EM4900E

4-H Cat Project

Unit 2
WA S H I N G T O N S TAT E U N I V E R S I T Y E X T E N S I O N
 AUTHORS

Alice Stewart, Yakima County

Nancy Stewart, King County
Jean Swift, Skagit County

Revised 2008 by Michael A. Foss, DVM, Skamania County,

Nancy Stewart and Jean Swift.
Reviewed by Karen Comer, DVM, Pierce County.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Reviewed by State Project Development Committee:

Laurie Hampton—Jefferson County
Cathy Russell, Betty Stewart, Nancy Stewart—King County
Kathy Fortner, Cindy Iverson, Vickie White—Kitsap County
Sandy Anderson, Dianne Carlson, Jan Larsen—Pierce County
Jean Swift, Kate Yarbrough—Skagit County
Alice Stewart—Yakima County

Word Processing by Kate Yarbrough, Skagit County

WSU Extension Curriculum Review

Jerry Newman, Extension 4-H/Youth Development Specialist,
Human Development Department
 4-H CAT PROJECT
UNIT 2

Dear Leaders and Parents:

A 4-H member will progress to this manual upon successful completion of Unit One. There is no
age requirement for any of the Cat Project manuals. The 4-H member is expected to do some
research beyond this manual. Please check the back pages of this manual for suggested references
including books and web sites. It is also suggested that members visit a breed association cat
show where they may see many different breeds of cats and talk with their owners.

CONTENTS

Chapter

1 Cat’s Origins................................................................................................................................. 3
2 Cat Breeds...................................................................................................................................... 4
Breed Types.......................................................................................................................... 4
Body Types........................................................................................................................... 5
Coat Types............................................................................................................................ 5
Breed Identification Worksheets....................................................................................... 8
3 Cat Characteristics..................................................................................................................... 13
The Cat’s Body................................................................................................................... 13
The Five Senses.................................................................................................................. 13
Other Characteristics........................................................................................................ 15
4 Selecting a Kitten or Cat............................................................................................................ 15
5 Feeding and Nutrition............................................................................................................... 18
Nutrition Word Search................................................................................................ 21–22
6 Health Care................................................................................................................................. 23
Diseases............................................................................................................................... 24
Parasites.............................................................................................................................. 27
Other Common Disorders................................................................................................ 31
Spaying and Neutering.................................................................................................... 33
Declawing........................................................................................................................... 33
7 Emergencies and First Aid........................................................................................................ 34
8 Traveling With Your Cat............................................................................................................ 37
9 Vocabulary................................................................................................................................... 38
Resources and References......................................................................................................... 40
Worksheets.................................................................................................................................. 41
Word Search and Crossword Puzzles..................................................................................... 50
Answers Keys............................................................................................................................. 59
 CHAPTER ONE It is believed that Phoenicians and Greeks may
have been the first to bring cats to Europe, start-
CAT’S ORIGlNS ing around 2000 B.C. They likely used them for
rat control on their ships, then sold or traded
We must go back 65 million years in the evolu- the cats at ports in Europe. Once on land, the
tion of animals to identify the cat’s ancestors. Greeks, Romans, and others used the cats for
The earliest ancestors were called Miacids rodent control. The cats did well in Europe,
(pronounced my-a-kids). The Miacids were enjoying the protection of the Church until the
creatures about the size of a lynx, with long 10th century. During the Middle Ages, cats lost
slender bodies, long tails, and short legs with favor with the Church and were blamed for
retractable claws that extended from the paws anything evil. They were often burned. Their
during such activities as climbing trees or fur was used for clothing and their flesh was
fighting. Over the next 10 million years, the eaten during the famines. Cats were connected
Dinictis evolved bringing higher intelligence to witchcraft clear into the 1700’s.
and greater agility to an animal more like the
cat of today. Cats were treated much better in the Orient.
In China, the cat became a symbol for good
The first sign of domestication of cats appears fortune, peace, and beauty. Buddhists admired
to be around 4500 B.C. The earliest remains the cat’s meditative powers. The domestic cat
were found in Africa. Overwhelming arrived in Japan about 600 A.D., which was
evidence points to Ancient Egypt and the about the same time Buddhism was intro-
African Wildcats (Felis Sylvestris libyca) as the duced to Japan. The Maneki Neko (beckoning
oldest truly domestic cats. They were probably cat) is one of the most common lucky charms
used in farming villages to hunt the river rats seen in Japan. This figure of a sitting cat with
that invaded the granaries. Feline remains were the left front paw raised is frequently seen in
found on Cyprus dating back to 5000 B.C., but shop windows where it is inviting customers
wild cats did not occur naturally on Cyprus, so to enter. The same figure with the right paw
they had to have been brought there. raised attracts money and good fortune. With
the Japanese appreciation of simple artistic
In Egypt, cats were so special that they came to form, cats are seen as a being of rare beauty.
be considered sacred. The earliest mention of
the cat as sacred is in the Book of The Dead dat- During the 17th Century, attitudes toward the
ing back to 3500 B.C. The cat was the symbol cat began to change for the better. Cats found a
for the sun god Osiris or Re. About this time, special spot in the family household and even-
it is said that Bast (the wife, sister, or daughter tually became the beloved pets they are today.
of Re) fled from Re and assumed the shape of The cat’s progress was significantly improved
a cat, thus becoming the goddess that pro- in the 19th Century, the Victorian Era, which
tects cats. She is known as the goddess of the saw an improvement in the treatment of all
night and the moon. She protected crops and domestic animals.
ensured a rich harvest. Her temples became
sanctuaries for cats. When cats died, they were The Victorian Era also saw an increasing
usually embalmed, given ceremonial rites, and enthusiasm for exhibiting and breeding cats.
buried in special cemeteries. The killing of cats The first cat show was held in London, Eng-
was a crime punishable by death. Egypt pro- land, on July 13, 1871, at The Crystal Palace.
hibited the export of cats. There were 160 cats for display and competi-

—3—
tion. During the late 1800’s interest in breed- household pets to be shown. Unlike pure-
ing and showing began to spread abroad. The breds, they are not judged according to a
first American cat show was held in Madison written standard, but on the basis of physical
Square Garden, New York City in 1895. In condition, cleanliness, presentation, tempera-
1904, the Cat Fancier’s Association (CFA) be- ment, and attractive or unusual appearance.
gan a registry of pedigreed cats in America. Throughout the world, cats of unknown
lineage comprise the vast majority of pets,
The cats of today are approximately the same and most of them are mixed breeds. They are,
size and shape as the ancient cats. They have without a doubt, the most popular cats of all.
retained their keen hunting instincts and self-
reliance, make the same purring sounds, and Breed Types
display the same aloofness and affection.
Cat breeds are divided into three types: Natu-
ral, man-made (hybrid), and spontaneous
mutation.
CHAPTER TWO
• Natural: A natural breed was created by na-
CAT BREEDS ture, but refined and stabilized through se-
lective breeding. Some natural breeds such
Today there are many breeds of cats. The Cat as the Abyssinian have been in existence for
Fancier’s Association (CFA) recognizes 41 hundreds of years.
different breeds. Other North American as-
• Man-made: Man-made breeds, or hybrids,
sociations recognize many additional breeds,
are created by the purposeful crossing of
including the exotic crosses between wild
two or more breeds to establish a third
and domestic cats. There are more breeds
breed. The new breed’s results range from
recognized overseas and some that are still in
having its own distinct appearance such as
development.
the Ocicat, to being almost identical to one
of the foundation breeds, such as the Orien-
Cats may be divided into two categories: the
tal Shorthair. An example of a hybrid show-
popular house cat of unknown ancestry, or
ing equal characteristics of both foundation
the purebred, (a pedigreed cat), intentionally
parents is the Tonkinese. It is interesting to
bred for certain desirable qualities and usually
note that Siamese have been a foundation
eligible for exhibition in the show ring. The
for more new breeds than any other cat.
various cat associations have prepared written
standards so that judges might compare the • Mutation: A mutation is a spontaneous
qualities of competing cats with the appropriate change in the gene structure resulting in an
breed specification. A large number of pure- unusual feature. This feature may attract
breds do not meet the standards and, therefore, the attention of breeders who then develop
may be obtained at lower prices. However, they that feature, creating a new breed with
may still be registered and make excellent pets. uniform standards. Some of these breeds
are relatively new, such as the Rexes and
The majority of pet cats are mixed breeds. the Scottish Fold, while others have been
They almost never resemble the standard of around for so long they are now considered
any cat breed. However, 4-H has acknowl- natural breeds, such as the Manx or Japa-
edged the desirability of all cats by allowing nese Bobtail.

