectiveness?
b)​ A project is composed of 8 activities, the time estimate for which are given below.

(i) Draw the network diagram.

(ii) Find the critical path and expected projected duration.
(iii) Calculate the standard deviation and variance of the project.
(iv) What is the probability of completing the project on 30-week deadline?

Q3.
a)​ Explain work breakdown structure and Gantt chart with example.
b)​ A project requires an initial investment of Rs. 200000 and it is expected to generate a
cash flow of Rs. 10000 for 3 years. The target rate of return of the project is 12% per
annum. Calculate the net present value of project. (5 marks)
c)​ Explain non numeric project selection models. (5 marks)

Q4.
a)​ Explain top down and bottom-up budgeting. (5 marks)
b)​ What is the difference between resource loading and resource leveling? (5 marks)
c)​ Describe probability and impact matrix. Explain risk response strategies for positive and
negative risks. (10 marks)

Q5
a)​ A project in its 20th week has an actual cost of Rs. 250,000. It was scheduled to have
spent Rs. 241,000. For the work performed to date, the budgeted value is Rs. 252,000.
What are the cost and schedule variances for the project? What are the SPI and CPI? (5
marks)
b)​ Describe Earned value management technique in Project Management. (5 marks)
c)​ Explain Project Procurement Management. What is the difference between contracting
and outsourcing? (10 marks)

Q6
a)​ Explain multicultural and virtual projects. (5 marks)
b)​ Why is ethics important in Project management? (5 marks)
c)​ What is project termination? Explain different types of project terminations. (10 marks)
 3

Dec 2023
May 2023

Dec 2024
Q1) Answer the following any four
a)​ Explain the triple constraint in project management
b)​ Explain the stages of team development and growth

1. Cost

Definition:​
The total money needed to complete the project, including salaries, materials, and tools.​
If cost increases, it may affect time or quality.

Example:​
If you're building a website and suddenly need to hire an extra developer, your cost goes up.

2. Scope

Definition:​
Scope means what work or features must be done in the project.​
If scope increases, it may need more time and money.

Example:​
If you planned a website with 3 pages, but now the client wants 6 pages, the scope has
increased.

3. Time

Definition:​
Time means the deadline or how long the project will take.​
Delays can increase costs or reduce quality.

Example:​
If a team takes 2 extra weeks to finish a mobile app, they may have to pay for more work hours.

1. Cost – Significance
 4

●​ Helps keep the project within the approved budget.​

●​ Controls how resources like tools and staff are used.​

2. Scope – Significance

●​ Defines what work must be completed and what is not included.​

●​ Helps prevent confusion and feature creep (adding extra tasks without planning).​

3. Time – Significance

●​ Ensures the project is finished on schedule.​

●​ Helps manage deadlines and avoid costly delays.

b) Explain the stages of team development and growth

1. Forming Stage
​
Team members meet for the first time and are polite.​
They don’t know their roles clearly yet.

Example:​
A new project team meets and just introduces themselves, not sure who will do what.

2. Storming Stage
​
Team members start sharing ideas, and arguments may happen.​
There may be confusion or power struggles but solutions are found through discussions.

Example:​
Two people in the team want to be the leader and argue about how to start the project.

3. Working Together (Norming Stage)

​
Team members begin to understand each other and agree on roles and rules.​
Teamwork improves.
 5

Example:​
The team decides who will design, who will code, and who will test, and they follow the plan.

4. Performing Stage
​
The team works efficiently with trust and focus.​
They perform tasks efficiently and aim to finish the project.

Example:​
Everyone does their part on time and helps each other to complete the project perfectly.

5. Wrapping Up (Adjourning Stage)

​
The project is finished, and the team says goodbye.​
They may celebrate success or move to new work.

Example:​
The team presents the final project, thanks each other, and goes to new teams or tasks.

c)​ Explain the work breakdown structure

A Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) is a method of breaking a project into smaller, manageable
tasks to improve planning and execution.

Characteristics of WBS

1. Definable​
Each task is clear and easy to understand.

2. Manageable​
Tasks are small enough to give to someone and check easily.

3. Estimated​
You can guess how much time and money each task will need.

4. Integration​
Combines tasks to ensure all project parts work together

5. Measurable​
You can check progress and see if tasks are on time.
 6

6. Adaptable​
You can change tasks if the project needs change.

WBS Rules

1.​ 100% Rule

○​ The WBS must include 100% of the project's work.
○​ No extra or missing tasks should be there.
2.​ Mutually Exclusive
○​ Tasks should not overlap or repeat.
○​ Each task should be separate and unique.
3.​ Focus on Outcomes
○​ WBS should define results, not just activities.
○​ It helps in achieving project goals effectively.
4.​ The 8/80 Rule
○​ Each task should take between 8 to 80 hours of work.
○​ This keeps tasks manageable and easy to track.

d) Explain Goldrat’s critical chain

Critical Chain Method (CCM) is a project management technique that focuses on

resources and task durations. It helps finish projects faster by reducing delays and
adding time buffers.

Functions of Critical Chain Method (for 2 marks):

1.​ Focuses on resource availability.
2.​ Adds buffers to protect project deadlines.
Adding buffers means giving extra time to some parts of the project so that if something
gets delayed, the whole project is still finished on time.
3.​ Helps manage delays better.

Constraints in Critical Chain Method:

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1.​ Limited resources (people, tools).

2.​ Task dependencies (some tasks must wait for others).
3.​ Uncertainty in task time (task may take longer than expected).

1. Task Time and Buffers

✅ Easy Explanation:​
In CCPM, we don’t give extra (safety) time to each task.​
Instead, we give realistic (shorter) times and add extra time as buffers to protect the full
project.

📌 Types of Buffers:
●​ Project Buffer:​

👉
Extra time added at the end of the main task chain (critical chain).​
Example: If the main tasks should finish in 20 days, we may add 4 more days as a
project buffer to protect the final deadline.​

●​ Feeding Buffer:​

👉
Extra time added before tasks from smaller paths join the main chain.​
Example: If a side task needs to be done before the main task, we add 2 days buffer
in case it gets late.​

●​ Resource Buffer:​

👉
A reminder or alert added to make sure people/tools are ready on time.​
Example: If a designer is needed in 3 days, we give a signal today so they’re free
and ready.​
 8

2. Focus on Resource Availability

✅ Easy Explanation:​
CCPM makes sure people or tools are not working on too many things at once.​
Doing one task at a time helps avoid delays and keeps work moving smoothly.

👉 Example: Instead of one team member doing 3 things at once, they finish one task first, then
move to the next.

3. Buffer Management

✅ Easy Explanation:​
Buffers are checked often to see if the project is going well.​
Instead of only checking how many tasks are done, we check how much buffer time is used.

👉 Example: If the project used half the buffer early, it’s a sign there may be delays ahead, and
we can take action quickly.

e) Explain the earned value management technique for measuring the value of work

EVM is a way to track how a project is doing by looking at the work planned, work done, and
money spent.​
It helps compare what was planned vs. what actually happened.

Key Concepts and Calculations:

1. Planned Value (PV)

💡 The cost of work you planned to finish by now.​

👉 What you were supposed to do by this time.

2. Earned Value (EV)

💡 The cost of work you have actually finished so far.​

👉 What you have really done till now.
 9

3. Actual Cost (AC)

💡 The real money you have spent on the work so far.​

👉 How much money is actually used.

Key Performance Indicators (KPIs):

1. Cost Performance Index (CPI)

Formula: EV / AC

●​ If CPI > 1 → You’re spending less than planned (on budget).​

●​ If CPI < 1 → You’re spending more than planned (over budget).​

2. Schedule Performance Index (SPI)

Formula: EV / PV

●​ If SPI > 1 → You’re ahead of schedule.​

●​ If SPI < 1 → You’re behind schedule.​

How EVM Helps:

✅ Finds Differences​
EVM helps you see the gap between what was planned and what actually happened.

✅ Predicts Future Problems​

If you’re using too much time or money, EVM can warn you early so you can fix it.

✅ Better Decisions​
With real data, project managers can make smart choices during the project.

✅ Tracks Progress​
It clearly shows if the project is on track or not by comparing planned work to actual work.

f) Explain multicultural and virtual projects

 10

1. Multicultural Projects
👉TheyA project where people from different countries or cultures work together.​
may speak different languages or have different ways of thinking and working.

✏️ Challenges:
●​ People may not understand each other clearly.​

●​ Different work styles and ways of talking can cause confusion.​

For example: Some people speak directly, others speak politely or indirectly.​

✅ Opportunities:
●​ Team members share new ideas and different views.​

●​ This helps with creative thinking and better problem-solving.​

2. Virtual Projects
👉TheyA project where people work from different places, not from the same office.​
use tools like email, Zoom, or Teams to talk and share work.

✏️ Challenges:
●​ It’s hard to communicate well without meeting in person.​

●​ Building trust and teamwork takes more time.

Opportunities
●​ Virtual projects give more flexibility — people can work from anywhere.​

●​ They help save money (like travel or office costs).​

●​ You can work with talented people from different places.​

●​ Teams can work together from different time zones and countries.

