LAGOS STATE UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES

PSYCHOLOGY DEPARTMENT

COURSE TITLE
CONTEMPORARY PSYCHOLOGY
COURSE CODE
Psy 413
TITLE
TERRORISM AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGY

1. Wusu Senami Abosede 210651059

2. Maryam Oyinnitemi Sulaiman 210651058
3. Oyedokun Abdul-Muhid Akanni 210651041
4. ⁠Olanrewaju Oluwadunsin 210651034
5. ⁠Onuorah Precious 210651039
6. ⁠Akintola Akinkunmi 210651048
7. Olundegun eniola ayomikun
210651036
8. Shoaga Azeem Ayomide 210651057
9. ⁠Alakinde Haleemah Opeyemi 210651049
10. Amoo Abdul-Rahman Olanrewaju 210651016
11. Posu Daniel Mauton 210651065
12. ⁠Okebugwu Treasure Miracle:210651053
13. ⁠Yusuf Samson 210651044
14. Atoyebi Folake Veronica -210651018.
15. Mogaji Jumana Mopelola 200591083
16. Akinade Adekunle-210651011
17. ⁠Akinola Eunice Olufunmilola 210651012

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18. ⁠Adesina boluwatife Oluola 210651072
19. ⁠Akinjo Eniola Damaris 210651071
20. Oshodi Olajesu Deborah 220651002
21. Zamba Magdalene Seyon 210651045
22. ⁠oluwo munirat 210651055
23. Tanpinnu Oluwatobi Dagbeyon 210651078
24. Mohammed Suad Eniola 210651028
25. Rhema Uralo Omeh 210651056
26. ⁠NWAGBOSO CHIOMA HOPE 210651029
27. ⁠OKPAKU GABRIEL 210651070
28. ⁠Adeleke Kamordeen Ademola
210651069
29. Abiona Asiyah kehinde - 210651002
30. Adewunmi Favour Oluwabusayomi 210651006
31. ⁠Akinrinmade Naomi 210651013
32. Obikoya Olujimi David 210651030
33. Omokhodion Osebulu Esther 210651037
34. Ayeni-Davies Oluwaseye David 210651067
35. Eleyinmi Imoleayo - 210651022
36. ⁠GBADAMOSI Babatunde - 210651024
37. Oguntona Abosede - 210651052
38. ⁠Ogunyemi Abigail Oluwatosin- 210651032
39. Ajasa Oluwapelumi -190651017
40. ⁠Adeyemo Zainab Kofoworola -210651073
41. ⁠Adegbesan Samuel -210651003
42. ⁠Bashiru Aminat omobolanle -200651026

Table of Content
1. Introduction

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Definition of terrorism and psychopathology
Background on the complex and multifaceted nature of terrorism
2. Psychological theories and their link to terrorism
Psychoanalytic approach
Etiology
Biological - neuropsychological factors
Hormonal factors
Neurochemical
Psychophysiological factors
3. Psychopathological factors in terrorism
. Psychopathy and antisocial personality disorder
. Narcissist personality disorder
. Grandiosity
. Trauma, PTSD, and stress-related disorders
. Mood disorder
. Personality disorder
Discuss how these factors contribute to terrorist behavior, including radicalization and
violent extremism
4. Psychological assessments and evaluation

5. Discuss how understanding of psychopathological factors prevent terrorist behavior

BACKGROUND

Psychology, as a discipline, has a long history of looking first to explain deviant

behaviors as a function of psychopathology (i.e., mental disease, disorder, or
dysfunction) or maladjusted personality syndromes. According to Schmid and
Jongman (1988), they noted that “The chief assumption underlying many
psychological ‘theories’ is that the terrorist in one way or the other is not normal and
that the insights from psychology and psychiatry are adequate keys to understanding.”
In reality, psychopathology has proven to be, at best, only a modest risk factor for
general violence, and all but irrelevant to understanding terrorism. In fact, “the idea of

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terrorism as the product of mental disorder or psychopathy has been discredited”
(Crenshaw, 1992).
It is rather difficult to study the prevalence of psychopathology and maladaptive
personality traits in terrorist populations. Most studies that have examined this
question using actual psychological measures have included only terrorists who have
been captured and/or referred for a mental health examination. Those viewed as
needing a mental health assessment may be different from the general terrorist
population.
However, the research that does exist is fairly consistent in finding that serious
psychopathology or mental illnesses among terrorists are relatively rare, and certainly
not a major factor in understanding or predicting terrorist behavior (McCauley,
200274; Sageman, 200475). Fried (198276) observed that “Even in the cases of the
terrorist who is psychotic and delusional in his thinking, awareness of political
realities can play a significant role in determining behavior.”