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Body Types Color

Cats are divided into three basic body types— The basic colors are black, chocolate, red, and
cobby, moderate, and foreign—with some white, with dilute (lighter) variations within
overlapping. those colors. Some breed descriptions use dif-
ferent names for the colors, such as the Bur-
• Cobby: Cobby refers to a heavy, short- mese, which lists sable instead of chocolate.
legged, compact, broad-chested body. Two breeds with ticked tabby patterns have
Examples are the Persian and Manx. special names for their color, ruddy for the
Abyssinian and sepia for the Singapura.
• Semi-Cobby: Semi-cobby bodies are a little
longer and not quite as broad-chested. Ex-
• Black—Sometimes called ebony
amples are the Chartreux and British Short-
– Blue is a dilute (lighter color) of black,
hair.
also called gray, ash, and slate
• Moderate: Moderate refers to a well-balanced – A dilute of blue is called lavender, lilac,
body of medium length, well-muscled, with or platinum
no extremes. This includes the majority of – Fawn is a beige-toned lilac
the breeds.
• Chocolate—Sometimes called brown, sable,
• Semi-Foreign: Semi-foreign bodies are begin- seal, mahogany, chestnut, or tawny
ning to stretch out, but not too extreme. Ex- – A dilute of chocolate may be called natu-
amples are the Abyssinian, Japanese Bobtail, ral, caramel, or champagne
and Russian Blue.
• Red—Sometimes called orange or tangerine
• Foreign: Foreign bodies (sometimes re- – A dilute of red is cream, sometimes called
ferred to as oriental or exotic) are long and yellow, beige, or tan
tubular to the extreme. They are firm and
• White
muscular. Examples are the Siamese and
Cornish Rex.
Silver and Golden are the background colors
of tabbies with variations sometimes called
Coat Types
bronze or pewter.
Probably the first thing a person notices
Pattern
about a cat is its beautiful coat. The color,
pattern, texture, and length of the coat have
All cats are genetically tabbies, with other pat-
a great deal of influence in selection of a cat.
terns evolving later. The different patterns are
Patterns and colors are not breeds. They are
solid (self), tabby, tipped, parti-color, bi-color,
the decoration a cat wears. The original coat
and pointed.
was a shorthaired brown classic tabby. All the
other colors, patterns, textures, and lengths
• Solid—A solid (self) colored cat is entirely
evolved over many centuries, creating varia-
one color. There are no tabby markings, no
tions in the tabby markings. Eventually a
white, and no changes of color on each hair.
solid coat color with no markings occurred.
Other mutations created the dilute color • Tabby—There are four basic tabby patterns:
blue and other lighter colors while the white Classic, Mackerel, Spotted, and Ticked. The
mutation created the bicolor patterns such as hairs are each banded with light and dark
calico, as well as solid white. stripes called agouti bands or ticking. It is

—5—
 the arrangement of the bands that create the or points. There can be as little as only one
patterns. small spot of white or the cat can be nearly
– Mackerel: The “wild type” pattern with all white. A female cat with a tortoiseshell
spine lines and narrow vertical stripes on pattern and white is called a calico. A van
the sides. pattern is a white cat with patches of color
– Classic: Irregular spirals and whirls, on the head and tail. It may also have a few
broad and clearly defined that create spots on the rest of its body.
a bulls-eye effect on the sides, with solid
• Pointed—The pattern of a pointed cat has
lines on the spine, and a butterfly mark
the facial mask, ears, legs, feet, and tail of a
on the shoulders.
contrasting darker color while the body is a
– Spotted: Broken stripes appear as spots,
pale cream, fawn, or white.
sometimes seeming to run together into a
mackerel pattern.
– Ticked: Body hairs are “ticked” with Texture
various shades of the main marking
color and the ground color. The body is A cat’s coat is made up of longer guard hairs,
free from noticeable spots or stripes. more bristly awn hairs, and an underlying lay-
er of soft down hairs. These three types of hairs
An interesting variation of tabby is the vary from one breed to the next. For example,
patched tabby, which has patches of red or a Persian’s down hairs are nearly as long as
cream mixed with the ground colors on the its guard hairs, while the Turkish Angora has
body and extremities. It can occur with any lesser developed down hairs resulting in a less
of the tabby patterns. dense coat. The American Wirehair has awn
• Tipped—In the tipped patterns, each guard hairs the same length as the guard hairs. Both
hair has color only on the tips of the hair types of hairs are curled and crinkled, resulting
and white underneath. A cat with red tip- in a wiry feel to the coat. The Rex breeds have
ping is called a cameo. no guard hairs and wavy coats.
– Chinchilla (or shell) is the lightest tipping
with color only on the very tip of each Length
hair.
– Shaded is the intermediate tipping with The length of a cat’s coat is naturally short.
color on the last quarter of hair. The long hair mutation occurred over many
– Smoke is the heaviest tipping with color centuries. Specifying the length of a coat can
on the last half of the hair. The smoke be confusing. Show standards refer to short,
pattern is especially striking because short to medium, medium, semi-long, medi-
when the cat is still, it appears to be a um-long to long, and long and thick. Many
solid color, but the white shows up when breeds began as short hairs, but eventually
the cat moves. were bred for long hair as well. Some registries
list long hairs as separate breeds while others
• Parti-color—A black female cat with random list them as a division within a breed.
patches of red is called a tortoiseshell. The
red patches often have tabby markings. A One interesting coat length note: The Sphynx
blue/cream (dilute tortoiseshell) is a blue is not totally bald. It has thin, short hairs on
female with patches of solid cream. its ears, muzzle and tail, but no whiskers. The
• Bi-Color—Bi-colors are cats with white. rest of the body may be completely hairless, or
White spotting or piebalding can occur with it may have thin, short hairs up to 1/8 inch in
any solid color or pattern, including the col- length over other parts of its body.

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 HAIR COLORING

TIPPED
SOLID, SELF
Only the tip is colored. The base is white.
The hair is totally one color.

SHADED SMOKE
Half the hair is colored, blending to a white base. Most of the hair is colored with a white base.

TABBY, TICKED, OR AGOUTI

LONG SHORT
The color is broken into bands, A short hair can have as few as 3 bands of color.
the outer tips usually being the darkest A long hair can have 5 to 8 bands of color.
and the base the lightest.

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 COAT PATTERNS

CLASSIC TABBY MACKERAL TABBY SPOTTED TABBY

TICKED TABBY TORTIOSESHELL CALICO

VAN POINTED BI-COLOR

BREED IDENTIFICATION WORKSHEETS

The following pages are designed to help you learn about many breeds of cats. In the back of this
manual is a list of reference books and web sites. There are many other books and web sites available
as well. Fill in all the spaces for each breed. The first two pages are the breeds recognized by The Cat
Fancier’s Association (CFA), the largest breed association in North America. The next two pages list
different breeds recognized by one or more breed associations in North America.

—8—
 The Cat Fancier’s Association (CFA) Breed Identification Worksheet
BODY EYES EARS HEAD COAT TAIL TYPE
• Type • Shape • Size • Shape • Length • Pattern • Length • mutation
BREED • Color • Special Feature? • Texture • Color • Special Feature? • hybrid
• natural

1 Abyssinian

2 American Bobtail

3 American Curl

4 American Shorthair

5 American Wirehair

6 Balinese

7 Birman

8 Bombay

9 British Shorthair

10 Burmese

—9—
11 Chartreux

12 Colorpoint Shorthair

13 Cornish Rex

14 Devon Rex

15 Egyptian Mau

16 European Burmese

17 Exotic

18 Havana Brown

19 Japanese Bobtail

20 Javanese

21 Korat
(Continued)
 The Cat Fancier’s Association (CFA) Breed Identification Worksheet (Continued)
BODY EYES EARS HEAD COAT TAIL TYPE
• Type • Shape • Size • Shape • Length • Pattern • Length • mutation
BREED • Color • Special Feature? • Texture • Color • Special Feature? • hybrid
• natural

22 LaPerm

23 Maine Coon

24 Manx

25 Norwegian Forest Cat

26 Ocicat

27 Oriental

28 Persian

29 RagaMuffin

30 Ragdoll

31 Russian Blue

— 10 —
32 Scottish Fold

33 Selkirk Rex

34 Siamese

35 Siberian

36 Singapura

37 Somali

38 Sphynx

39 Tonkinese

40 Turkish Angora

41 Turkish Van

42

43
 Breed Identification Worksheet for Different Breeds
BODY EYES EARS HEAD COAT TAIL TYPE
• Type • Shape • Size • Shape • Length • Pattern • Length • mutation
BREED • Color • Special Feature? • Texture • Color • Special Feature? • hybrid
• natural

1 Bengal

2 Burmilla

3 California Spangled

4 Chantilly (Tiffany)

5 Chausie

6 Cymric

7 Donskoy

8 Don Sphynx

— 11 —
9 Foldex

10 Foreign Burmese

11 Highland Fold

12 Himalayan

13 Longhair Exotic

14 Munchkin

15 Nebelung

16 Non-Pointed Himalayan

17 Ojos Azules

18 Peterbald

19 Pixiebob

(Continued)
 Breed Identification Worksheet for Different Breeds (Continued)
BODY EYES EARS HEAD COAT TAIL TYPE
• Type • Shape • Size • Shape • Length • Pattern • Length • mutation
BREED • Color • Special Feature? • Texture • Color • Special Feature? • hybrid
• natural