Q2)
a)​ ABC Industries has a potential project with an initial cost of Rs. 20,00,000. The
capital budget allows to accept only one project. Using the NPV method, which
project should be selected?
 11

To determine the most profitable project, we calculate the Net Present Value (NPV)
for each project using the given discount rates and cash flows.
The formula for NPV is:

Where:
Ct = Cash inflow at year t
r = Discount rate
t = Year

NPV Calculations:
Initial Investment: Rs. 20,00,000
Project Discount Rate NPV (₹)

Project A 9% ₹3,33,791
Project B 6% ₹1,06,182
Project C 15% ₹1,97,127
Project D 22% –₹2,19,414 (Negative)
Decision:
Since Project A has the highest positive NPV of ₹3,33,791, it should be selected. This
means it offers the highest return over the initial cost and is the most financially
viable option among the four projects.

b)​ Discuss why project management is essential in today's business environment.

What benefits does it provide in achieving organizational goals?
 12

Project management is very important today because it helps businesses plan, organize, and
complete work properly. It makes sure that projects are done on time, within budget, and as
per the goal.

Importance of Project Management

1.​ ✅ Efficient Use of Resources​

👉 Example: A company avoids hiring extra workers by using current staff wisely.​
It helps save time, money, and people’s efforts by planning well.​

2.​ ✅ Clear Goals and Direction​

👉 Example: A marketing project has a fixed launch date and tasks for each team
It sets clear objectives, deadlines, and tasks, so everyone knows what to do.​

member.​

3.​ ✅ Risk Management​

👉 Example: If a supplier is late, backup options are already planned.​
It finds problems early and helps avoid or solve them.​

4.​ ✅ Better Communication​

👉 Example: Regular meetings help avoid misunderstandings during the project.​

Team members and managers share updates and issues clearly.​

5.​ ✅ Customer Satisfaction​

👉 Example: Delivering a mobile app on deadline builds trust with the client.​
Projects completed on time and budget make clients happy.​

6.​ ✅ Handles Change Easily​

👉 Example: A company shifts from in-store sales to online sales during a crisis.​
Helps the business quickly respond to new trends or problems.​

7.​ ✅ Team Coordination and Motivation​

👉 Example: Team members feel involved and responsible when roles are clear.
Keeps the team motivated and working together.​

✅ Benefits of Project Management

1.​ Helps Reach Company Goals​
Projects are planned to match what the company wants to achieve.​
 13

2.​ Saves Time and Effort​

Work is done faster and more smoothly.​

3.​ Encourages New Ideas​

Makes it easier to turn good ideas into real results.​

4.​ Keeps Company Ahead​

Successful projects help the company grow and compete better.​

5.​ Tracks Progress Clearly​

Shows how much work is done and what’s left.​

6.​ Improves Teamwork​

Helps team members work better together.​

7.​ Makes Future Projects Better​

Lessons from one project help improve the next one.

Q3)
a)​ Explain Risk response strategies for positive and negative risks.

✅ A. Risk Response Strategies for Positive Risks (Opportunities)

(These help you gain benefits from good or helpful events.)

👉
1.​ Exploit​

📌
Make sure the opportunity happens.​
Example: If a team member is very skilled, assign them the most important task to
guarantee success.​

👉
2.​ Enhance​

📌
Try to increase the chance or benefit of the opportunity.​
Example: Give training to your team to boost their speed and get work done faster.​

👉
3.​ Share​

📌
Work with others to enjoy the opportunity together.​
Example: Team up with another company to launch a new product faster.​

👉
4.​ Accept​
Do nothing special but take the benefit if the opportunity comes.​
Example: If there’s a chance a task might finish earlier than planned, don’t change
 14

anything—just enjoy the extra free time if it happens.​

👉
5.​ Escalate​

📌
Tell a higher authority (like senior management) to handle the opportunity.​
Example: If a big business deal could bring huge profits but is beyond your control,
inform your senior manager to take it forward.​

❌ B. Risk Response Strategies for Negative Risks

(These help you avoid or reduce harm from problems.)

👉
1.​ Avoid​

📌
Change the plan so the risk cannot happen.​
Example: Skip using a risky material to prevent safety issues.​

👉
2.​ Mitigate​

📌
Try to reduce the chance or damage of the risk.​
Example: Give training or install safety equipment to avoid mistakes.​

👉
3.​ Transfer​

📌
Move the risk to someone else.​
Example: Buy insurance or hire an expert contractor to handle a risky task.​

👉
4.​ Accept​

📌
Do nothing unless the risk happens.​
Example: Be ready with a backup plan if a machine breaks down, but don’t act
unless it really does.​

👉
5.​ Escalate​

📌
Send the risk to higher management to handle it.​
Example: If a major technical issue could delay the whole project, report it to
top-level decision makers.

b) What is the importance of vendor documents? How the vendor documents should be
preserved?

Vendor documents are papers or digital records that store important information about the

👉
vendors a business works with.
They include things like contracts, bills, orders, and contact details to help manage vendor
relationships.
 15

Importance of Vendor Documents

1.​ Helps Work Run Smoothly (Streamlined Processes)​

Vendor documents like bills, orders, and contact info help finish payments and work

📌
faster.​
Example: A vendor’s invoice helps you pay them on time without confusion.​

2.​ Reduces Risk (Risk Mitigation)​

📌
Having correct vendor info helps avoid problems like late deliveries or legal issues.​
Example: A contract with clear rules protects you if a vendor doesn’t follow terms.​

3.​ Better Control & Decisions (Enhanced Visibility and Control)​

📌
Keeping all vendor documents in one place helps you make better choices.​
Example: If you see a vendor always delays, you can decide to change vendors.​

4.​ Follows Rules (Compliance and Legal Requirements)​

📌
Proper documents help in tax filing and following legal standards.​
Example: Keeping purchase receipts helps during tax audits.​

How to Preserve Vendor Documents (Easy Points)

1.​ Store Everything Digitally​

Use safe online systems to save vendor files with passwords and easy search options.​

2.​ Keep Info Updated​

Check vendor details often and update things like phone numbers or contract dates.​

3.​ Backup Files​

Make extra copies of vendor documents to keep safe from accidents like fire or system
crashes.​

4.​ Limit Access​

Only allow trusted people to see or change vendor files to avoid mistakes or fraud.​

5.​ Check Vendor Performance​

Use vendor documents to track how well the vendor is doing (e.g., on-time delivery).​
 16

6.​ Use Automation​

Use software that sends reminders or collects files automatically to save time.​

7.​ Use Expert Help​

Ask experts to review vendor files and risks to avoid problems.​

8.​ Follow Clear Start-End Process​

When adding a new vendor or ending one, follow clear steps like saving documents or
closing access.

Q4)
a)​ The R & D project has a list of tasks to be performed whose time estimates are
given in the table below.

1. Draw the project network.

2. Find the critical path.
3. Find the time required to complete the following project and critical activities.

How to solve:
●​ Draw the project network diagram based on the given task dependencies.
●​ Identify all possible paths through the network.
●​ Calculate the total duration for each path.
●​ Determine the critical path as the path with the longest duration.
●​ The time required to complete the project is the duration of the critical path.

1. Project Network Diagram:

The project network includes the following dependencies:
A → B, C
 17

B→D
C→E
D, E → F, G
F→H
G→I

2. Critical Path:
To calculate expected time (TE) for each activity using the formula:
TE = (to + 4×tm + tp) / 6
 18

(b) Explain the aggregate project plan used in the portfolio process. (5 marks)

An Aggregate Project Plan is a tool used by companies to manage all their projects in a smart
and organized way. It helps them choose the right mix of projects based on business goals,
available resources, and risk levels.

Why APP is Important:

●​ It groups projects based on their type and importance.

●​ Helps use people, time, and money wisely.
●​ Keeps a balance between small updates and big innovations.​
 19

Types of Projects in APP (with examples):

👉
1.​ Breakthrough Projects​

📌
Big and risky projects that bring new ideas.​
Example: Making a completely new electric car.​

👉
2.​ Platform Projects​

📌
Improve or upgrade existing products.​
Example: Launching a better version of a mobile phone.​

👉
3.​ Derivative Projects​

📌
Small changes or add-ons to current products.​
Example: Adding a new color or feature to a phone.​

👉
4.​ R&D Projects​

📌
Focus on research and testing new ideas.​
Example: Studying how AI can help in business.​

👉
5.​ Partnering Projects​

📌
Work together with other companies.​
Example: Teaming up with a tech company to build an app.​

Steps in APP:

1.​ List all current and future projects

2.​ Put them in the right category
3.​ Check if they match company goals
4.​ See what resources are needed
5.​ Choose and schedule the best projects
6.​ Keep reviewing and updating the plan​

Benefits of APP:

●​ Keeps projects aligned with business goals

●​ Saves time and resources
●​ Balances risky and safe projects
●​ Helps in better planning and success

c) Explain the project buffer. (5 marks)

 20

A Project Buffer is extra time added at the end of the project plan to protect the project from
delays. It is used in Critical Chain Project Management (CCPM).

Why is it Needed?

It acts like a safety cushion in case some important tasks take longer than expected.

How It Works:

1.​ The critical chain (longest set of important tasks) is found.

2.​ Task times are set without adding extra time to each one.
3.​ A project buffer (usually half the time of the critical chain) is added at the end.
4.​ This buffer is used only if there are delays in critical tasks.​

Benefits:

●​ Saves the final deadline from getting delayed

●​ Avoids giving extra time to each task separately
●​ Keeps work focused and efficient
●​ Helps handle risks and surprises
●​ Shows clear progress of the project​

Example:

If a project’s main tasks take 40 days, a 20-day buffer is added. So, the total project time
becomes 60 days. If any task is delayed, the buffer time can be used.

Q5.
a)​ Explain the project management template with a sample template sheet.

A Project Management Template is a ready-to-use document or file (like Excel, Word, or

Google Sheet) that helps in planning, tracking, and managing a project smoothly.