PSYCHOPATHOLOGY

An early use of the term "psychopathology" dates back to 1913, when Karl Jaspers, a
German/Swiss philosopher and psychiatrist, introduced the idea in his book General
Psychopathology. This new framework for understanding individuals' mental
experiences followed a long history of varied attempts to make meaning out of
"abnormal experiences."

Psychopathology according to the APA dictionary is the scientific study of mental

disorders, including their theoretical underpinnings, etiology, progression,
symptomatology, diagnosis, and treatment. This broad discipline draws on research
from numerous areas, such as psychology, biochemistry, pharmacology, psychiatry,
neurology, and endocrinology. The term in this sense is sometimes used
synonymously with abnormal psychology or the behavioral or cognitive
manifestations of such disorders. The term in this sense is sometimes considered
synonymous with mental disorder itself. Psychopathology can be understood as an
in-depth study of problems related to mental health. Just like pathology is the study of

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the nature of disease (including causes, development, and outcomes),
psychopathology is the study of the same concepts within the realm of mental health
(or illness).

Psychopathology is all about exploring problems related to mental health: how to

understand them, how to classify them, and how to fix them. Because of this, the topic
of psychopathology extends from research to treatment and covers every step in
between. The better we can understand why a mental disorder develops, the easier it
will be to find effective treatments.

Terrorism cannot be attributed to a single factor or cause, instead, it is a combination

of social, economic, cultural, and Psychological factors.

PSYCHOLOGICAL STATE: A person's psychological state of mind, such as hate or

a desire for power, can motivate terrorism. The psychological factors or causes of
terrorism are complex and multifaceted. While there is no single psychological profile
that can explain why individuals engage in terrorism, research has identified several
key psychological factors that can contribute to an individual's likelihood of engaging
in terrorist behavior such as;

1.​ Trauma

Individuals who have experienced psychological trauma, such as post-traumatic stress

disorder (PTSD), may be more susceptible to recruitment by terrorist groups. Trauma
can create a sense of vulnerability, anxiety, and anger, which can be exploited by
terrorist groups.

2. Personality Traits

Certain personality traits, such as narcissism, aggression, and impulsivity, may be

more prevalent among terrorists. These traits can contribute to a sense of grandiosity,
a desire for power and control, and a willingness to engage in violent behavior.

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3. Group Dynamics

The dynamics of terrorist groups, including peer pressure, social influence, and group
identity, can play a significant role in shaping individual behavior. Individuals may be
drawn to terrorist groups because of a sense of belonging, identity, and purpose.

4. Cognitive Biases

Cognitive biases, such as confirmation bias, fundamental attribution error, and the
illusion of control, can contribute to an individual's likelihood of engaging in terrorist
behavior. These biases can lead individuals to misinterpret information, overestimate
their abilities, and underestimate the consequences of their actions.

5. Emotional Regulation

Difficulty regulating emotions, such as anger, anxiety, and frustration, can contribute
to an individual's likelihood of engaging in terrorist behavior. Terrorist groups often
exploit these emotions to recruit and radicalize individuals.

6. Identity and Belonging

A sense of identity and belonging can play a significant role in an individual's

likelihood of engaging in terrorist behavior. Terrorist groups often provide a sense of
identity, purpose, and belonging to individuals who feel marginalized, excluded, or
disenfranchised.

7. Mental Health

Mental health issues, such as depression, anxiety, and psychosis, can contribute to an
individual's likelihood of engaging in terrorist behavior. Terrorist groups often exploit
these issues to recruit and radicalize individuals.

8. Social Learning

Social learning theory suggests that individuals learn behavior by observing and
imitating others. Terrorist groups often use social learning techniques, such as role
modeling and reinforcement, to radicalize and recruit individuals.