20 Savannah

21 Serengeti

22 Snowshoe

23 Sokoke

24 Thai

25 Toyger

26 York Chocolate

27

28

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29

30
 CHAPTER 3

CAT CHARACTERISTICS climb, fight, and grip. However, all the claws
point forward so a cat can only back down a
Your cat is one of the most intelligent and tree after climbing it. A cat expresses pleasure
beautiful of all animals. Understanding its or contentment by extending and retract-
anatomy, temperament, and physical charac- ing the claws in a pumping motion we call
teristics will help you enjoy the unique per- “kneading. “
sonality of your cat even more.
A cat’s beautiful coat is one of its most striking
Scientists classify the cat as a carnivorous features. The hairs of the cat’s coat grow from
(meat-eating) animal because of its teeth. The tiny pits in the skin called follicles. The coarse
teeth have three functions: stabbing (killing top coat is formed from primary or guard
prey), anchoring or holding prey, and cutting hairs which grow from individual follicles.
or tearing flesh. Cats do not have flat-crowned The secondary hairs which form the undercoat
molars so are not able to crush or grind food. (underfur) grow in groups from each follicle.
There are two types of secondary hairs, the
awn hairs which have bristly tips and the down
The Cat’s Body hairs which are fine and crinkly. A special type
of follicle produces the sensitive hairs called
The cat’s body has 230 bones while man has sinus hairs. These are located on the muzzle
only 206. Many of the cat’s “extra” bones are (as whiskers, also known as vibrissae), above
in its tail. A cat’s tail can indicate its moods. the eyes, and on the back of the lower forelegs
Carried high, the tail shows the cat’s pride and (carpal hairs). The carpal hairs are particularly
contentment; extended straight, it tells you the sensitive to touch such as when using their
cat is stalking; curled against its body says the forelegs for grasping wriggling prey.
cat is scared or worried; and thrusting from
side to side warns that the cat is angry. A cat’s
hind legs are longer and stronger than those in The Five Senses
front, enabling it to leap with great skill. While
most animals move their front and opposite Sight
hind legs at the same time, a cat moves its A cat’s eyes are probably its most distinc-
front and hind legs on one side, then the other. tive feature, and sight is a highly developed
sense. Cats can see in nearly total darkness,
Notice how silently a cat moves. This is be- yet their sight is keen in bright daylight.
cause of its thickly cushioned paws. The cat Although they do have some special features,
is digitigrade, which means it walks or runs cats’ eyes are basically similar to the eyes of
on its toes. A cat usually has five toes in front other mammals, including humans. Due to
and four in back, but some cats are polydactyl, the size and shape of the lens, a cat cannot fo-
having more than the usual number of toes. cus very well on close-by objects, but can see
Each toe has a firmly attached hook-shaped best at distances of seven to twenty feet. Cats’
claw which is the cat’s main method of de- eyes are designed to collect the maximum
fense. The retractable claws allow the cat to amount of light, which allows a cat to see in

— 13 —
light six times dimmer than that in which in eyesight and smell. They also become quite
humans are able to see. Although it may sensitive to vibrations, appearing to “hear”
seem very dark to us, there must be a faint with their feet.
glimmer of light in order for the cat to see.
Cats eyes shine in the dark when caught in a Smell
ray of light. This occurs because a mirror-like A highly-developed sense of smell plays an
structure called the tapetum lucidum lines important role in the appetite, behavior, pro-
most of the back of the eye. For a long time tection, and reproduction of cats. The sense of
it was believed that cats only saw in shades smell is the cat’s method of recognition and
of gray, but research has proven that cats do any new object, person, or cat will be thor-
have the ability to see at least some colors. A oughly sniffed before being accepted. Food is
newborn kittens eyes are closed and remain first identified by smell, then tasted, and eaten
that way for seven to ten days. After open- if the smell is acceptable. The smell of catnip
ing, their vision is still very poor, and kittens often brings intense interest. Most cats re-
do not see as well as adult cats until they are spond to catnip by sniffing, chewing, rubbing,
about three months old. From then on, vision rolling, and meowing. The cat will appear to
becomes their most important sense. be in a psychedelic state for a period of five to
fifteen minutes. Fortunately, the effect does not
Hearing last long, nor is catnip addictive.
In addition to keen eyesight, a cat also has
super-sensitive hearing, a real bonus for a Taste
hunter. Not only is a cat able to hear noises Closely aligned to the sense of smell is the sense
too faint for human ears, but they also hear of taste. Taste buds are located on the front and
ultrasonic sounds much higher than we can side edges of a cat’s tongue and at the back of
detect. Cats can locate the sources of sounds, the tongue. Cats are very sensitive to taste and
being able to accurately locate the squeaks and have very definite food likes and dislikes. The
noises of small rodents which are completely sense of taste develops very early in a kitten;
hidden from view. Cats are constantly alert to kittens only one day old can determine the
strange noises which may signal danger; even difference between salted and unsalted liquids.
when catnapping they immediately respond Although most mammals can detect sweet, bit-
whether the sound indicates danger or is a ter, salt, and acid, cats are different because they
familiar sound such as a footstep, car, whistle, may not respond to the taste of sweet things.
or their name being called. The source of the In fact, their digestive system is very sensitive
sound is easily located, and a cat can discrimi- to sugar, and eating sugar may make them ill.
nate between two sounds as close together as That is why many cats develop diarrhea when
three inches or from three feet away. Although given cow’s milk. They are not able to tolerate
directing earflaps toward a sound enables a the lactose (milk-sugar) in the milk.
cat to better hear faint sounds, it will not help
in direction-finding. A cat’s hearing is not ac- Touch
curate enough for it to be able to hunt in total Touch is the least important sense in a cat.
darkness. Some white cats, particularly blue- Touch includes the sensations of gentle touch,
eyed ones, become deaf at a very young age. heavy pressure, warmth, cold, and pain. The
Cats also tend to become deaf in old age. Cats hairless parts of a cat, the nose and paw pads,
compensate for deafness by an increased acuity are especially sensitive to touch, warmth, and

— 14 —
cold. A cat uses its paw pads to investigate the came from vibrations of the false vocal cords in
texture, size, and shape of anything with which the throat, it is now believed that it comes from
it is not familiar. The pads also are used to help a vibration motion that arises in the wall of one
a cat maintain its posture and can detect vibra- of the major blood vessels in the chest area.
tions, helping a cat “hear” with its feet. Hair These vibrations are readily transmitted to the
follicles also are quite sensitive, especially those cat’s upper air passages which result in a purr-
containing guard hairs or whiskers. The whis- ing sound. While purring is usually an indica-
kers are especially important for investigating tion of contentment, it can indicate a cat in pain.
nearby objects and may also be sensitive to air
currents. The cat’s skin picks up the feeling of Playing is a special characteristic of cats. Kit-
warmth or cold as well as pain. tens begin playing when they are about three
weeks old. Although cats will begin to play
Other Characteristics less often after about five months of age, a cat
will continue to play occasionally even into
Cats are noted for their great ability to sleep; old age. Play is important to the health and fit-
nearly two-thirds of their life is spent sleeping. ness of a cat. Two cats of similar age will play
Cats sleep in a series of “catnaps” rather than together, but if there is only one cat, the owner
one long period. When a cat is in a deep sleep must encourage play.
period, it may appear to be dreaming. We will
never know for sure, but it is assumed that
cats probably do dream. CHAPTER FOUR
Self-grooming is not just a cat’s way of keeping SELECTING A KITTEN OR CAT
itself clean. Licking stimulates the skin glands
which produce a waterproofing agent for the Once you have decided to acquire a cat, there
coat. In addition, grooming is also a method are several things to consider in order to be
of temperature regulation. Cats are unable to a responsible pet owner. Some of these were
sweat because of the fur, so saliva becomes a covered in Unit One, including age, coat type,
substitute for the cooling effect of sweat. That and male/female.
is why cats groom themselves more often in
warm weather. Purebred or Mixed Breed

A well-known cat characteristic is its ability to All cats are enjoyable, but you will need to de-
land on its feet. When falling, a cat will turn cide whether you want a purebred cat that may
its head to an upright, horizontal position, and be registered with a cat association, or if you
the rest of the body will follow. The tail may want a mixed breed cat. If a random-bred cat is
help in avoiding overbalancing. A cat may still desired, the local humane society shelter will be
be injured in a fall, because falling from a great able to provide several good choices. Workers
distance can still result in broken bones. Like- at the shelters often will be able to give you the
wise, a fall from a short distance could also background of the cat you plan to adopt. Cats
result in injury because the cat may not have and kittens are available, usually for a fee, and
time to right itself. some may spay or neuter them before adoption.
This way, they ensure no litters of unwanted
Cats are the only animals that purr. While it kittens are born. If you prefer a purebred cat that
was originally believed that the purring sound can be exhibited or used for breeding, you will

— 15 —
need to visit several catteries to make sure you In addition to an outgoing personality, the kit-
obtain the best possible animal in the breed of ten should have clear eyes with no excessive
your choice. Show cats and cats to be used in a watering, no discharge from the cool damp
breeding program can be quite costly. However, nose, a lustrous shine to its fur with no mats,
not all purebred animals meet the strict show clean ears with no sign of mites, clean white
standards and often can be obtained at a reduced teeth and pink gums, and no skin irritations
price. Although you may not want to show them or indications of fleas. Check around the
at an open show, they may do very well in a 4-H rectum for signs of diarrhea or inflammation.
show. Generally, the breeder will require you to The kitten should not be too thin or fat, as this
have the cat spayed or neutered before they will would indicate a nutrition problem or worm
give you the papers on the animal. infestation.