Purpose of Using a Template:

 21

●​ Saves time by reusing the format

●​ Keeps all projects consistent
●​ Makes tracking and reporting simple
●​ Helps teams understand tasks and timelines clearly

Types of Project Management Templates

👉
1. Project Plan Template​

📌
Shows the full plan of the project from start to end.​
Example: A document showing goals, tasks, team members, and deadlines.

👉
2. Gantt Chart Template​

📌
A visual chart that shows the timeline of tasks with start and end dates.​
Example: A bar chart that shows when each task starts and ends, like "Design Phase – Jan
1 to Jan 10."
 22

👉
3. Task List Template​

📌
A checklist of all the tasks to be done in the project.​
Example: A table with tasks like “Write report,” “Test software,” with assigned persons and
due dates.

👉
4. Risk Management Template​

📌
Helps identify and track possible problems or risks in the project.​
Example: A list showing risks like “Server failure,” “Delay in delivery,” with actions to handle
them.

👉
5. Project Budget Template​

📌
Tracks the money to be spent and where it is being used.​
Example: A sheet with rows like “Marketing – ₹20,000,” “Development – ₹50,000.”

👉
6. Status Report Template​

📌
Summarizes project progress at a certain time.​
Example: A weekly update showing tasks completed, pending, and any issues faced.

Key Components of a Basic Project Management Template:

1. Project Overview​
A short summary of the project including the name, goal, manager, and timeline.

2. Project Scope​
Defines what is included and excluded in the project and what the deliverables are.

3. Project Team​
Lists all the team members and their roles in the project.

4. Project Timeline​
Shows the schedule and deadlines for all project tasks.

5. Project Budget​
Shows the total cost of the project and how the money is divided.

6. Project Resources​
Lists all the tools, equipment, or materials needed to complete the project.

7. Risk Management​
Identifies possible problems and how to reduce or handle them.
 23

8. Project Communication​
Explains how the team will share updates and information.

9. Project Status​
Shows the current progress of the project and what is completed or pending.

b)​ Define Project Management Information Systems (PMIS) and evaluate its role in
the successful execution of complex projects. (5 marks)

PMIS is a computer software that helps project managers plan, track, and finish projects
properly.​
It shows who is doing what, how much work is left, and if the project is on time and on budget.

📌 Example:​
Using Microsoft Project or JIRA to plan tasks, check deadlines, and see team progress in one
place.

✅ Role of PMIS in Complex Projects

1.​ 📅 Better Planning​
👉 Example: MS Project shows which task comes after which, so nothing gets missed.​
PMIS helps make a proper plan and timeline.​

2.​ 💬 Better Communication​

👉 Example: Teams use ClickUp to chat and upload work files.​

Everyone gets updates and can share files easily.​

3.​ 👀 Clear Work Tracking​

👉 Example: JIRA shows who is working on what, and if it’s done or not.​
Everyone knows their work and deadline.​

4.​ 🧑‍🤝‍🧑 Resource Management​

👉 Example: Smartsheet shows if someone is overworked or free to take more tasks.​

It helps use people, tools, and money properly.​

5.​ 📊 Quick Decisions​

👉 Example: A report shows the budget is going over, so the manager reduces costs.​
PMIS gives reports to fix problems fast.​

6.​ ⚠️ Risk Handling​

PMIS helps find and fix risks early.​
 24

👉 Example: The system warns that delivery is late, so backup planning is done.​
7.​ ⚙️ Saves Time and Work​

👉 Example: ClickUp sends auto alerts when deadlines are close.

It automates work like reminders and reports.​

Examples of PMIS Tools:

●​ Microsoft Project
●​ Primavera P6
●​ JIRA
●​ ClickUp
●​ Smartsheet

c) Write a short note on the GANTT chart.

A Gantt chart is a simple bar chart that shows the timeline of a project.​
It helps project managers see when tasks start and end, and track progress step by step.

📌 Example:​
If you're building a website, a Gantt chart shows that:

●​ Design starts on Day 1 and ends on Day 5,

●​ Coding starts on Day 6 and ends on Day 15,
●​ Testing starts on Day 16 and ends on Day 20.

✅ Key Features of a Gantt Chart (with Easy Examples)

1.​ 🕒 Time on Horizontal Axis​
👉 Example: It shows that a task starts on April 1 and ends on April 7.​
The chart shows days, weeks, or months on the bottom.​

2.​ 📋 Tasks on Vertical Axis​

👉 Example: Task 1 = "Design", Task 2 = "Development", Task 3 = "Testing".​

The chart lists project tasks on the left side.​

3.​ 📊 Bars Representing Task Duration​

👉 Example: A bar from Day 1 to Day 5 means a task takes 5 days.​

Bars show how long each task will take.​
 25

4.​ 🔁 Task Dependencies (New)​

👉 Example: "Testing" can start only after "Coding" is finished.​
Shows which task depends on another (arrows).​

5.​ 📌 Task Status (New)​

👉 Example: A green bar means the task is completed.​

You can color the bars to show progress: not started, in progress, or done.​

6.​ 📈 Milestones (New)​

👉 Example: "Launch Website" marked on Day 30 as a milestone.​

Special points show major goals or deadlines.​

✅ 7. Task Owners (New Easy Feature)

Each task in the Gantt chart can show who is responsible for it.

👉 Example:

●​ "Design" task – Assigned to Priya

●​ "Coding" task – Assigned to Rahul
●​ "Testing" task – Assigned to Amit

This helps everyone know who is doing what and makes teamwork clear!

Why Use a Gantt Chart

It helps plan, track, and finish projects on time.​

It makes everything clear and organized for everyone.
 26

Q6.
a)​ Why are meetings useful in project monitoring? What rules should be followed to
maximize the effectiveness of meetings? (10 marks)

Why Meetings Are Useful in Project Monitoring

1.​ Clear Communication​

Meetings help everyone talk, share updates, and avoid confusion.​

2.​ Quick Problem Solving​

Team members can discuss issues and solve them together during meetings.​

3.​ Track Project Progress​

Meetings help check what is done and what is pending in the project.​

4.​ Team Alignment​

Everyone gets the same information so all team members stay on the same page.​

5.​ Faster Decisions​

Meetings help take important decisions faster by discussing things together.​
 27

6.​ Share New Ideas​

Someone might suggest a faster way to complete a task.​

7.​ Motivate Team Members​

Praising good work in meetings encourages the team to do better.

✅ Rules to Make Meetings Effective (Very Easy):

1.​ Set a Clear Agenda​

👉
Decide the topics to be discussed and share them before the meeting.​
Example: Today’s agenda is "Project updates and solving bugs."​

2.​ Define Objectives​

👉
Know the reason for the meeting.​
Example: The meeting is to check work progress and fix delays.​

3.​ Time Management​

👉
Start and end on time.​
Example: 10:00 AM to 10:30 AM, no extra talking.​

4.​ Invite Right People​

👉
Only call people who are needed for that topic.​
Example: For design discussion, only the design team is invited.​

5.​ Encourage Participation​

👉
Let everyone speak and share ideas or problems.​
Example: Ask each member for updates one by one.​

6.​ Track Actions and Decisions​

👉
Note down what was decided and who will do what.​
Example: "Amit will finish the login page by Friday."​

7.​ Follow Up After Meeting​

👉
Send a short summary of the meeting.​
Example: Email with list of tasks and deadlines.

b) List and briefly describe the ways projects may be terminated. What are some non-
technical reasons for project termination? (10 marks)

Project Termination means stopping a project either because it’s finished or it cannot continue.

Main Ways Projects May Be Terminated:

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1. Termination by Addition

This happens when the project is completed successfully and its result becomes a regular part
of the company’s daily operations. The work done in the project is now added permanently to
the organization.​
Example: A new software created by the team is now used every day by the company’s IT
department.

2. Termination by Integration

In this type, the final output of the project is merged into the company’s existing systems or
departments. The project team is disbanded, and members return to other jobs.​
Example: A new sales process designed in the project is now included in the company’s usual
sales work.

3. Termination by Extinction

This occurs when the project ends because it is either successfully completed, failed, or no
longer useful. All work on the project stops, and resources are released.​
Example: A marketing campaign project ends after achieving its goal of increasing customer
reach.

4. Termination by Starvation

The project is not officially closed but is slowly shut down by cutting its budget and resources.
As a result, it cannot continue and stops over time.​
Example: A research project is given less money and support until it eventually ends without
any official announcement.

5. Termination by Suspension

The project is temporarily stopped and may continue later. This happens when there are
unexpected issues or a need to wait for more information, decisions, or resources.​
Example: A building project is paused due to changes in government safety rules, and work
will start again once the issue is cleared.
 29

6. Termination by Transfer

The project is handed over to another team, department, or outside company to complete,
maintain, or manage it in the future.​
Example: A software development project is transferred to an external company to continue
updates and support.

Non-Technical Reasons for Project Termination:

1.​ Lack of Management Support:​

If top leaders stop supporting the project, it may lose money, people, or authority and
have to stop.​

2.​ Budget Constraints:​

When there isn’t enough money to continue, the project must be stopped.​

3.​ Changes in Business Priorities:​

If the company changes its goals or focus, the project might no longer fit and get
canceled.​

4.​ Poor Project Performance:​

If the project is not meeting goals or is too slow, it may be terminated.

5.​ Stakeholder Conflicts:​

When people involved in the project don’t agree on the goals or how to do the work, it
can cause problems and stop the project.​

6.​ Market or Environmental Changes:​

If something outside the company changes, like new laws or money problems, it can
make the project impossible to continue.