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B. Neuropsychological factors

Impairment in the executive function deficits in the prefrontal cortex of the brain can
lead to low levels of arousal and reactivity, which can contribute to aggressive
behavior.

C. SOCIAL FACTORS:

1. Being excluded from society:

Individuals who feel excluded from society may be more susceptible to recruitment by
terrorist organizations. This can include individuals from minority groups,
immigrants, or those living in poverty.

2. Social Inequality and Economic Deprivation

Social inequality and economic deprivation can create an environment in which

terrorist organizations can thrive. When individuals feel that they have no economic
opportunities or social mobility, they may be more likely to turn to terrorism.

3. Community and Societal Factors

Community and societal factors can contribute to the radicalization and recruitment of
individuals into terrorist organizations. This can include communities that are
experiencing social and economic problems, or societies that are experiencing
significant social and political change.

4. Media and Propaganda

Media and propaganda can play a significant role in the radicalization and recruitment
of individuals into terrorist organizations. Terrorist organizations often use social
media and other forms of propaganda to spread their message and recruit new
members.

D. EMOTIONAL FACTORS: Some emotional factors that contribute to terrorism

include:

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1. Anger and Frustration

Individuals who feel angry and frustrated with their circumstances, such as poverty,
unemployment, or social injustice, may be more susceptible to recruitment by terrorist
organizations.

2. Fear and Anxiety

Fear and anxiety can be powerful motivators for individuals to join terrorist
organizations. This can include fear of persecution, fear of death, or fear of social and
economic instability.

3. Sense of Grievance

A sense of grievance, whether real or perceived, can contribute to the radicalization of

individuals. This can include grievances related to historical injustices, social
inequality, or political oppression.

4. Desire for Revenge

The desire for revenge can be a powerful motivator for individuals to engage in
terrorist activities. This can include revenge against governments, institutions, or
individuals perceived to be responsible for past injustices.

Psychological Theories

Psychological theories help us understand how people think, feel, and behave, and can
shed light on why some individuals turn to extreme actions like terrorism.

1.​ PSYCHOANALYTIC APPROACH:

This theory, developed by Sigmund Freud, suggests that people's behavior is
influenced by their unconscious mind, which includes repressed memories, desires,
and emotions. When someone experiences deep emotional trauma or inner conflict
(like feeling rejected, helpless, or angry), these feelings can build up and manifest in
harmful behaviors. Some argue that in the case of terrorism, individuals may act out
violently to release these deep-seated emotions or frustrations. Psychoanalysis is
based on the proposition that much of mental life is unconscious, that psychological

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development proceeds in stages based on infantile sexual fantasies, and that
psychological distress derives from unresolved intrapsychic conflict regarding those
fantasies (Gabbard 2000). The “dynamics” of this theory were derived from
nineteenth-century concepts of physics, in which the flow of mental and libidinal
energy is deterministically expressed, repressed, or discharged. The theory has
variants, but they share the notions that;
(1) parenting (as opposed to intrinsic temperament) determines psychological
temperament and health;
(2) active, unconscious forces exclude unpleasant thoughts from the consciousness;
(3) relationships with others, “object relations,” are controlled by unconscious forces
such as projection.
The theory is that one irrationally attributes one’s attitude to others (Wallerstein 1995;
Gabbard 2000). Multiple nonscientific assumptions underlie the “discoveries” claimed
by psychoanalysts, principally that the early analysts’ impressionistic interpretations
of classic cases according to their dynamic theory constitute evidence supporting that
theory.
Psychoanalytic approaches to terrorist behavior may be roughly divided according to
their emphasis on identity theory, narcissism theory, paranoia theory, and absolutist
thinking.

Identity Theory
It has been proposed that candidates for terrorism are young people lacking
self-esteem who have strong or even desperate needs to consolidate their identities
(Olsson 1988). Based on unstructured (and largely undocumented) interviews with
Irish and European terrorists, Taylor and Quayle (1994) reported that many became
politically violent, seeking a sense of purpose and self-worth—“a place in the sun.”
The theory of psychologist Erik Erikson (1959), that adolescents reach a stage of
identity formation at which ideologies assist in self-definition, was the basis for
Böllinger’s (1981; also see Crenshaw 1986) psychoanalytic interpretation of his
interviews with eight members of German terrorist groups: Böllinger claimed that
over-controlling parents prevented these respondents from developing autonomy,

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leading to identity crises that made violent struggle irresistible. At the extreme, those
with identity confusion are perhaps tormented by a sense of isolation, conceivably
engaging in terrorist violence as an adaptive response to the pain of anomie (Ferracuti
1982).