Begin your search by checking newspapers Ask to see the mother so you can determine
and cat magazine classified advertisements for her general health and conformation, as well
catteries in your area. Attend a few cat shows as observe her behavior. If she is a friendly,
and observe the various breeds before making outgoing cat, her kittens will probably be that
a final decision on the one you like best. Talk to way, too. If you are buying a kitten for show-
the breeders and exhibitors at the shows and ing and/or breeding, you should examine the
ask any questions you might have regarding pedigree certificate of the kitten. Never hesi-
personality and care. This is also a good time to tate to ask questions; breeders will welcome
get an idea of the prices of show and pet quality your interest if they are proud of their litters.
kittens and cats which might be for sale.
Pedigree
You could also write to an association that The pedigree will give the names and regis-
registers cats for the names of catteries in tration numbers of the kitten’s parents and
your area that might have kittens for sale. It several earlier generations. It will also indicate
would be better if you could visit the catteries championship stock in the background. This is
yourself and select the kitten or cat you want, important if you plan to use your new cat for
but there is also the possibility of having one breeding. Once you have completed the pur-
shipped to you by air. The cost of the shipping chase, make sure a transfer certificate showing
container and freight would be your respon- the change of ownership is registered.
sibility. Reputable dealers can be depended
upon to send a healthy cat, and it may be the Contract
best, if not the only way of acquiring a cat of Once you have chosen your kitten and have
the particular breed you desire. agreed on the price and method of payment,
have the breeder put it in writing. The con-
What to Look for When Choosing a Kitten tract should state the full purchase price, and,
if payments are to be made, what they will
Good health is essential when choosing a kit- be, and over what period of time. Include the
ten. The kitten should be active, playful, curi- time you will need (up to two weeks) to take
ous, and alert. It should not be afraid of strang- the kitten to a veterinarian of your choice to
ers or give any indication of hostile behavior determine if it is normal and in good health.
when picked up by you or the breeder, as this Reputable breeders should allow this with an
could indicate illness or a behavior problem. adequate deposit.

— 16 —
Veterinary Approval litter box is located. Also familiarize the kit-
Your veterinarian will not be able to give you ten with the placement of its food and water
an absolute guarantee of the kitten’s health fol- dishes, and its bed. Although a kitten will
lowing a short examination, but should be able probably choose its own place to sleep, the bed
to advise you of any serious faults or obvious may become a favorite spot. It should be away
abnormalities which could cause problems. from the mainstream of traffic in the house,
Let the veterinarian know what vaccinations and be in a dry and draft-free location.
the kitten has been given and have the kitten
tested for internal parasites. Once you have The Kitten’s First Night in Its New Home
selected a kitten, you should set up a schedule You may want to leave a nightlight on in the
for future vaccinations and examinations. room where your kitten will be spending its
first night. It will be happier and more con-
Bringing the Kitten Home tent if it can easily find the food and water
dishes, the litter pan, and the bed. Leaving a
Before bringing your kitten home, you should toy or a stuffed animal the same size as the
have all the necessary equipment ready and kitten in the sleeping box or basket will help
have a supply of food. The breeder can advise take the place of the litter mates it has been
you what kind of food and how much the kit- sleeping with. Make sure the room is warm
ten has been eating. enough and draft-free so the kitten can sleep
comfortably.
Let the breeder know what time you will ar-
rive so the kitten will not be fed before the re- Becoming Friends
turn car trip. If you pick up the kitten early in
the morning, it will have the entire day to get Cats will live happily in either the country
used to its new home. A weekend would be or the city. All they really want is someone
good because the entire family will be home to care for them, give them a warm place to
for two full days. live, proper food, fresh water, a dry bed, and
provide companionship. It takes some kit-
On the first day, teach children the correct tens and cats longer than others to get used
way to pick up a kitten. A kitten should not be to their new owners. Do not force yourself on
picked up by the front legs. Place one hand on the cat, but let it come to know you gradually.
the chest under the front legs with the other A good time to approach your cat is when it
hand supporting the hindquarters. Hold the kit- is eating. Talk to it gently, but do not touch.
ten close to your body for additional support. Try not to frighten the cat with loud noises
or sudden movements. As your cat becomes
Once the kitten has become accustomed to its more acquainted with you, it will come to
new surroundings, let everyone take turns feed- you for a little petting. Do not overwhelm the
ing and playing with the kitten. Introduce it to a cat with attention. With your patience and
collar or soft harness, even though they may be gentleness, your cat will come to trust you.
a little big for the kitten; the sooner it gets used
to the feel of a collar or harness, the better. Unlike most other pets, cats do not usually
respond to punishment, except perhaps to
Housebreaking become indignant. They can be taught house-
Housebreaking a kitten is usually not difficult. hold rules if an action such as jumping on a
Start early by showing the kitten where the table or scratching a chair is never permitted.

— 17 —
Get the cat to associate that action with some- by animal products such as meat, fish, or eggs.
thing it considers unpleasant, such as a loud These products provide essential amino acids
“NO!” or a squirt from a water pistol. Cats such as taurine which is important for a cat’s
are quick learners and can learn skills such as eyesight. Lack of taurine will result in eye le-
using a pet door in a short time. sions which can lead to blindness.

If your new pet is to be allowed outdoors, it Types of Food

should be done gradually after several days A cat may enjoy table scraps as a treat, but
of being confined indoors. This is especially nutritionally they are generally inadequate.
important if you have adopted an adult cat, Cats need a high-protein diet fortified with
as it may try to return to its previous home if vitamins and minerals. The best way to make
it has not completely accepted its new sur- sure your cat is eating a nutritionally balanced
roundings. The first few times the cat is al- diet is to feed a high quality commercial cat
lowed outdoors, it should be accompanied by food. High quality cat foods have been devel-
its owner. Otherwise, it could be frightened oped after years of careful research and they
away by a startling noise or it may wander can be depended upon to give your cat well-
away. After that, you may allow it to be out- balanced diets for a long healthy life. There
side alone, but remember that, even if the yard are four major types of commercial cat food:
is completely fenced in, the cat may decide dry, canned specialty, canned maintenance,
to explore further and can easily scale most and raw diets.
fences. It will be important for you to get a col-
lar with an identification tag. You must also be Dry cat foods contain an average of about
aware of the possibility of a litter of unwanted 31% protein, 11% fat, 10% moisture, and have
kittens if an unspayed female is allowed out- 1500 to 1700 digestible kilocalories per pound.
doors. Another danger is exposure to diseases These foods provide complete and balanced
and parasites. This can be avoided by keeping nutrition by combining quality sources of
the cat indoors. Cats can be very happy as an animal protein, cereal grains, fat sources, and
indoor pet as long as they have room to move other ingredients, including vitamin and min-
about for exercise and get plenty of attention eral supplements.
from their owner.
Some dry cat foods can be moistened with
water. However, a primary advantage of dry
CHAPTER FIVE cat food is that it can be left dry in the bowl
all day so that the cat can nibble as it pleases.
FEEDING AND NUTRITION This, along with its economy and complete
nutrition, makes dry food a popular choice.
Good nutrition is essential for the overall A dry food also helps keep your cat’s teeth
health of a cat during all stages of its life from clean and gums healthy by reducing tartar
kittenhood to old age. A kitten or cat that is build-up.
malnourished is more susceptible to disease
and infection and may have problems with Canned specialty cat foods are very tasty and
growth and/or reproduction. Nutritional offer a wide range of flavors. These products
studies have shown that cats have very special have a high percentage of meat, making them
dietary requirements. Their need for protein an excellent source of protein. Vitamins and
is particularly great and can only be provided minerals are sometimes added to help com-