MAY 2024

Q1) Write a short note on the following (Any Four)

a)​ Triple constraints in Project Management

b)​ Project charter and Project sponsor
 30

A project charter is a simple document that officially starts a project. It tells what the project is
about, what it should do, who is involved, and gives permission to the project manager to start
the work.

Key Parts of a Project Charter (with easy meaning):

●​ Project Title and Description: Name and short explanation of the project.​

●​ Objectives: What the project wants to achieve.​

●​ Scope: What the project will include and what it will not do.​

●​ Stakeholders: People or groups who are affected by the project.​

●​ Project Manager and Authority: Name of the project leader and how much power they
have to make decisions.​

●​ Timeline and Milestones: Important dates and deadlines.​

●​ Budget Overview: How much money the project will need.​

●​ Risks and Assumptions: Things that might go wrong and ideas we believe to be true at
the start.​

2. Project Sponsor (Very Easy Definition)

A project sponsor is a senior person (like a boss) who supports the project. They give money,
help solve big problems, and make sure the project matches the company’s goals.

Responsibilities of a Project Sponsor (with simple meaning):

1.​ Authorizes the Project: Gives official approval to start the project.​

2.​ Provides Funding: Makes sure the project has enough money.​

3.​ Supports the Project Manager: Helps the project leader and solves big issues.​

4.​ Engages Stakeholders: Talks to important people to keep them involved.​

5.​ Monitors Progress: Checks updates to see if the project is going well.​

6.​ Ensures Alignment with Business Goals: Makes sure the project fits company’s
plans.​
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7.​ Approves Major Changes: Says yes or no to big changes in the project.

c) Project Management Information system

A Project Management Information System (PMIS) is a software that helps plan, run, and
check projects. It helps project managers handle time, money, people, and tasks easily and
correctly.

Role of PMIS in Successful Project Execution

1.​ Improves Planning and Forecasting:​
Helps make a clear plan and guess what might happen next.​

2.​ Enhances Communication:​

Keeps everyone updated and connected in one place.​

3.​ Increases Transparency and Accountability:​

Shows who is doing what and how much work is done.​

4.​ Streamlines Resource Management:​

Helps use time, money, and people smartly.​

5.​ Supports Informed Decision-Making:​

Gives correct info to help make good decisions.​

6.​ Facilitates Risk and Issue Management:​

Helps find and fix problems early.​

7.​ Boosts Productivity and Efficiency:​

Saves time and reduces mistakes by automating tasks.​

8.​ Improves Tracking and Monitoring:​

Shows how much of the project is done and if it’s on time.​

9.​ Helps in Budget Control:​

Tracks money used and helps avoid extra spending.​

10.​Keeps All Project Data in One Place:​

Stores all plans and documents safely and neatly.

Examples of PMIS Tools:

●​ Microsoft Project
●​ Primavera P6
●​ JIRA
●​ ClickUp
●​ Smartsheet
 32

d) Goldratt's critical chain methods

e) Project audits

A project audit is a proper check done on a project to see if everything is going well. It checks if
the work is done correctly, on time, within budget, and as planned. It also helps find problems
and ways to do better in the future.

Purpose of Project Audits

1.​ Check Project Performance:​
See if the project is going well and meeting goals like cost, time, and quality.​

2.​ Follow Rules and Standards:​

Make sure the project follows company rules and any legal guidelines.​

3.​ Find Problems Early:​

Catch issues early so they can be fixed quickly.​

4.​ Improve Future Projects:​

Learn from mistakes and successes to improve future work.​

5.​ Make People Responsible:​

Make sure everyone is doing their job properly and using resources wisely.​

Types of Project Audits

1.​ Internal Audit:​
Done by the company’s own team to check if the project is following the company’s

👉
rules.​
Example: A software company’s audit team checks if a website project is using the
right coding rules.​

2.​ External Audit:​

👉
Done by someone outside the company to give an honest, neutral check.​
Example: A government hires an outside firm to check if a road-building project used
money correctly.​

3.​ Scheduled Audit:​

👉
Planned in advance and done at certain points in the project.​
Example: An audit is planned after 50% of a school construction is done.​
 33

4.​ Unscheduled (Surprise) Audit:​

👉Done without telling in advance to check honesty and rules.​

Example: A manager suddenly checks if a team is following safety rules on a factory
site.​

Main Benefits of Project Audits

1.​ Helps Catch Mistakes Early:​
So the project doesn't fail or go over budget.​

2.​ Improves Work Quality:​

Makes the project better by finding areas to improve.​

3.​ Saves Time and Money:​

Fixing problems early avoids bigger issues later.

Q2
c)​ Explain stages of team development and growth. What are the advantages of
effective team and barriers to team effectiveness? (10 marks)

B. Advantages of Effective Teams

1.​ Increased Productivity:​
Team members share the work based on what they are good at, so the work is done
faster and better.​

2.​ Enhanced Creativity:​

Different people bring different ideas, which helps solve problems in smart and new
ways.​

3.​ Better Decision-Making:​

More people give their opinions, so the team can choose the best option together.​

4.​ Improved Morale:​

Working together makes people feel happy, supported, and motivated.​

5.​ Skill Development:​

Team members learn from each other and improve their own skills.​

C. Barriers to Team Effectiveness

1.​ Poor Communication:​
If people don’t talk clearly or listen well, it causes confusion and mistakes.​
 34

2.​ Lack of Clear Goals:​

If the team doesn’t know exactly what to do, they may waste time or go in the wrong
direction.​

3.​ Ineffective Leadership:​

If the leader is weak or unclear, the team may feel lost or unmotivated.​

4.​ Interpersonal Conflicts:​

Fights or tension between members can break teamwork and make work harder.​

5.​ Lack of Trust:​

If team members don’t trust each other, they won’t share ideas or work well together.​

6.​ Unclear Roles and Responsibilities:​

If people don’t know their tasks, they might repeat work or miss doing something
important.

b) A project is composed of 8 activities, the time estimate for which are given below.

(i) Draw the network diagram.

(ii) Find the critical path and expected projected duration.
(iii) Calculate the standard deviation and variance of the project.
(iv) What is the probability of completing the project on 30-week deadline?
 35

(i) Draw the network diagram.

(ii) Find the critical path and expected projected duration.
(iii) Calculate the standard deviation and variance of the project.
(iv) What is the probability of completing the project on 30-week deadline?

(i) Draw the network diagram.

 36

(ii) Find the critical path and expected projected duration.

Path 1: A → C → F → H = 5 + 9 + 9 + 5 = 28 weeks
Path 2: A → E → H = 5 + 8 + 5 = 18 weeks
Path 3: A → D → G → H = 5 + 15 + 4 + 5 = 29 weeks
Path 4: B → F → H = 14 + 9 + 5 = 28 weeks
The critical path is A – D – G – H (29 weeks)
37
 38

Q3.
a)​ Explain work breakdown structure and Gantt chart with example.

WBS is a way to break a big project into smaller parts so it is easier to plan, manage, and
complete.​
It helps us see all the work in small steps.

Levels in WBS
●​ Level 1: Main Project Goal​
This is the full project name or goal.​
Example: Build a house or make a website.​

●​ Level 2: Major Components or Phases​

Big sections of the project.​
Example: Design, Development, Testing.​

●​ Level 3: Work Packages or Tasks​

Small, detailed tasks under each phase.​
Example: Create wireframes, do frontend coding.​

Steps to Develop WBS (Very Easy Definitions):

1.​ Define the Scope:​
Understand what the project needs to do.​

2.​ Break Down the Scope:​

Divide the work into big parts like design or testing.​

3.​ Subdivide Tasks:​

Break each big part into smaller tasks.​

4.​ Review:​
Check if all work is covered and matches the goal.​

Easy Example of WBS for Website Development Project:

1.​ Website Development​
1.1 Requirement Analysis​
1.1.1 Gather what the client wants​
1.1.2 Understand the business needs​
​
1.2 Design​
1.2.1 Make rough layouts (wireframes)​
 39

1.2.2 Design the look and feel (UI/UX)​

​
1.3 Development​
1.3.1 Write the frontend code (what users see)​
1.3.2 Connect backend (server and database)​
​
1.4 Testing​
1.4.1 Check if everything works​
1.4.2 Fix any errors or bugs​
​
1.5 Deployment​
1.5.1 Set up hosting​
1.5.2 Make the website live

.b) A project requires an initial investment of Rs. 200000 and it is expected to

generate a cash flow of Rs. 10000 for 3 years. The target rate of return of the
project is 12% per annum. Calculate the net present value of project. (5 marks)
 40

c) Explain non numeric project selection models. (5 marks)

These are ways to choose projects without using numbers or money calculations.​
They are based on opinions, needs, or what is important to the company, not profit or cost.

1. Sacred Cow
Very Easy Definition:​
A project started just because a powerful boss or senior person wants it.

Easy Example:​
The CEO says, “We must make a mobile app for our store,” so the team starts working on it
without asking questions.

2. Q-Sort Model
Very Easy Definition:​
Projects are grouped into "good", "average", or "bad" based on opinions about things like risk,
usefulness, and market need.

Easy Example:​
A team puts 5 ideas into 3 boxes: very useful, okay, and not useful, to help pick the best one.

3. Product Line Extension

 41

Very Easy Definition:​

The project is chosen if it helps improve or add to the company’s current products.

Easy Example:​
A toothpaste company starts a new mouthwash product to go along with its toothpaste line.