2.​ ETIOLOGY (Causes of Terrorism): Etiology refers to the study of the causes
of something, in this case, terrorism. From a psychological perspective, a
combination of personal, social, and environmental factors could lead someone
toward terrorism. This might include things like past trauma, feelings of being
wronged, extreme ideologies, or a desire for revenge or power. People may also
be influenced by social groups or communities that reinforce these behaviors.

3.​ BIOLOGICAL NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACH :

Our brains and bodies play a big role in how we behave. The neuropsychological
approach suggests that certain brain structures or brain chemistry could make
someone more prone to violent or extremist behavior. For example, some people may
have brain patterns that affect their decision-making or impulse control, making it
easier for them to act aggressively or violently.

4. HORMONAL APPROACH:
Hormones, like adrenaline or testosterone, can affect a person’s mood and behavior.
Higher levels of stress hormones, for example, may make someone more prone to
anger, aggression, or violence. In the case of terrorism, people with high levels of
stress or anger may be more likely to engage in extreme actions.

5. NEUROCHEMICAL APPROACH:
Neurochemicals are substances in the brain that help transmit signals between nerve
cells. Imbalances in chemicals like serotonin or dopamine can affect a person’s mood

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and behavior. If these chemicals are out of balance, it could lead to aggression or
impulsive actions, which could increase the likelihood of violent acts like terrorism.

6. PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL APPROACH:
This refers to how the mind (psychological) and body (physiological) work together.
Stress or trauma can trigger physical responses in the body, such as increased heart
rate or blood pressure. These physical responses might be linked to emotional
reactions like fear or anger. If someone has unresolved psychological issues (such as
trauma) and experiences intense physical responses to these emotions, they might
become more inclined to take extreme actions, like terrorism, as a way to cope.
7. COGNITIVE THEORIES
Cognitive theories are derived from the study of cognitive function, capacity, and
style. Cognitive Functions refer to mental functions such as memory, attention, the
ability to anticipate and learn Rules, bias, and the ability to handle complexity
(Dalgaard-Nielsen, 2008b). Cognitive capacity refers To mental functions such as
memory, attention, concentration, language, and the so-called “executive” functions,
including the capacity to learn and follow rules, anticipate outcomes, make Sensible
inferences, and perform accurate risk-benefit calculations (Lezak, 1995). Cognitive
style Refers to ways of thinking: biases, prejudices, or tendencies to over- or
underemphasize factors in Decision-making (Victoroff, 2005). Violent behavior is
influenced by both cognitive capacity and cognitive style. Studies have established a
connection between cognitive capacity and violence, and it has been hypothesized that
There might also be a connection between cognitive style and an individual’s
disposition to join a Terrorist group. To date, very few empirical studies have explored
the connection between cognitive Style and terrorism.
PARANOIA THEORY
Psychoanalytically based formulation of terrorist behaviors—one that includes an
explanation for the terrorist’s capacity for murder: Echoing Kohut (1972, 1978), he
posits that the salient feature of terrorist psychology is Projection, an infantile defense
that assigns intolerable internal feelings to an external Object when an individual who
has grown up with a damaged self-concept idealizes the good self and splits out the

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bad self. This projection is proposed to be the root of An adult persistence of the
infantile phase that Melanie Klein called the “paranoid schizoid position” (Robins and
Post 1997). While not overtly psychotic, the paranoid Position nonetheless inflames
the terrorist with suspicions that justify bloody acts of “self-defense” against his
victims: “The zeal of the torturer, the alacrity of the killer, Represents his eagerness to
destroy the devalued and disowned part of the self” (Robins And Post 1997, 146).
Post’s paranoia theory offers a developmental model that explains not only why only a
minority of individuals with political grievances turn to Terrorism but also why
terrorists kill those who do not appear to constitute an imminent threat.