— 18 —
pensate for the fact that meat, by itself, is not
completely nutritious. Read the label to de-
termine if the specialty cat food will provide drink milk, but too much milk may produce a
a complete and balanced diet for your cat. laxative effect.
Specialty cat foods generally are not intended
to be the only source of nutrition, but add a Feeding the Adult Cat
variety and taste-appeal to the cat’s diet. When a kitten reaches one year of age, it has
completed its rapid growth period, and it may
Canned maintenance cat food usually con- be placed on a maintenance diet. Unless the
tains about 10% protein, at least 4% fat, and cat is pregnant or lactating, it should remain
approximately 75% water. Since 1969, any on a maintenance diet for the rest of its life,
maintenance cat foods that state “scientific,” although some adjustments may need to be
“complete,” or “balanced” on the label must, made if the cat is sedentary or elderly. Re-
by law, provide a completely balanced diet for view the chart, “Guidelines for the Amount to
cats of all ages from weaning to senior, includ- Feed,” for recommended amounts of food. A
ing pregnant or lactating females. cat receiving the proper amount of food will
eat it all every day without becoming overly
Raw diets are also available, but one must lean or obese. A cat’s appetite and food intake
be very careful in feeding these as it may be may vary occasionally, but this is not a prob-
difficult to maintain a well-balanced diet and lem unless it goes on for several days or the
provide appropriate nutrients needed for the cat begins to show symptoms of illness.
cat’s age and activity level.
Feeding the Older Cat
Fresh, cool water should be available in a The longevity of cats continues to increase. Bet-
clean dish at all times, as it is an essential ele- ter food and balanced diets are a major factor
ment in the diet. While some cats enjoy milk, in cats now having an average life span of 14
it is not a substitute for water. Cats will drink years. Specialized diets have been formulated
more water in hot weather and when soft- for the older cat that address the physiological
moist and dry foods are fed. If a cat is ill, and changes and reduced physical activity of an
refuses to eat or drink, it is very important to older cat. Older cats also should be encouraged
get it to drink liquids, even if by force, in order to drink sufficient amounts of water as this
to prevent dehydration. increases kidney function. Older cats should
not be allowed to become obese, and regularly
Feeding the Growing Kitten scheduled veterinary checkups are advised.
Diet plays an important role in kitten develop- Old age is generally accompanied by a general
ment. In order to insure proper growth and slowing down, but a healthy cat should remain
development of other tissues, strong bones fairly active throughout its lifetime.
and teeth, and general good health, a kitten
will require about one and one-half times as Feeding the Obese Cat
much protein and three times the calories per If a cat’s ribs cannot be felt easily, the cat is
pound of body weight as a mature cat. As they probably overweight. The most common
will need extra energy until they reach ap- cause of obesity is over-feeding and inad-
proximately one year of age, kittens should be equate exercise. Obese cats need fewer calo-
fed two or three times a day. Even after kit- ries. It is much kinder to reduce the amount
tens have been weaned, they may continue to of food given to the cat, rather than allow it

— 19 —
to suffer the poor health that may result. An in neuters. To reduce the cat’s weight, the
obese cat is much more susceptible to serious caloric intake must be reduced and exercise
illness such as heart disease or diabetes. It increased, although it is best for a veterinar-
may also have physical problems such as ar- ian to decide the best program based on the
thritis or hip dysplasia. Obesity affects nearly cat’s health.
one cat in ten, and is especially common

Guidelines for the Amount to Feed

Calories Ounces Per Pound of Body Weight
per pound CANNED
of body weight DRY FOOD MAINTENANCE FOOD
Kittens:
10 weeks old 113 1.1 oz. 3.6 oz.
20 weeks old 59 .6 1.8
30 weeks old 45 .45 1.4
40 weeks old 36 1.2
Adults:
Active 32 .36 1.2
Pregnant 45 .45 1.4
Lactating 56-145 1.0 3.3
Sedentary 32 .32 1.0
Obese 22 .26 .84

Body Condition Score

It is important to determine the body condi- Body Condition Score 2—Underweight
tion of your cat so you can feed correctly. If Bones are raised with minimal tissue between
your cat is thin, you need to feed more. If skin and bones.
your cat is obese or fat, you need to give your
cat less food. Body Condition Score 3—Ideal Weight
Ribs are visible and easily felt. Shoulder
The Body Condition Score (BCS) was designed and pelvic prominences can be felt but with
to help cat owners determine the appropri- enough tissue to not make them protrude.
ate weight for their cat. If your cat is not at
the ideal weight (BCS 3) then you should take Body Condition Score 4—Overweight
steps to achieve ideal weight. Ribs are difficult to see or feel through moderate
fat cover. Slightly sagging abdominal fat pad.
Body Condition Score 1­—Very Thin
Ribs are prominent and easily felt without any Body Condition Score 5—Obese
fat cover. The pelvis and shoulder blade can Ribs are not visible and difficult to feel
easily be felt. through thick fat cover. Cat has a prominent
sagging abdominal fat pad.

(Thanks to Hill’s Pet Nutrition, Inc. for use of their Scoring System. http://www.hillsvet.com/Petfit/PetfitLevel2.jsp)

— 20 —
 WORD SEARCH

Locate the following words. These words all pertain to a cat’s nutrition. Extra credit is given for
writing their definitions and how they relate to the cat on another sheet of paper.

activity level complete liver soybean meal

additives corn magnesium specialty
age deficiency maintenance starch
amino acids diet malnourished stomach
appetite digestible meat stress
ash disease metabolism supplements
balanced dogfood milk table scraps
biotin dry minerals tartar
bird elderly mouse taste
blindness environmental nutrients taurine
bonemeal exercise old teeth
bones eggs obesity temperament
bugs fat phosphorus thiamine
calcium fiber plaque toxic
calories fish pregnant toxoplasmosis
canned grain preservatives tuna
carbohydrates internal parasites protein vegetable
carnivorous iodine reproduction virus
catnip iron salt vitamins
chlorine illness scientific waste
coat kitten milk replacer sodium water
colostrum lactating sedentary weaning
commercial laxative soft-moist weight
zinc

— 21 —
O W S H O S E V I T A V R E S E R P X I O Y L R E D L E U D
Q U K I T T E N M I L K R E P L A C E R A P E W H Y T O R S
C O R N I N S H Z I T T O G C N E C K E Z B A L A N C E D U
C E R T M N U C O L O S T R U M L I N L I C A P O J A N T P
O A L E P D R T O E L B I T S E G I D F O I N F I N L E Y P
M U R R E T N Y R O Z L A E S T M A I L R S C O V G O N U L
M E A N Y Y O O N I E P E C C A L C I U M E E S I C R E X E
E L N A I D O U N H E C E R I B N E J A E D A N S P I E S M
R A O L B V T C I L S N Y H A O R S E T A E R E T L E D T E
C T L P O R O B L U X B T U N L N Y F A T N A B A A S H M N
I O P A E T E R B U G S A S H I G I M R W T R M R Q U I A T
A X A R T S P H O S P H O R U S O Y I O T A B A C U T E G S
L O N A Y C R O W U N O C L O M A L N O U R I S H E D O N M
G P N S A T O K T A S T E U H E L O E S T Y O A O N D E E O
O L D I T A T U P A N D O T A R T A R V E R T T L D O U S S
D A N T N B E O D A G N W I K A B O A G E W I L S U I G I I
B S D E A L I M D R Y C A S S E N L L I N O N A C I C U U S
O M O S N E N V I R O N M E N T A L S T H Y D S R A T E M S
X O G E G S W I S T H O I U T E E S S J C H E O S T A N U K
O S F I E C A T E D B O N E M E A L X C A G I F O R C Y C L
U I O N R R G R A I N H O S N Y O A U F A N D T I N T O A A
B S O D P A I T S O C H A I C T O X I C L T U M N L I E P S
L B D T H P R Y E A D I C S M I N A T I B O N O A L V A P E
I E S M A S V D M R T F I S H O E T E E T H E I P A I F E T
N S O I A P I O E S S I D N G N R I X M A W C S P R T A T A
D H Y L A C T A T I N G S W I E N V E R N E S T G I Y N I R
N G C K I S A N A H M O F D N I D E N O P A R A N G L T T D
E H E R F L M O U R G S O L A S T R E S S N M E A R E G E Y
S C I E N T I F I C S I B L A S C K I T I I Q H V R V M Y H
S O Y B E A N M E A L C E U A P T S S B F N E W A I E D P O
I B E L T B S U C K L N E W A T E R Q U I G V E R N L X U B
T A B O Y C N E I C I F E D O R I Y N O I T C U D O R P E R
Y T I S E B O R G R I F E O A D D I T I V E S L I W H O P A
E S U O M E S U U O H N A K E C H L O R I N E A L L T T H C
L E V E G E T A B L E T T E T E L P M O C P O E C A G I A L
H S U T O A T E M P E R A M E N T E C N A N E T N I A M A T

— 22 —
 CHAPTER SIX Temperature. You will need the assistance
of another person, preferably an adult, to do
HEALTH CARE this. One person will restrain and comfort
the cat while the other takes the temperature.
Health care for your cat begins with daily atten- Use a rectal thermometer (NEVER an oral
tion. You learned in Unit One that you should one). Shake it down and lubricate it with
groom your cat daily. Not only does daily petroleum jelly, mineral oil, or cooking oil.
grooming keep the cat’s fur shiny and tangle- Insert the thermometer gently but firmly into
free, but the cat becomes used to being han- the anus. You may need to twist it slightly to
dled, which can make trips to the veterinarian relax the rectal (sphincter) muscles. Insert the
or to a 4-H activity a little less stressful. More thermometer so that the bulb is aimed straight
importantly, during this grooming session, you towards the cat’s head and goes in about one
can also check for health problems. By knowing inch. Leave it in for about two minutes, then
what is normal for your cat, you will quickly remove; wipe it off and read. A cat’s normal
notice the earliest signs of a health problem. temperature is 100.5˚F–102.5˚F. 105˚F is a
Look at the mouth, checking the color of the danger sign, and 108˚F is life-threatening, re-
gums and looking for tartar build-up or broken quiring immediate cooling off in a cold water
teeth. The nose should be free of discharge. bath. Cats can suffer brain damage from high
Check the eyes for discharge, discoloration (red fevers just as humans can.
or yellow), and whether the third eyelid (nicti-
tating membrane) is showing. The ears should If you have not already chosen a veterinar-
be clean; redness or a dark, waxy accumulation ian, it is important that you do so. If this is
indicates problems. While brushing or comb- your first cat, you may have to depend on
ing your cat’s fur, feel its body for any unusual your friends or neighbors to recommend a
lumps, swelling, or hair loss. Watch for fleas veterinarian. You and your cat should visit the
and ticks. Observe the cat’s weight and the veterinarian before an emergency arises. Once
condition of its fur. your cat’s health record has been established,
you should keep the veterinarian’s name, ad-
You may want to learn how to check your cat’s dress, and phone number near the telephone
vital signs during this time. at all times, in case of emergency.