4. Comparative Benefit Model

Very Easy Definition:​
Projects are compared to see which one helps the company more (based on opinion, not
numbers).

Easy Example:​
The manager thinks Project A will help employees more than Project B, so they choose A.

5. Competitive Necessity
Very Easy Definition:​
A project is selected to keep up with or beat competitors.

Easy Example:​
If a rival company launches an app, your company also starts a similar project to stay
competitive.

6. Operating Necessity
Very Easy Definition:​
The project is chosen because it is needed to keep the system or company working.

Easy Example:​
A hospital upgrades its old software system to avoid failures and keep operations running
smoothly.

Q4.
a)​ Explain top down and bottom-up budgeting. (5 marks)

1. Top-Down Budgeting
In Top-Down Budgeting, the higher management or project head decides how much total
money (budget) is available for the whole project. After that, they break the total budget into
parts and give it to different departments or teams based on their needs or importance.
 42

✅ Main Points:
●​ The total budget is decided from the top level (managers or sponsors).​

●​ It is then divided and given to teams.​

●​ Quick and simple to use because less time is spent on small details.​

●​ Useful when there is less time or the budget is already fixed.​

📌 Example:
A company plans a marketing campaign and the top manager fixes the total budget as
₹5,00,000.​
They divide it like this:

●​ ₹2,00,000 for digital ads​

●​ ₹1,50,000 for print ads​

●​ ₹1,50,000 for event promotions​

Teams must work within the given limits.

2. Bottom-Up Budgeting
In Bottom-Up Budgeting, the people actually doing the work (team members, team leaders)
make individual cost estimates for each task or part of the project. Then, all these small costs
are added together to get the total project budget.

✅ Main Points:
●​ Budget is built from the bottom level (team members) by estimating each task.​

●​ It gives a more detailed and realistic cost.​

●​ Takes more time and better communication between teams.​

●​ Best when the project is complex or large, and needs accuracy.​

📌 Example:
A company is launching a new product.

●​ The design team gives their cost estimate (₹1,00,000)​

 43

●​ The marketing team gives theirs (₹1,50,000)​

●​ The production team gives theirs (₹2,50,000)​

Adding all these gives the total budget of ₹5,00,000.

b) What is the difference between resource loading and resource leveling? (5

marks)

✅ 1. Resource Loading – Easy Definition + Example

Definition:​
Resource Loading means showing how much work is assigned to each resource (like a
worker or machine) in a certain time period.​
It helps to check if someone is overworked or underworked, but it does not change the
schedule.

Example:​
A worker is given 12 hours of tasks on Monday, but can only work 8 hours.​
Resource Loading will show this overload, but won’t fix it.

✅ 2. Resource Leveling – Easy Definition + Example

Definition:​
Resource Leveling means adjusting the schedule of tasks to make sure no resource is
overloaded.​
It spreads the work more evenly and may change the start or end date of some tasks.

Example:​
If a worker has 12 hours of work on Monday, Resource Leveling will move some tasks to
Tuesday, so the worker only has 8 hours of work per day.

Parameter Resource Loading Resource Leveling

1. Basic Idea Shows how busy each Adjusts schedule so no one is too busy
resource is

2. Looks Like A chart with bars showing A new timeline with adjusted task dates
work per day

3. Main Use For checking workload For fixing too much workload
 44

4. Overload No, just shows overload Yes, it fixes overload

Fixed?

5. Schedule No changes made Tasks may shift forward or backward

Changes?

6. Task Order Task order stays same Task order may change to fix workload

7. Planning or Used to plan Used to fix problems

Fixing?

8. Flexibility Less flexible More flexible

9. Easy to Do? Easy Needs more thinking and time

10. Project End End date stays same End date may move forward
Date

11. Visual Tool Resource histograms or Adjusted Gantt charts or calendars

tables

12. Real-life A student has 3 assignments One assignment deadline is moved to

Example in one day balance study time

c) Describe probability and impact matrix. Explain risk response strategies

for positive and negative risks. (10 marks)

1. Probability and Impact Matrix

The Probability and Impact Matrix is a risk assessment tool used in project management
to evaluate and prioritize risks based on:

●​ Probability (likelihood of the risk occurring), and​

●​ Impact (the effect it would have on project objectives if it occurs).​

Purpose:

●​ Helps in qualitative risk analysis​

●​ Supports decision-making on which risks to address first​

●​ Visualizes risk severity for easier understanding​

 45

✅ More Explanation
●​ This matrix helps project teams decide which risks are serious and need quick
action, and which risks are not that important.​

●​ It is often shown as a table with colors (like green, yellow, red) to show low, medium,
or high risk.​

●​ A high probability + high impact risk will be marked red and must be handled
immediately.​

●​ A low probability + low impact risk may be marked green and can be monitored but
is not urgent.

Q5
a)​ A project in its 20th week has an actual cost of Rs. 250,000. It was scheduled to
have spent Rs. 241,000. For the work performed to date, the budgeted value is Rs.
252,000. What are the cost and schedule variances for the project? What are the
SPI and CPI? (5 marks)
 46

b) Describe Earned value management technique in Project Management. (5

marks)

Already answer given in Dec 2024

c) Explain Project Procurement Management. What is the difference between contracting

and outsourcing? (10 marks)

Contracting:​
Contracting means hiring a person or company to do a specific task or deliver a product
 47

👉
under a formal agreement.​
Example: Hiring a contractor to build a website for ₹50,000.

Outsourcing:​
Outsourcing means giving a full process or service to another company to handle, usually for

👉
long term.​
Example: Outsourcing customer support to a call center company.

Parameter Contracting Outsourcing

1. Meaning Hiring for a specific task or Giving a whole process to another

project company

2. Duration Usually short-term Often long-term

3. Control Company has more control Less control; the vendor handles
over the work everything

4. Scope Limited work (e.g., one job or Full function (e.g., HR, IT support)
deliverable)

5. Payment Fixed cost or milestone-based Usually monthly or per-service payment

6. Example Hiring someone to design a logo Hiring a company to manage entire

marketing

7. Employees Contractors are not company Outsourced team works fully for the
staff vendor company

8. Main company still handles Vendor takes full responsibility

Responsibility planning

9. Flexibility More flexible; task can change Less flexible; involves contract for long
process

10. Focus Focus on deliverables Focus on services or operations

✅ Project Procurement Management – Easy Definition + Example

Definition:​
Project Procurement Management means buying or getting work, goods, or services from
outside the project team to help complete the project.

Example:​
If a company is building a mobile app but doesn't have app developers, they hire another
company to do it. This is procurement management.
 48

✅ 4 Steps of Project Procurement Management (Very Easy + Examples)

1. Plan Procurement Management
Easy Meaning:​
Decide what to buy, when to buy, and how to buy it.

Example:​
You are making a website. You decide to buy hosting and hire a designer next month.

2. Conduct Procurements
Easy Meaning:​
Ask different sellers for their prices or offers, choose the best one, and make a deal.

Example:​
You ask 3 designers to send their price and samples. You pick one and sign a contract with
them.

3. Control Procurements
Easy Meaning:​
Check the work, make sure the seller is doing everything correctly, and solve any problems.

Example:​
The designer sends a half-done website. You review it, give feedback, and ask for changes
based on the contract.

4. Close Procurements
Easy Meaning:​
Finish the work, check that everything is complete, make final payment, and end the
contract.

Example:​
The designer finishes the full website. You check the work, pay the last amount, and close
the deal.

Q6.
a)​ Explain multicultural and virtual projects. (5 marks)
 49

Already answer given in May 2024

b)​ Why is ethics important in Project management? (5 marks)

Ethics means doing what is right, fair, and honest. In project management, ethics means
making correct decisions, being truthful, respecting others, and not doing anything wrong
or unfair while handling the project.

1. Builds Trust and Respect

When a project manager behaves ethically, the team members and clients start to trust them.
They believe that the manager will make fair decisions, will not lie, and will treat everyone
equally. This creates a healthy and respectful working environment.

2. Creates a Positive Work Environment

Ethical behavior makes sure that everyone in the team is treated kindly, fairly, and without
discrimination. This makes the workplace peaceful and friendly, where people feel happy and
safe to work. It reduces stress and improves teamwork.

3. Prevents Unethical Practices and Cheating

Ethics helps in stopping wrong actions like cheating, lying, stealing, or hiding mistakes. A
project manager who follows ethics will always make sure that the work is done properly,
honestly, and without doing anything that can harm the project or organization.

4. Protects the Reputation of the Company

If a project is managed with good ethics, it helps in keeping the company’s name and image
clean. Clients and other companies feel confident working with an organization that follows
rules, respects people, and completes projects honestly.

5. Ensures Legal and Rule Compliance

Ethical project managers always follow the laws, safety rules, and policies. This helps the
project stay away from legal problems. It also ensures that everything in the project is done
according to proper guidelines and standards.

6. Solves Conflicts in a Fair Manner

 50

Sometimes, problems or disagreements happen in a project. Ethics helps the manager to

handle such conflicts by listening to all sides, being neutral, and taking decisions that are fair
for everyone, without being biased or unfair to anyone.

7. Increases Chances of Project Success

When a project is run ethically, there is better planning, better teamwork, fewer problems,
and clear communication. All this improves the quality of the project and helps in completing it
successfully — on time, on budget, and with satisfied team members and clients.

c)​ What is project termination? Explain different types of project terminations. (10
marks)

Answer already given

Dec 2023

Q1. Answer the following (Any Four)

(a) What are the three basic goals of a project and how do project managers
achieve them in conditions of uncertainty? (5 marks)

1. Scope (Deliver the Required Quality)

Definition: Scope means the total work and features that a project must complete with the
expected quality.​
Example: A mobile app project must include features like login, chat, and payment as planned.