PSYCHOPATHOLOGICAL FACTORS IN TERRORISM.

Psychopathy and antisocial personality disorder.

Psychopathy and antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) are two closely related
psychopathological factors that can significantly influence an individual's involvement
in terrorism. Both conditions share common features, such as a disregard for societal
norms and the rights of others, making them particularly relevant in understanding the
motivations behind extremist behaviors.

Psychopathy is characterized by a specific set of personality traits, including

superficial charm, manipulativeness, lack of empathy, and shallow emotions.
Individuals with psychopathic traits may be more likely to engage in calculated and
strategic forms of violence, including terrorism, as they often view others as mere
tools to achieve their goals. Their emotional detachment allows them to commit acts
of violence without the moral constraints that typically inhibit most individuals. This
lack of empathy can lead to a willingness to inflict harm on others, particularly when
they perceive a personal or ideological gain.

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On the other hand, antisocial personality disorder encompasses a broader range of
behaviors, including persistent patterns of violating the rights of others, deceitfulness,
impulsivity, and irritability. Individuals with ASPD may engage in impulsive acts of
violence and criminal behavior, which can include terrorism. The impulsivity
associated with ASPD can lead individuals to act without considering the
consequences, making them susceptible to joining extremist groups that promise
excitement or a sense of belonging. Additionally, the aggressive tendencies seen in
ASPD can drive individuals to engage in violent acts as a means of asserting power or
control.

Both psychopathy and ASPD can contribute to the radicalization process, particularly
when individuals are exposed to environments that reinforce their violent tendencies.
For instance, individuals with these disorders may be drawn to extremist ideologies
that resonate with their worldview, justifying their violent behaviors. The combination
of personality disorder traits and exposure to radical beliefs can create a potent mix
that leads to involvement in terrorist activities.

In summary, psychopathy and antisocial personality disorder are significant

psychopathological factors in terrorism. Their shared characteristics, such as lack of
empathy and impulsivity, can predispose individuals to engage in extremist violence.
Understanding these disorders is crucial for developing targeted interventions and
prevention strategies that address the underlying psychological issues driving
individuals toward terrorism.
Narcissist personality disorder
Narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) can also serve as a significant
psychopathological factor in terrorism. Individuals with NPD typically exhibit
grandiosity, a need for admiration, and a lack of empathy, which can shape their
motivations and behaviors in extreme ways, including violent actions associated with
terrorism.

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One of the key features of narcissism is an inflated sense of self-importance. This can
lead individuals to believe they are entitled to special treatment or that their beliefs
and goals are superior to those of others. In the context of terrorism, this grandiosity
can manifest as a belief that they are part of a larger, righteous cause, which justifies
their violent actions. They may view themselves as heroes or martyrs, and this
self-perception can motivate them to engage in acts of terrorism to gain recognition,
power, or validation.

Additionally, the lack of empathy associated with NPD can result in a diminished
capacity to understand or care about the suffering of others. This emotional
detachment allows individuals with narcissistic traits to commit acts of violence
without remorse. They may see their victims as mere obstacles or pawns in their quest
for fame or revenge, further facilitating their involvement in terrorist activities.
Moreover, individuals with NPD may be drawn to extremist groups that offer a sense
of belonging and an avenue for amplifying their self-image. These groups can provide
a platform for their grandiose fantasies, enabling them to act out their desires for
power and recognition. The combination of narcissistic traits and radical ideologies
can create a dangerous environment where individuals feel justified in committing
acts of violence.

In conclusion, narcissistic personality disorder can be a crucial factor in understanding

terrorism. The grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy inherent in NPD
can drive individuals to engage in violent acts, motivated by a desire for recognition
and a belief in their superiority. Recognizing these traits is essential for developing
effective prevention and intervention strategies aimed at reducing the risk of terrorism.
Grandiosity
Grandiosity is a significant psychopathological factor in terrorism, as it often drives
individuals to engage in extreme behaviors to fulfill their inflated self-image and
desires for recognition. Those exhibiting grandiosity typically have an exaggerated
sense of their importance and believe they possess unique qualities or abilities. This

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mindset can lead them to view themselves as central figures in a larger narrative, often
justifying violent actions as a means to achieve their perceived destiny.