Respiration. A cat at rest normally takes 20–30 On the first trip to the veterinarian, observe
breaths per minute. If it is ill, the breaths may how your cat is handled. The office should be
become shallow and more rapid. Observe your clean, neat, and professional in appearance.
cat while it is resting quietly. One rise plus one Look on the office wall for college and state li-
fall of the chest equals one breath. Count the cense credentials. During the initial visit, your
breaths for thirty seconds, then double that veterinarian will set up a case history of your
number for the respiration rate. cat for future reference. The types of vaccina-
tions the kitten has had will be recorded and
Pulse. Lightly press against the inside of an an appointment will be scheduled if further
upper hind leg, on the femoral artery. Count vaccinations are needed to protect the kitten
the beats for thirty seconds and double the from several diseases. These vaccinations are
figure for the pulse rate. The normal resting important for the health of your kitten. While
pulse rate is 112–160 beats per minute. a newborn kitten is nursing, it receives protec-

—23 —
tive antibodies from the mother’s milk. After
weaning, this immunity will disappear. By the
time kittens reach six weeks of age, they will characteristic of several diseases. The three
need protection against several feline infec- most common upper respiratory diseases
tious diseases, and that’s why vaccination is are Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis (sometimes
initiated. After taking your cat to the veteri- called feline herpes), Feline Calicivirus
narian for the initial visit(s), you should return (FCV), and Feline Chlamydiosis (also known
at least once per year for health check-ups and as pneumonitis). Rhinotracheitis is caused
vaccinations. by a herpes virus; Calicivirus is caused by a
virus very similar to the human cold virus;
Chlamydiosis is caused by a rickettsia—a
Diseases cross between a virus and a bacterium—
called Chlamydia psittaci. All three are
Vaccinations are generally required in the 4-H highly contagious, and young cats are espe-
program for the following conditions. cially susceptible. These illnesses are usually
transmitted by direct contact or airborne
• Panleukopenia. Feline Panleukopenia Virus droplets, although contact with contaminat-
(FPV), also know as Feline Infectious En- ed cages, dishes, or litter pans can also cause
teritis (or sometimes as feline distemper), is the illness. The viruses are fairly short-lived
caused by a virus and is highly contagious. outside the cat’s body, 24 hours to 3 days.
It usually is spread by direct contact with
infected animals or their body discharges, The first symptoms are sneezing and cough-
but the virus is long-lived, and the disease ing, followed by watery discharge from the
is so easily spread that your cat can pick it eyes and/or nose. Later, this discharge may
up just by passing through an area where an become thicker with the eye discharge con-
infected cat has been. Although the disease taining pus and the nose becoming crusted.
has a high mortality rate once the cat be- Other symptoms may include loss of appetite
comes ill, it is entirely preventable by vac- and weight loss, listlessness and weakness,
cination. Kittens should receive their first depression, and fever. Mouth and tongue
immunization at six weeks of age, and a ulcerations may occur, especially with Calici-
booster 3–4 weeks later. It is recommended virus. Pregnant cats will frequently abort. The
that your cat receive yearly boosters, and main treatment is warmth, rest, plenty of flu-
this is required for 4-H cat shows. Symp- ids (forced, if necessary) to prevent dehydra-
toms of panleukopenia are fever, vomiting tion, and nutritious food. Frequently, antibiot-
and diarrhea, loss of appetite, depression, ics are given to prevent or combat secondary
and dehydration. Treatment includes con- infections, especially pneumonia. Cats rarely
trolling the dehydration and preventing die from these illnesses unless they are very
secondary infections such as respiratory young or very old.
illnesses.
Prevention of these diseases is by vaccina-
• Upper Respiratory Diseases. There are tion of kittens at the age of six weeks, with a
several feline respiratory illnesses that re- booster 3–4 weeks later. A yearly booster is
semble the common cold in humans. They recommended. The disease seems bad, but
can be complex to treat as well as difficult with good care, the cat can be saved. The
to diagnose due to the common symptoms disease may last from three to six weeks.

— 24 —
• Rabies. Rabies is a virus infection to • Feline Leukemia Virus. Although vaccina-
which all warm-blooded animals, includ- tions for Feline Leukemia Virus(FeLV) are
ing humans, are susceptible. It is highly not required for participation in the 4-H
contagious and is always fatal once the program, they are strongly recommended.
symptoms begin to show. Rabies is caused Feline Leukemia Virus is the major fatal
by a virus and is transmitted through a bite infectious disease in cats today. It induces
wound or through any break in the skin by cancer in the white blood cells and is linked
which the saliva may enter the body. The to other illnesses such as anemia and lessen-
virus enters the nervous system, traveling ing disease resistance. It eventually leads
along the nerves to the spinal cord, then on to death of the cat. Indeed, a cat who tests
to the brain where it multiplies and causes positive for FeLV and is showing symptoms
nerve damage producing the symptoms. should probably be humanely destroyed, or
Incubation is usually two to eight weeks, at least completely isolated from other cats.
but in rare cases may incubate for several FeLV is caused by a type of virus known
months. Death usually occurs two to eight as a retrovirus. It is transmitted by saliva,
days after symptoms show. feces, and urine. The virus is not long-lived
outside the cat’s body (3–4 hours at most)
There are three stages of symptoms. The and is easily destroyed by disinfectants, so
first is the prodromal state marked by un- it is not as contagious as some other viruses.
easiness, anxiousness, irritability, and sen-
sitivity to noise and light. The cat may stop Once a cat has been exposed to FeLV, one of
eating and drinking, yet urinate frequently. three possibilities will occur: the cat will not
During the second (excitatory) stage, the become infected; the cat will become in-
animal becomes excited and aggressive. It fected but will develop an immunity; the cat
may have difficulty swallowing, although it will develop symptoms after an incubation
does not develop the hydrophobia (fear of period of anywhere from a few weeks to
swallowing water) that humans do. Often, several years. Symptoms may include ane-
a loud noise or sudden movement will set mia, fever, vomiting, diarrhea, and breathing
the animal off in a biting, scratching frenzy. problems. Cats may also develop tumors,
Finally, the third or paralytic stage occurs. know as lymphosarcomas. A definite diag-
First the head and neck, then the rest of nosis of FeLV is procured by doing a blood
the body become progressively paralyzed, test. However, if a cat is known to have
resulting in death. There are two forms been exposed to FeLV, yet tests negative, it
of rabies. If the second, excitatory, stage should be retested a few more times during
is prolonged, while the paralytic stage is the next 8–12 months just in case the virus
very short, it is known as “furious” rabies. didn’t have a chance to “take hold” at the
If there are few signs of excitement, but time of the initial test. Likewise, if a cat tests
the paralytic stage is lengthy, it is known positive, but shows no symptoms for a few
as “dumb” rabies. It is more usual for cats months, it should be retested. In the mean-
to suffer the furious form. Prevention of time, the cat should be isolated from other
rabies is by vaccination. The first vaccina- cats to prevent further spread of the disease.
tion should be given no earlier than three If the cat tests negative on the second test, it
months of age. Booster vaccinations are is no longer a danger to others. It is recom-
required annually or every three years de- mended that all cats be tested for FeLV. Cats
pending on the type of vaccine given. testing positive should be isolated or hu-