2. Schedule (Complete the Project on Time)

Definition: Schedule means finishing the project within the given time or deadline.​
Example: A college website must be ready in 2 months before the admissions start.

3. Budget (Finish the Project Within Budget)

Definition: Budget means completing the project without spending more than the planned
money.​
Example: If a project has a ₹1,00,000 budget, all work must be done within that amount.

🔧 Achieving These Goals in Uncertainty:

 51

1. Time Management
●​ Make a clear plan with tasks and deadlines.​

●​ Identify possible delays early and have backup plans.​

●​ Track progress regularly and make changes if needed.​

●​ Inform stakeholders about any changes in time.​

●​ Stay flexible and adjust the schedule if required.​

2. Budget Management
●​ Create a detailed budget for all work and resources.​

●​ Watch costs closely to avoid overspending.​

●​ Keep some extra money for surprises (contingency).​

●​ Try to reduce costs by smart buying or negotiation.​

●​ Change the budget when unexpected costs come up.​

3. Quality Management
●​ Set clear quality rules for the final work.​

●​ Check quality regularly during the project.​

●​ Train the team and make sure they follow quality steps.​

●​ Ask for feedback to improve results.​

●​ Be open to changes if needed, but keep quality high.

 52

(b) Why project manager’s role is more of a facilitator rather than a supervisor?
(5 marks)

A project manager is more like a facilitator because they help the team work together, solve
problems, and stay motivated, instead of just giving orders like a supervisor.

Here are 7 simple reasons:

1. Teamwork over Control

Facilitators encourage team members to share ideas and work together.​
Supervisors mostly give instructions and make decisions alone.

2. Giving Power to Team Members

Facilitators trust the team to take responsibility and make choices.​
Supervisors want full control, which limits the team.

3. Helping Solve Problems

Facilitators guide the team to find solutions.​
Supervisors tell the team what to do without asking.

4. Flexible with Changes

Facilitators adjust plans when needed and help the team adapt.​
Supervisors follow fixed plans, even if they don’t work well anymore.

5. Good Communication
Facilitators keep communication open with everyone.​
Supervisors usually talk only top-down.

6. Team Growth
Facilitators help the team learn and grow.​
Supervisors mostly care about finishing tasks quickly.
 53

7. Building Trust
Facilitators build trust by supporting the team.​
Supervisors use authority, which can reduce trust.

(c) Explain the work breakdown structure. (5 marks)

Given already
(d) What is Goldratt’s critical chain method? (5 marks)

Given already
(e) Briefly describe the purchasing cycle. (5 marks)

Purchasing Cycle:​
The purchasing cycle is the process a business uses to buy goods or services from outside
suppliers. It helps make sure the right things are bought at the right time, price, and amount.
The main steps are:

1.​ Needs Identification: First, the business finds out what product or service is needed.​

2.​ Supplier Selection: Then, they look for suppliers and pick the best one based on price,
quality, and reliability.​

3.​ Negotiation: Next, they talk with the supplier to agree on price, delivery time, and
payment terms.​

4.​ Purchase Order: After that, a formal order is sent to the supplier with all the details.​

5.​ Goods/Service Receipt: The goods or services are received and checked to make sure
they are correct.​

6.​ Invoicing and Payment: The supplier sends a bill, and the business pays as agreed.​

7.​ Record Keeping and Review: Finally, the purchase is recorded, and the business
reviews how well the supplier did to improve future buying.

(f) What are the four stages of team development and growth? (5 marks)

Already given

Q2.(a) Swanson Industries has a potential project with an initial cost of Rs.
20,00,000. The capital budget allows to accept only one project. Using the NPV
method, which project should be selected? (10 marks)
54
 55

Q2.(b) What is the project life cycle? How is cost of change, risk, and influence of
stakeholders affected by Project time during the life cycle of project? (10 marks)

The project life cycle is the series of steps a project goes through from start to finish. It helps
organize the work and make sure the project is completed successfully. The main phases are:

1.​ Initiation Phase:​

●​ The project team is formed, and the project manager is chosen.​

●​ The project goals, details, and scope are defined.​

●​ It is checked if the project is possible based on what the client wants.

2.​ Planning Phase:​

●​ The project needs and goals are studied carefully.​

●​ The project scope, budget, and timeline are planned.​

●​ A detailed plan is made to guide the project work.

3.​ Execution Phase:​

●​ The team starts working according to the plan.​

●​ Resources like people and tools are given to the team to do their tasks.

4.​ Monitoring and Controlling Phase:​

●​ The project progress and quality are tracked.​

●​ The project manager makes sure the team is on track and solves problems or risks.​

●​ Changes are made if needed to keep the project going well.

5.​ Closure Phase:​

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●​ The project is finished and delivered to the client.​

●​ The team reviews what went well and what they learned.​

●​ Final documents are completed, and the project is formally closed.​

How Cost of Change, Risk, and Stakeholder Influence Change Over Time:
1.​ Cost of Change:​

●​ Costs are low in the early stages (Initiation and Planning).​

●​ Costs get higher in Execution and Closure because changes are harder to do.​

●​ For example, changing requirements during planning is cheaper than fixing things after
testing.

2.​ Risk:​

●​ Risks are highest at the start because there is more uncertainty.​

●​ Risks decrease as the project moves forward and problems are solved.​

●​ Good risk planning early on helps avoid big problems later.​

●​ For example, if the project scope is unclear at first, it can cause delays or extra costs.

3.​ Stakeholder Influence:​

●​ Stakeholders have the most influence at the beginning when decisions are made.​

●​ Their influence reduces as the project progresses since most major decisions are done.​

●​ It’s important to involve stakeholders early to understand their needs.​

●​ For example, clients can change the project scope early but have less say at the end.

Q3.(a) What are the responsibilities of the project auditor? What is essential for
a successful project Audit? (10 marks)
 57

A Project Auditor is a person who checks and reviews a project’s progress, quality, costs, and
risks to make sure everything is done correctly and follows the plan. They help find problems
early and suggest improvements to keep the project on track.

Responsibilities of the Project Auditor:

1.​ Check Project Progress:​
The auditor looks at how the project is moving forward and if it is on time.​

2.​ Review Project Quality:​

They make sure the work meets the required quality standards.​

3.​ Evaluate Budget Use:​

They check if the money is being spent as planned and if costs are under control.​

4.​ Assess Risks:​

The auditor identifies any risks or problems that might affect the project.​

5.​ Verify Compliance:​

They ensure the project follows company rules, policies, and any legal requirements.​

6.​ Examine Documentation:​

The auditor reviews project reports, plans, and records to find any mistakes or missing
information.​

7.​ Provide Feedback:​

They give advice and suggestions to improve the project’s performance.​

8.​ Check Stakeholder Communication:​

They verify if all important people involved are informed and their concerns are
addressed.

Essentials for a Successful Project Audit:

1.​ Clear Objectives:​
The purpose of the audit must be clear to everyone involved.​

2.​ Independence:​
The auditor should be neutral and not influenced by the project team.​

3.​ Good Communication:​

Open and honest communication between the auditor and project team is important.​

4.​ Proper Planning:​

The audit should be planned well, including what will be checked and when.​
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5.​ Access to Information:​

The auditor must have access to all necessary documents and people.​

6.​ Qualified Auditor:​

The auditor should have the right skills and knowledge about the project and auditing.​

7.​ Timely Reporting:​

Findings and suggestions should be reported quickly so improvements can be made on
time.

Q3.(b) Explain probability and impact matrix. What are the risk response
strategies for negative risks (threats) & positive risks (opportunities)? (10 marks)

Already given

Q4.(a) Following are the manpower requirements for each activity in a project.
(10 marks)

i) Draw the project network diagram.

ii) Rearrange the activity suitably to reduce the existing total manpower
requirement.

i)Project Network Diagram

Below is the Project Network Diagram for the given activities using nodes & directed
edges. Each activity represents a connection between two nodes (e.g., 0–1, 1–2, etc.).
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ii) Rearranging Activities to Reduce Manpower Requirement

To reduce total manpower without extending the project duration, follow these
resource leveling strategies:
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Q4.(b) Differentiate between the Functional, Pure Project, and Matrix

organizations. (10 marks)

Aspect Functional Pure Project Matrix Organization

Organization Organization

1. Structure Divided by functions Organized by Hybrid of functions and

(e.g., marketing, individual projects project-based structure
finance)

2. Authority Functional managers Project managers Dual authority: functional

have authority have full authority + project managers
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3. Focus Specialization within Focus only on project Balance between skills

departments goals and project goals

4. Collaboration Limited between Strong teamwork High between

departments within project departments and project
teams

5. Flexibility Low; slow to adapt to High; adapts quickly Medium; can be

changes to changes confusing due to dual
reporting

6. Efficiency High inside High project focus but Balanced but can face
departments may waste resources conflicts

7. Team Loyalty To the department or To the project and Split between function
function project manager and project

8. Project Low or none Full control of team Shared control with

Manager Power and work functional manager

9. Resource Use Shared across many Used only for one Shared among different
projects project projects

10. Example Marketing, finance Product development Engineers working on

departments teams projects & reporting to
both sides

1. Functional Organization
​
A Functional Organization groups people based on their specialized skills or job roles, such
as marketing, finance, or engineering. Each department is led by a functional manager who
controls the team and resources

Example:
In a company, the marketing team works under the marketing manager, the finance team
under the finance manager, and so on

2. Pure Project Organization

​
A Pure Project Organization creates a separate team for each project. The project manager
has full authority over the team, budget, and tasks. Team members work only on that project
until it is finished

Example:
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A construction company forms a dedicated team (architect, engineers, workers) for a specific
building project. Once the building is complete, the team disbands or joins a new project.