In the context of terrorism, grandiosity can manifest in various ways. For instance,
individuals may see themselves as heroes or martyrs fighting against perceived
injustices, which can motivate them to commit acts of violence. They often seek to
gain attention and admiration for their actions, believing that such notoriety will
elevate their status and validate their self-worth. This need for recognition can drive
them to carry out high-profile attacks, aiming to leave a lasting impact on society and
cement their legacy. Furthermore, grandiosity can impair empathy, as individuals
become so focused on their importance that they disregard the suffering of others.
This lack of empathy enables them to rationalize their violent actions, viewing victims
as mere obstacles in their quest for greatness. Overall, understanding the role of
grandiosity in terrorism is essential for developing effective strategies to prevent
radicalization and address the underlying psychological factors that contribute to such
extreme behaviors.
Trauma, PTSD, and stress-related disorders.
Trauma, PTSD (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder), and stress-related disorders are
significant psychopathological factors that can influence individuals' behaviors,
including their potential involvement in terrorism. Understanding these factors
requires a comprehensive look at how trauma impacts mental health and how it can
lead to radicalization or violent behavior.

Trauma refers to the emotional and psychological response to distressing events, such
as violence, natural disasters, or personal loss. When individuals experience trauma,
they may develop a range of symptoms, including anxiety, depression, and a sense of
helplessness. In some cases, these traumatic experiences can lead to PTSD, a
condition characterized by intrusive memories, flashbacks, heightened arousal, and
avoidance of reminders of the trauma.

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Individuals with PTSD may struggle to cope with their emotions and experiences,
leading to feelings of isolation and alienation. This emotional turmoil can create a
vulnerability to extremist ideologies, as individuals seek meaning, identity, or a sense
of belonging. Terrorist groups often exploit these vulnerabilities, offering a sense of
purpose or community to those who feel marginalized or traumatized. Stress-related
disorders, such as Acute Stress Disorder (ASD) and Adjustment Disorders, can also
play a role in the context of terrorism. These disorders arise in response to stressful
events and can manifest as severe anxiety, mood disturbances, or behavioral changes.
Individuals experiencing these disorders may be more susceptible to radicalization,
particularly if they perceive extremist groups as providing solutions to their distress.
The interplay between trauma, PTSD, and stress-related disorders can create a cycle
where individuals, unable to process their trauma healthily, become increasingly
drawn to extremist ideologies. This connection highlights the importance of
addressing mental health issues in counter-terrorism efforts. Providing support and
treatment for trauma and stress-related disorders can help mitigate the risk of
radicalization and violence, fostering resilience and healthier coping mechanisms in
vulnerable populations.

In conclusion, trauma, PTSD, and stress-related disorders are critical factors in

understanding the psychological dimensions of terrorism. By addressing these issues
through mental health interventions and community support, it may be possible to
reduce the appeal of extremist ideologies and promote healing and recovery for those
affected by trauma.
Mood disorders
Mood disorders, such as depression and bipolar disorder, can serve as significant
psychopathological factors in the context of terrorism. These disorders are
characterized by persistent changes in mood that can affect an individual's thoughts,
behaviors, and overall functioning. Understanding how mood disorders relate to
terrorism involves examining the emotional and psychological vulnerabilities they
create. Depression, for instance, is marked by feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and a
lack of interest or pleasure in activities. Individuals suffering from depression may

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experience a diminished sense of self-worth and may feel disconnected from society.
This sense of alienation can make individuals more susceptible to extremist ideologies
that promise a sense of belonging or purpose.

Neurobiological Influences on Terrorist Behavior

1. Brain Chemistry and Aggression

o Neurotransmitters such as serotonin and dopamine play crucial roles in

regulating emotions and aggression. Studies suggest that low serotonin
levels are associated with increased impulsivity and aggression, traits
commonly observed in violent extremists.

o Dopaminergic activity is linked to reward-seeking behavior, which may

explain the allure of extremist ideologies that promise a sense of purpose
and fulfillment.

2. The Role of the Amygdala and Prefrontal Cortex

o The amygdala, responsible for processing fear and emotional responses, is

hyperactive in individuals prone to violence and radical beliefs.

o A weakened prefrontal cortex, which regulates impulse control and

rational decision-making, may contribute to susceptibility to extremist
rhetoric and violent actions.