— 25 —
 manely destroyed. It is further recommend- result. There is no effective treatment, only
ed that cats testing negative be immunized, methods of making the cat more comfort-
with annual booster vaccinations. able such as dehydration prevention and
inflammation reduction. No recommended
The following are diseases of which we need to be immunization is available.
aware. Immunizations may be developed for some
of these diseases. Check with your veterinarian to • Feline Infectious Anemia. Feline Infec-
decide if they are appropriate for your cat. tious Anemia (FIA) is caused by bacteria
called rickettsiae, although it also occurs
• Feline Immunodeficiency Virus. Like as a secondary infection to FeLV or FIV.
FeLV, Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) Spread of the disease is thought to be
is caused by a retrovirus; however, it is caused by blood-sucking insects, primar-
more closely related to viruses that cause ily fleas. Symptoms of FIA include depres-
such diverse illnesses as progressive pneu- sion, vomiting, dehydration, weakness, loss
monia in sheep, infectious anemia in horses, of appetite, weight loss, and pale mucous
and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome membranes. Positive diagnosis is made by
(AIDS) in humans. The FIV virus causes blood testing. The illness is not usually fatal,
depression of a cat’s immune system and and is treatable with antibiotics which must
results in secondary illnesses such as con- be given for at least three weeks in order to
junctivitis, chronic diarrhea, or respiratory prevent recurrence. However, if it is second-
problems. These illnesses are similar to ary to another disease, the treatment may
those of FeLV; however, if a cat tests nega- not be effective.
tive for FeLV, FIV should be suspected, and
a test has now been developed for detecting • Feline Urologic Syndrome. Feline Urologic
that illness, as well. Also like FeLV, there is Syndrome (FUS) refers to inflammation of
no cure for FIV. Only the secondary illnesses the urinary bladder (cystitis) and/or the for-
can be treated. No vaccine is available for mation of stones in the lower urinary tract
prevention, so the best way to avoid the (urolithiasis). Male cats, especially neuters,
illness is to keep the cat indoors and away are more frequently prone to serious symp-
from other cats that may be infected. toms than females because the male is more
likely to have an obstruction of the urethra
• Feline Infectious Peritonitis. Feline Infec- and be unable to urinate. Prompt veteri-
tious Peritonitis (FIP) is caused by a coro- nary treatment is mandatory in case of FUS
navirus. It is a fairly rare disease, but when because delaying even a few hours can lead
it does occur, it is generally fatal. The virus to uremic poisoning, kidney failure, and
spreads rapidly from infected cats, but is death. The bladder inflammation may be
easily killed by disinfection; therefore, any caused by a bacterial infection, but the more
cat suspected of carrying this virus should common suspect is a high concentration of
be isolated from other pets. Symptoms minerals in the urine which leads to forma-
include loss of appetite, weight loss, and tion of uroliths (stones) which enlarge to the
fever. The virus can attack many differ- point that they plug the urinary tract. It is
ent parts of the cat’s body, and peritonitis suspected that feeding the cat a diet high in
(inflammation of the membrane lining the minerals (“ash”), particularly magnesium,
abdominal cavity or chest cavity), accompa- may be the primary cause, although re-
nied by accumulation of fluid is a common search is still being done on this.

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 Symptoms of FUS include bloody urine, Internal Parasites
frequent urination, or the inability to uri- It is quite likely that a cat will have a problem
nate. If the urethra is partially or completely with worms sometime during its life. There
blocked, the cat may raise on its haunches are methods of testing for the presence of
instead of squatting to urinate. It may also worms and effective medications your veteri-
cry out because of the pain, and if any urine narian can prescribe that will get rid of specific
is passed at all, it will probably be bloody. types of internal parasites before they cause
A person should never try to treat the cat any permanent damage. Kittens should be
by applying pressure to the bladder, as it checked for worms by a veterinarian because
could rupture. The cat should be taken to some internal parasites such as roundworms
the veterinarian immediately. The first thing can pass from the queen to kittens during
the veterinarian will do is relieve the cat lactation. The veterinarian will prescribe the
by emptying the bladder, either by gentle correct medication and the amount needed.
manipulation or, more often by passing a Sanitation is very important in controlling in-
catheter through the urethra into the blad- ternal parasites. Some of the parasites such as
der. If that doesn’t work the urine may be hookworms and whipworms are rarely found
withdrawn by suction with a needle directly in the Pacific Northwest, but one should be
through the abdominal and bladder walls. aware of them when traveling with cats in a
If all else fails, surgery is performed to different area of the country.
provide a new urethral opening (urethros-
tomy). Once the bladder has been drained, • Roundworms, or ascarids, are the most
treatment will include antibiotics to fight common of all intestinal parasites. Adult
infections and dietary changes to reduce the cats rarely show symptoms of roundworm
magnesium, increase the urine’s acid con- infestation, but failure to thrive, a dull coat,
tent, and encourage a higher fluid intake. and a potbellied appearance are common
FUS is likely to recur, so it will be necessary symptoms in kittens. If the cat has a particu-
to continue observation for symptoms and larly heavy infestation, a few spaghetti-like
continue the proper diet. Some brands of cat worms may pass in the feces; or they may
food are noted for low magnesium. Check be vomited, but the primary method of de-
the labels on the cans or packages. Encour- tection is by checking the feces for eggs. The
aging more exercise, preventing obesity, eggs, which are passed in the stool, contam-
keeping a clean litter box, and always hav- inate the ground and can be transmitted to
ing plenty of fresh water available are other other cats in the area or to cats that use the
ways to help avoid FUS. same litter pan. A cat may swallow an egg
directly or by eating a rodent that has eaten
the eggs.
Parasites
• Tapeworms. There are numerous species of
A parasite is an organism that lives in or on tapeworms that range in size from a frac-
another animal (that animal being known as tion of an inch to 30 feet in length, although
the host). A parasite ranges in size from a one- the two most common species found in cats
celled protozoan to a creature easily visible rarely grow to more than two feet in length.
such as a worm or a flea. Parasites can harm Intermediate hosts such as fleas and rodents
or even cause death to the host animal in or on are necessary for each species to complete
which they are living. its life cycle. A veterinarian must identify the

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 species in order to prescribe treatment. Car- where there is a high occurrence, primarily
riers, such as fleas, must be eliminated from in the southeastern United States.
the cat and the premises, and the cat should
not be allowed to hunt and eat rodents. • Whipworms and threadworms. These
Symptoms of tapeworm infection are rare. worms are quite rare in cats. They are ap-
You may notice rice-like segments of the proximately two to three inches long and
tapeworm around the cat’s anus, on carpets, have a whitish-colored whip-like body. They
or in the cat’s bed. These segments contain are usually located in the lining of the large
tapeworm eggs which may be ingested by intestine of the cat. Symptoms are minimal,
fleas and other intermediate hosts. perhaps diarrhea. Examining the feces for
eggs during a routine check-up should be
• Hookworms. These small parasites with done in areas where they may occur.
hook-shaped heads infect a cat either by
being swallowed or by penetrating its skin. There are several protozoa that can cause
They attach themselves to the intestinal wall disease in both cats and humans. Two of the
with spines and suck blood from the cat. more well-known diseases are coccidiosis
Hookworms are generally found only in the and toxoplasmosis.
southern United States.
• Coccidiosis. This is a disease caused by the
• Lungworms may cause chronic respiratory coccidian protozoa, Isospora filis, a parasite
distress, although it is generally mild. Lung- in the small intestines. There is very little
worms have an interesting life cycle. The disease caused by this protozoa, except in
adult worm lives in lung tissue. It produces kittens, where diarrhea may develop.
eggs which hatch into larvae. The larvae are
coughed up by the cat, then swallowed and • Toxoplasmosis. A cat infected by the proto-
passed out in feces. They are dormant until zoa, Toxoplasma gondii, may show very minor
eaten by a snail or slug. The snail or slug flu-like symptoms or none at all. The major
must then be eaten by another animal such as concern of this infection is the transmis-
a rodent or bird, which then is eaten by a cat. sion to humans, which occurs by coming in
The larvae then are carried by blood to the contact with the feces of an infected cat. Al-
lungs where they become adult lungworms. though most humans will suffer only minor
symptoms, small children may become more
• Heartworms are slim roundworms that ill, and a pregnant woman may miscarry, or
primarily infect dogs, although they can the unborn child may develop deformities.
also be found in cats. They are transmit- For this reason, children’s sandboxes should
ted by mosquitoes, who suck the micro- be kept covered when not in use, and a preg-
scopic larvae from the blood of one animal, nant woman should never clean litter boxes.
then inject them into the blood of another. Thorough handwashing after cleaning litter
The larvae travel to the right ventricle of boxes should be practiced by everyone.
the heart where they develop into adult
heartworms, 5-10 inches long. Due to the Control of Internal Parasites
small size of the cat’s heart, one or two There are only a few products available for
adult worms can cause serious problems. controlling internal parasites in cats. They may
A preventive medication is approved for be packaged under several brand names, so
dogs and may also be used for cats in areas it is important to know drug names and read