3. Matrix Organization
​
A Matrix Organization combines features of both functional and project structures. Employees
report to both a functional manager and a project manager.

Example: An engineer works on a project and also reports to the engineering head.
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Q5.(a) How communication is planned and managed in project management?

(10 marks)

1. Communication Planning:​
In this step, the team decides:

●​ What information needs to be shared​

●​ Who needs the information​

●​ When and how it will be shared (email, meetings, reports)​

Example: Weekly progress reports to the client via email.

2. Identify Stakeholders
●​ List all the people involved in the project (team members, clients, sponsors, etc.).​

●​ Understand their role and what kind of information they need.​

●​ Some need detailed reports (like sponsors), while others may just need updates.​

●​ ✅ Example: Developers may need technical updates; clients need progress summaries.
3. Choose Communication Methods:​
Select the best ways to share information:
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●​ Verbal: Meetings, calls​

●​ Written: Emails, reports​

●​ Visual: Charts, dashboards​

4. Set Communication Schedule

●​ Define how often communication should happen:​

○​ Daily stand-ups for teams​

○​ Weekly progress updates for clients​

○​ Monthly reviews with higher management​

●​ Keeping a schedule avoids delays and keeps everyone on the same page.

5. Use Communication Tools

●​ Use digital tools for better communication and tracking:​

○​ Emails – Outlook, Gmail​

○​ Chats – Slack, MS Teams​

○​ Project tools – Trello, Asana, Jira​

○​ Video calls – Zoom, Google Meet​

●​ Helps organize messages and track updates easily.

6. Monitor Communication Effectiveness

●​ The project manager checks if communication is working well.​

●​ Are people getting the info they need? Is there confusion or delay?​

●​ If problems are found, the communication plan can be adjusted.​

7. Manage Feedback and Issues

●​ Team members should feel comfortable reporting issues or giving suggestions.​
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●​ The project manager listens, responds quickly, and solves problems early.

Q5.(b) A consulting project has an actual cost of Rs. 45000, Scheduled cost of Rs.
35000, and the value of completed work is Rs. 31000. Find the Scheduled and
Cost Variance. Also, find SPI and CPI. (5 marks)
 66

Q5.(c) State various project estimation and scheduling techniques. (5 marks)

In project management, estimation means predicting the time, cost, and resources needed for
tasks. Scheduling means planning when each task will be done.

1. Project Estimation Techniques

a) Analogous Estimating​
This technique uses data from past similar projects to estimate the current project.​
Example: If a previous website took 3 months to complete, you estimate the current website
will also take 3 months.

b) Parametric Estimating​
This method uses a formula based on unit cost or time.​
Example: If painting 1 wall takes 2 hours, then painting 5 walls is estimated to take 10 hours.

c) Expert Judgment​
Here, experienced professionals are asked to estimate based on their knowledge.​
Example: A senior developer estimates that coding a module will take 4 days based on past
experience.

d) Bottom-up Estimating​
Each small task is estimated separately, and then all are added to get the full project estimate.​
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Example: Estimating time for writing, testing, and reviewing a report separately, then adding it
to get total time.

e) Three-Point Estimating​
This uses three values: optimistic (best case), pessimistic (worst case), and most likely, to
calculate an average.​
Example: If a task can take 2 days (best), 4 days (most likely), or 6 days (worst), the estimate
is:​
(2 + 4×4 + 6)/6 = 4 days.

2. Project Scheduling Techniques

a) Critical Path Method (CPM)​
It identifies the longest sequence of tasks that must be done on time to avoid project delays.​
Example: In a house construction project, foundation → walls → roof is the critical path. Delay
in any one will delay the whole project.

b) Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT)​

This uses the same 3 estimates from Three-Point Estimating to find expected time for uncertain
tasks.​
Example: Used in research projects where exact time is hard to predict.

c) Gantt Chart​
It’s a bar chart that shows tasks and their start/end dates over time.​
Example: In software development, a Gantt chart may show "Design from May 1 to May 10,"
"Coding from May 11 to May 25," etc.

d) Kanban​
This is a visual board (with columns like "To Do," "In Progress," and "Done") to track tasks.​
Example: A developer moves a task from “To Do” to “Done” on a Kanban board when it's
completed.

Q6.(a) What is a scope creep? How does a formal change control system work in
project management? (10 marks)

Scope creep means uncontrolled or unexpected changes to a project’s scope after it has
started. It happens when new features, tasks, or goals are added without proper approval or
planning. This often leads to project delays, more cost, and lower quality.

🔍 Causes of Scope Creep

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1.​ Unclear Requirements​

If the goals of the project are not clear from the start, people may keep changing or
adding things later.​

2.​ Stakeholder Demands​

Clients or team members may ask for new features that were not planned in the
beginning.​

3.​ Poor Change Management​

When changes are allowed without checking or approving them properly.​

4.​ Lack of Documentation​

If there is no written agreement on what the project will include, confusion can cause
scope creep.​

⚠️ Impact of Scope Creep

1.​ Higher Costs – Adding new tasks increases project expenses.​

2.​ Delayed Timelines – More work causes the project to take longer.​

3.​ Lower Quality – If scope is increased but time and resources are not, quality may suffer.​

🛠️ How Does a Formal Change Control System Work?

A formal change control system helps manage changes in a proper, planned way. It makes
sure that any change in the project is reviewed, approved, and documented before being
implemented.

🔄 Steps in Change Control System

1.​ Change Request​

✏️
Someone (client or team member) asks for a change using a formal request.​
Example: "Add a new report to the software."​

2.​ Document the Change​

The change is written down clearly — what is to be changed, why it is needed, and how
 69

it will affect cost, time, and work.​

3.​ Impact Analysis​

The project team checks how the change will affect the scope, budget, timeline, and

💡
quality.​
Is it possible? What will it cost? How much more time is needed?​

4.​ Review and Approval​

A group called the Change Control Board (CCB) reviews the change and decides to
approve, reject, or delay it.​

5.​ Update Project Plan​

If the change is approved, the project’s documents (scope, schedule, budget) are
updated to include the change.​

6.​ Implementation​
The approved change is carried out. Team members may be reassigned or deadlines
may be shifted as per the new plan.​

7.​ Monitoring and Control​

The project manager checks if the change is working well and ensures no more
unplanned changes happen.​

8.​ Post-Change Review​

🧠
After the change is done, a review is done to see if it helped the project.​
Lessons learned are noted for future projects.​

✅ Conclusion:
Scope creep can be dangerous for a project if not handled properly. A formal change control
system helps control changes in an organized way to protect the project from delays, extra
costs, and poor quality.

Q6.(b) List and briefly describe the ways the project may be terminated. What
are some non technical reasons for project termination? (10 marks)

Already answer given

May 2023

Q1. Answer the following (Any Four)

 70

(a) What are the contents of project charter? who prepares and authorizes the
project charter? (5 marks)

A Project Charter is an official document that starts a project. It gives the project manager
permission to use resources and lead the project. It shows what the project is about, why it’s
needed, and who is involved.

📄 Contents of a Project Charter:

1.​ Project Title and Description​
– Name of the project and a short summary of what it is about.​

2.​ Project Objectives and Purpose​

– What the project wants to achieve and why it is being done.​

3.​ Scope of the Project​

– What work is included in the project and what is not included (to avoid confusion
later).​

4.​ Stakeholders and Roles​

– Names of important people in the project and what they are responsible for.​

5.​ Budget, Resources, and Timeline​

– Rough idea of how much money, people, and time the project will need.​

6.​ Assumptions and Constraints​

– Things the team believes to be true and any limits (like time, money, or rules) that may
affect the project.​

7.​ Risks and Management Plan​

– Possible problems that may come up and how the team will handle them.​

8.​ Approval and Authorization​

– Signature from the person who approves the project and agrees to provide support
and resources.​

👤 Who Prepares and Authorizes the Project Charter?

 71

●​ The Project Manager usually prepares the Project Charter by gathering details from
sponsors and stakeholders.​

●​ The Project Sponsor authorizes the charter by reviewing and signing it. This shows
that the project is officially approved.

b) Compare the top-down budgeting and bottom-up budgeting. (5 marks)

1. Definitions:

●​ Top-Down Budgeting:​
In this method, senior management creates the overall project budget and passes it
down to departments or teams.​
It starts from the top level and breaks down into smaller parts.​

●​ Bottom-Up Budgeting:​
In this method, individual teams or departments estimate their own costs, and all the
estimates are added together to create the total budget.​
It starts from the bottom and goes up.​

📘 2. Examples:
●​ Top-Down Budgeting Example:​
Company sets a total budget of ₹10 lakhs for a project. Each team is given a share like
₹2 lakhs for design, ₹3 lakhs for development, etc.​

●​ Bottom-Up Budgeting Example:​

Each team calculates their own needs (e.g., design needs ₹1.8 lakhs, development ₹3.2
lakhs). These values are added up to make the total budget.​

📊 3. Comparison Table:
Point Top-Down Budgeting Bottom-Up Budgeting

1. Who makes the Senior management Team members or departments

budget?
 72

2. Approach Starts from overall budget and Starts from task-level estimates
breaks it down and adds them up

3. Accuracy Less accurate More accurate

4. Speed Faster to create Slower to create

5. Team Less team involvement High team involvement

Involvement

6. Flexibility Less flexible More flexible

7. Best for Simple or small projects Complex or large projects

8. Chances of High Low

missing details

9. Ownership Owned mostly by top Owned by teams and employees

management

10. Example CEO decides total budget and Each department calculates and
gives limits to departments submits their own budget

c) What is Goldratt’s critical chain method? (5 marks)

d) Explain the significance of IRR method in project selection. (5 marks)

IRR (Internal Rate of Return) is a method used to check how profitable a project is.​
It is the interest rate at which the Net Present Value (NPV) of a project becomes zero.