Physiological Stress Responses and Radicalization

1. The Impact of Chronic Stress and Trauma

o Individuals exposed to prolonged stress, violence, or trauma may develop

heightened stress responses, making them more vulnerable to extremist
narratives that offer a perceived solution to their struggles.

o Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) has been observed in radicalized

individuals, potentially influencing their decisions to engage in terrorist
activities.

2. Cortisol and Fight-or-Flight Response

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 o Elevated cortisol levels due to chronic stress can lead to heightened
aggression and impulsivity.

o Extremist groups exploit stress and fear to manipulate individuals into

joining their cause by offering a sense of security and belonging.

Cognitive and Personality Factors in Terrorism

1. Cognitive Distortions and Black-and-White Thinking

o Terrorists often exhibit cognitive distortions such as all-or-nothing

thinking, which simplifies complex socio-political issues into binary
conflicts.

o Confirmation bias strengthens extremist ideologies by filtering

information that aligns with radical beliefs while disregarding opposing
viewpoints.

2. Personality Traits and Susceptibility to Radicalization

o Narcissistic traits, including grandiosity and a need for admiration, can

make individuals more prone to radicalization, as terrorist groups provide
a platform for self-importance.

o Low empathy levels and high sensation-seeking behavior contribute to

violent tendencies and attraction to extremist causes.

Environmental and Genetic Influences on Terrorism

1. Genetic Predisposition to Aggression

o Research suggests a hereditary component to aggression and impulsivity,

which may contribute to an individual’s likelihood of engaging in
extremist violence.

o Epigenetic factors, such as exposure to violence in early life, can alter

gene expression and influence radical behavior.

2. Social and Environmental Triggers

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 o Societal factors, including poverty, discrimination, and political
instability, interact with psycho-physiological traits to increase the
likelihood of radicalization.

Group dynamics and peer influence play a crucial role in reinforcing

extremist beliefs and behaviors.

PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT

Psychological assessments and evaluations of terrorism are crucial in understanding

how individuals or groups are radicalized, what motivates them to engage in violence,
and how to prevent or intervene in terrorist activities.

1. Motivations and Ideologies

• Radicalization: Radicalization is a psychological process where individuals adopt

extremist ideologies that justify violence. Social identity theory and groupthink
explain how personal grievances and collective identities can drive people towards
extremism (Hogg & Vaughan, 2018). According to the “Stages of Radicalization”
model, individuals often move through different phases—starting with a personal
crisis, followed by ideological exploration, and concluding with violent extremism
(Moghaddam, 2005).

2. Psychological Profiles

• Personality Traits: Psychologists examine certain personality traits, such as

narcissism, authoritarianism, and high levels of aggression. These traits may make
individuals more prone to violent behavior (Altemeyer, 2006). Terrorist profiles often
include individuals who exhibit a high need for power, dominance, or control, and
who are inclined to view violence as an acceptable means to achieve those goals.

3. Risk Assessment and Intervention

• Psychological Screening: Psychological assessments are often used to screen for

individuals at risk of radicalization, identifying personality traits, cognitive patterns,

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and emotional states that might make an individual vulnerable to extremism. For
example, individuals with higher levels of cognitive rigidity, low tolerance for
ambiguity, and high authoritarianism might be more prone to radicalization (Miller &
McDonald, 2013).

4. Rehabilitation and Deradicalization Programs: Psychological evaluation also

informs rehabilitation efforts for individuals who have been involved in terrorism.
Programs aim to address the cognitive distortions, emotional grievances, and social
influences that led to radicalization (Bakker, 2006). Cognitive-behavioral therapy
(CBT) is one of the most widely used approaches in deradicalization programs.

Conclusion

While psychopathology alone does not cause terrorism, certain disorders and traits can
increase vulnerability to radicalization and violent extremism. However, not all
terrorists suffer from mental illness—many are driven by ideological, social, and
political motivations. Terrorist groups often exploit psychological vulnerabilities,
using propaganda and manipulation to recruit individuals who feel alienated,
traumatized, or desperate for meaning. Understanding these psychological factors can
help in developing counterterrorism strategies focused on early intervention, mental
health support, and deradicalization programs.

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