In simple words, it tells us how much return (%) a project will give.

🌟 Significance of IRR in Project Selection:

1.​ Checks Profitability​
– IRR helps us know if a project will give good profit.​
– If IRR is more than the required return (cost of capital), then the project is good.​

2.​ Compares Projects​

– It helps in choosing between two or more projects.​
– The project with the higher IRR is usually the better one.​

3.​ Easy Decision-Making​

– IRR gives a clear “yes” or “no”:​
 73

○​ If IRR > required return → Accept​

○​ If IRR < required return → Reject​

4.​ Considers Time Value of Money​

– IRR understands that money now is more valuable than money later.​
– So, it gives a more accurate picture of the project’s worth.​

5.​ Helps Understand Risk​

– Projects with very high IRR may also have higher risk.​
– IRR helps compare returns vs. risks between projects.

6.​ ✅ Used by Investors and Companies​

– IRR is a popular method used by both investors and businesses to check if a project
or investment is worth the money.​

7.​ ✅ No Need for External Benchmarks​

– IRR gives a percentage return, so you don’t always need to compare with other data.​
– Just compare IRR with your own required return (like 10% or 12%).​

8.​ ✅ Supports Long-Term Planning​

– IRR helps in selecting projects that give better returns over time, not just short-term
profit.

(e) Briefly describe the purchasing cycle. (5 marks)

Answer already given

f) Explain the risk breakdown structure. (5 marks)

A Risk Breakdown Structure is a hierarchical chart that organizes all possible project risks into
categories and sub‑categories, making it easier to spot, assess, and manage risks.

Key Features (5 points)

1.​ Hierarchical Layout​

 74

○​ Top level shows broad risk types; lower levels break each type into more specific
risks.​

2.​ Common Risk Categories​

○​ External Risks: e.g., new laws, market changes​

○​ Project‑Management Risks: e.g., bad planning, poor communication​

○​ Technical Risks: e.g., software bugs, design flaws​

○​ Operational Risks: e.g., staff shortages, equipment breakdown​

○​ Organizational Risks: e.g., company restructuring, stakeholder conflicts

3.Risk Identification

By scanning each category and sub-category in the RBS, the team can systematically think
through all possible risks. This helps ensure that no important risk—especially hidden, small, or
indirect ones—is missed during planning.

4.Risk Assessment & Prioritization

After identifying risks, each one is rated based on how likely it is to happen and how big its
impact would be. This helps the team decide which risks need immediate attention and which
ones are less critical.

5.Clear Mitigation Planning

Grouping risks in the RBS helps assign the right team members to handle each type of risk. It
also makes it easier to plan how to reduce or avoid risks early, instead of reacting to problems
later.

Q2.(a) A consulting project has an actual cost of Rs. 35000, Scheduled cost Rs.
27000, and completed work is Rs. 31000. Find the Scheduled and Cost Variance.
Also find SPI and CPI. (5 marks)

Given Data:
Actual Cost (AC) = Rs. 35,000
Scheduled Cost (Planned Value, PV) = Rs. 27,000
 75

Earned Value (EV) = Rs. 31,000 (Value of Completed Work)

 76

Q2.(b) What is a contract? Explain different types of contracts in brief. (5 marks)

A contract is a legal agreement between two or more people or parties. It clearly says what
work will be done, who will do it, how much will be paid, and when it will be finished.
Once both sides agree, they must follow it.

Types of Contracts (with easy definitions and examples):

1.​ Fixed-Price Contract:​

🔹
The price of the work is decided in advance and doesn’t change.​
Example: A builder agrees to build a wall for ₹50,000 no matter what the final cost is.​

2.​ Cost-Reimbursable Contract:​

🔹
The buyer agrees to pay the actual cost of work plus extra fees (like profit).​
Example: A company hires a software firm and agrees to pay all costs plus ₹10,000
profit.​

3.​ Time and Materials (T&M) Contract:​

The buyer pays for the time spent and materials used. Useful when work is not clearly

🔹
planned.​
Example: A plumber is paid ₹500 per hour and cost of materials like pipes and taps.​

4.​ Unit Price Contract:​

🔹
Payment is based on how many units of work are done, like per meter, per kg, etc.​
Example: A road contractor is paid ₹2,000 per meter of road built.​
 77

5.​ Implied Contract:​

🔹
Not written or spoken clearly, but understood by actions or behavior.​
Example: You sit in a taxi, and the driver takes you. It’s an understood agreement to
pay.​

6.​ Bilateral Contract:​

🔹
Both parties make promises to each other.​
Example: You promise to pay a painter ₹10,000, and he promises to paint your
house.​

7.​ Unilateral Contract:​

🔹
Only one party makes a promise. The other must perform the act to get the reward.​
Example: A company offers ₹1,000 for finding a lost dog. You get paid only if you
find it.

Q2.(c) Consider a project having following cash flow stream. The cost of capital
(r) for the firm is 10% . Calculate NPV of project and decide whether to accept
or reject the project. (10 marks)
 78

Q3.(a) What is project life cycle? How does cost of change, risk and influence of
stakeholder are affected with Project time during life cycle of project? (10 marks)

Q3.(b) Explain probability and impact matrix. What are the risk response
strategies foe negative risks (threats) and positive risks(opportunities). (10 marks)

Answers already given

Q4.(a) A small project is composed of 8 activities, whose time estimates are listed
below. (10 marks)
79
80
81
 82

Q4.(b) What are the non-numeric models of project selection? Expalin in brief.
(5 marks)

Non-numeric models are simple methods to choose projects without using numbers or
financial data. These models are based on opinions, needs, or business importance instead
of profits or cost. They are helpful when the company wants to focus on strategic goals or
urgent needs.

Types of Non-Numeric Models (with simple explanation):

1.​ Sacred Cow:​

👉
A project started by a top boss or important person in the company.​
It continues unless the same person stops it.​
Example: The CEO wants a new office app, so it gets approved even without full
planning.​

2.​ Q-Sort Model:​

Projects are put into groups like good, average, or poor based on things like risk,

👉
benefit, or importance.​
Helps to sort and rank projects.​
Example: Managers sort all ideas into "high priority", "medium", and "low".​

3.​ Product Line Extension:​

A project is selected if it adds to or improves the current products of the company.​
Example: Adding a new flavor to an existing soft drink line.​

4.​ Comparative Benefit Model:​

Projects are compared to each other to see which one gives more useful benefits to

👉
the company.​
No exact numbers, just opinions.​
Example: Choosing between making a mobile app or improving the website based on
benefits.​

5.​ Competitive Necessity:​

A project is selected to stay ahead of competitors or match what others are doing.​
Example: A school updates its online classes because other schools have done it.​

6.​ Operating Necessity:​

👉
A project is needed to keep something running properly.​
It is selected to avoid failure or shutdown.​
Example: Replacing old servers so the website doesn’t crash.
 83

Q4.(c) Explain the importance of ethics in projects. (5 marks)

Q5.(a) How communication is planned and managed in project management ?

(10 marks)

Answers already given

Q5.(b) What is lifecycle of a project audit? What are the responsibilities of the
project auditor? What is essential for a successful project Audit? (10 marks)

A project audit is a process to check how well a project is going. It has four main steps:

1. Planning:​
This is the first step where you decide what to check in the project and how to do the audit.​
Example: If you want to check if the project is finishing on time, you plan to review the schedule
and progress reports.

2. Execution:​
Here, you collect information like reports, budgets, and documents. Then you compare this
information with the project plan to see if everything is going as expected.​
Example: You check if the money spent is within the budget and if tasks are done on time.

3. Reporting:​
After checking, you write a report about what is working well and what problems you found.
You share this report with the project team or managers.​
Example: You might say, "The project is behind schedule, and extra resources are needed."

4. Follow-up:​
This step makes sure the project team fixes the problems mentioned in the report. You check
later if the changes helped improve the project.​
Example: If extra resources were given, you check if the project got back on track.

Q6. (a) What are four stages of team development and growth? What are the
barriers to team effectiveness. (10 marks)
 84

Common Problems in a Team

1.​ Poor Communication: If team members don’t share information clearly, it can cause
confusion and arguments.​

2.​ No Clear Goals: Without clear goals, the team doesn’t know what to focus on and may
lose direction.​

3.​ Weak Leadership: If the leader is not strong or consistent, it can stop good decisions
and reduce team motivation.​

4.​ Conflicts Between Members: Arguments or tension between team members can hurt
teamwork and trust.​

5.​ Lack of Trust: When team members don’t trust each other, they won’t work well
together or feel motivated.​

6.​ Unclear Roles: If everyone is unsure about their tasks, work can get repeated or
important jobs might be missed.​

7.​ Poor Time Management: If the team doesn’t manage time well, deadlines can be
missed and work piles up.

Q6.(b) List and briefly describe the ways the project may be terminated. What
are some non technical reasons for project termination? (10 marks)

Answer already given