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the label. NEVER use a dog product unless
directed by your veterinarian. You also need to
know what parasite you are trying to elimi-
nate. Yearly fecal exams are very important to tion will get worse, resulting in a blocked
identify internal parasites. ear canal, bacterial infection, or even spread
to the inner ear, causing loss of hearing or
Tapeworms require different chemicals than loss of balance.
all other parasites. Praziquantel is the only
dewormer currently approved by the Federal • Fleas. Fleas are a cat’s most common para-
Food and Drug Administration that is effective site. Fleas, Ctenocephalides felis, are small,
against tapeworm species. It is often combined hard-shelled insects that feed on the blood
with other products so read the label care- of animals. The life cycle of a flea can last
fully. It is currently a prescription medication from a few weeks to over two years. An
so you will have to get it from your veterinar- adult female flea can lay several hundred
ian. Roundworms, hookworms, lungworms, eggs during her lifetime of one year. An
whipworms, and threadworms are usually sus- egg will hatch into a larva in two to twelve
ceptible to pyranel pamoate and fenbendazole. days. The larva eats adult flea feces and
Piperazine is widely available over the counter, goes through three molts. This period of
but is not very effective. Heartworms are suscep- the flea’s life can last from 11/2 weeks to 30
tible to several medications, but only ivermectin weeks. Right after the third molt, the larva
has been approved for use in cats. Coccidiosis is spins a cocoon around itself and remains in
normally treated with sulfa drugs. Toxoplasmo- that cocoon for at least a week, but it may
sis has no effective treatment. remain in this state for up to a year. When
conditions are right, an adult flea will
External Parasites emerge from the cocoon. Ideal conditions
External parasites include fleas, lice, ticks, and for fleas to go through the first three phases
mites. They can make a cat irritated and mis- of the life cycle quickly include warm tem-
erable until they are properly treated. Severe peratures (65°–80˚F) and some moisture.
infestations can make a cat ill and can even The states of the life cycle are delayed by
cause death, particularly in very young or very temperature extremes (below 50˚F or above
old cats. A veterinarian can identify any type 80˚F) or by lack of moisture.
of external parasite infestation and prescribe
the proper treatment. Before using any prod- The bite of the flea causes a small red ir-
uct, make sure the label clearly states that the ritated spot which the cat scratches and
product is safe for cats and then follow the bites to relieve the itching. A cat may de-
label instructions exactly. Do not mix different velop an allergy to the flea saliva and a skin
types of treatments unless the veterinarian has disorder known as miliary dermatitis may
approved them. occur. Another health problem caused by
fleas is tapeworm infestation. Flea larvae
• Ear Mites. Commonly found in the cat’s ear eat tapeworm eggs which then develop into
canals, these mites, Otodectes cynotis, irritate tapeworm larvae inside the flea larvae. The
the ears causing them to produce a dark adult flea continues to carry the tapeworm
brown wax. Scratching in response to the larvae. When a cat swallows the flea dur-
irritations results in scabs and sores in and ing the self-grooming process, it becomes
around the ears. If left untreated, the irrita- infected with tapeworms.

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• Lice. A cat louse, Felicola subrostratus, is a use of any of these products will prevent flea
small, wingless insect. Healthy, well-fed cats infestation of your house. Check with your
most likely will not be bothered by lice, but veterinarian to decide which product will be
a neglected cat, especially one suffering from best for your cat.
malnutrition, may have them. Infestation is
through direct contact with another infected Older products are still widely available,
cat or from bedding or grooming equipment especially through catalogs and the internet
recently used by an infected cat. Adult lice stores. Dips should be avoided as their ben-
stick to hairs and feed on sloughed-off skin. efit is minimal and their potential for toxic-
There are various powders, dips, and sham- ity is high in cats. Shampoos are effective for
poos that can be used to treat an infected only a day or two. Read labels carefully and
cat. A cat with badly matted fur may need to use products with only the chemical pyre-
have that fur shaved. The cat should be fed thrin. Powders are not designed for cat fur
a high-protein diet. A thorough vacuuming and have a very short time of effectiveness.
and scrubbing of the house and destroying Collars must be used cautiously as some cats
the cat’s bedding should help. get quite sick from them and some cats have
sensitive skin, and may develop a rash under
• Ticks. Cats rarely acquire ticks, but an the collar. Once the chemicals in the collar are
outdoor cat may pick them up. Usually they gone, you need to remove the collar. In addi-
are found around the ears, neck, or between tion, collars are a hazard to outdoor cats as
the toes. The best way to remove a tick is to they can be caught on trees, brush, or other
use a large tweezer. Grasp the head of the things cats travel through. When using flea
tick as close to the cat’s skin as possible and bombs, make sure the label claims 16 weeks
gently pull it straight out. Cats that roam in of control. This means it will contain an in-
tick-infested areas should be dusted weekly sect growth regulator, which kills the larval
with a cat-safe insecticide. A veterinarian and egg stages. Nothing will kill the pupa or
can advise on other methods of tick removal cocoon stage. Severe infestations may require
and control. Don’t use heat, flammable liq- a second bombing 10 days later in order to kill
uids, or caustic substances to remove ticks, the pupae which have recently hatched.
as they could cause injury.
If you have a severe flea infestation, then you
Control of Fleas and Other External Parasites may need to treat the cat’s environment, both
Control of external parasites has never been indoors and outdoors. You will need to treat
safer, easier, or more effective. The once-a- the cat at the same time as its environment.
month topical products are by far the best Indoor treatment should begin with a thorough
way to control external parasites on your cat. vacuuming of floors and furnishings. Areas not
Imidacloprid (Advantage) is highly effec- reachable by foggers (cracks, baseboards, clos-
tive against fleas but nothing else. Finalopril ets, under furniture, etc.) should be “bombed”
(Frontline) is very effective against fleas and with a fogger (16 week duration). This should
ticks. Ivermectin (Revolution) is effective be repeated in two weeks (use any flea bomb at
against most internal parasites (except tape- this time). The cat’s bedding should be changed
worms) and external parasites. Lufenuron frequently. There are many sprays and dusts
(Program) will slowly control flea numbers that can be used outdoors, and areas of flea
by preventing reproduction of fleas but does infestations can be minimized by mowing,
not kill the fleas already on your cat. Regular raking, and removing debris.

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Other Common Disorders spread to other animals and humans as
well. In addition to treating the infected cat,
• Hairballs. Cats groom themselves by lick- any other animals should be treated as well
ing their coats, swallowing loose hairs in to prevent further spread. Any surfaces or
the process. Although this hair can pass objects that have been in contact with the
through them with no problems, sometimes diseased cat should be sanitized, disinfected,
quantities of hair can lodge in the stomach or destroyed. Disinfectants such as alcohol
or intestine and form hairballs. Loss of ap- or diluted household bleach may be used.
petite, vomiting, and constipation are symp-
toms of a hairball. Hairballs rarely must be • Constipation. Constipation can result from
removed by surgery. Usually, they can be a variety of causes, including hairballs. If
treated with a mild lubricant, such as min- the cat is unable to pass the hairball, foreign
eral oil, which will clear the hairball out by object, or fecal matter, a veterinarian will
vomiting or passing with the feces. Preven- take appropriate measures.
tion of hairballs includes frequent brushing
and an occasional dose of lubricant, espe- • Vomiting. It is quite common for cats to
cially during the spring and fall when cats empty the stomach by vomiting or regur-
are shedding more heavily. Another preven- gitation. However, persistent, involuntary
tive measure that most cats really enjoy is vomiting can often be a sign of something
the oil from a can of tuna. more serious than eating too much or too
fast. If vomiting has not subsided within 24
• Abscesses. Abscesses most frequently oc- hours, a veterinarian should be consulted,
cur following cat fights. They are caused by as more serious complications such as dehy-
puncture wounds from teeth and claws and dration can occur.
are found primarily on the face, head, legs,
or back. Bacteria are injected into the skin, • Diarrhea. Diarrhea is the frequent pas-
but the skin quickly heals over, sealing the sage of excessively watery feces. It can be
infection under the skin. The infection cre- a symptom of several different problems
ates a hot, red, painful, swollen area under including worms, viral infection, eating
the skin which is filled with pus. A veteri- spoiled food, drinking contaminated water,
narian will open up the abscess so it can or many other causes. Diarrhea will often
drain. Some abscesses may burst on their cease within 24 hours. Stopping food intake
own. Treatment with antibiotics will help during that time might help. If it doesn’t
healing. The wound should be kept clean to stop, a veterinarian should examine the cat
prevent further infection. to determine the exact cause. Dehydration
can occur if the diarrhea continues, and, es-
• Ringworm. Ringworm is a highly conta- pecially in young kittens and very old cats,
gious skin disease which is caused by a effects can be serious or even fatal.
fungus, not a worm. Symptoms include
circular patches of hair loss, with scaling and • Tail Gland Hyperplasia (Stud Tail). This
crusting on the skin, located mostly on the skin disease is fairly uncommon. It is most
head, ears, forepaws, and back. This disease often seen in whole male cats, although it
must be diagnosed by a veterinarian. Treat- can occur in neutered males and in females,
ment should begin at once and will last for both whole and spayed. Stud tail is caused
several weeks. Untreated, this disease will by overactive sebaceous glands along the

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 some of its teeth will fall out. In many older
cats, dental disease is a major contributor to
top of the tail. Symptoms are blackheads their death.
and a yellow waxy substance on the skin
and hairs of the tail base. It is controlled • Heart Disease. The most common form of
by bathing with a de-greasing shampoo, as heart disease seen in cats is hypertrophic
needed. cardiomyopathy (HCM). HCM is a genetic
disorder where the muscle of the heart
• Feline Acne. Feline acne is a fairly common grows too big, resulting in a heart that can-
skin disease, apparently caused by a cat’s not pump blood effectively. HCM is usually
failure to properly clean its chin. Blackheads detected in the early stages by your vet-
form on the chin and lower lip. Changing a erinarian as a heart murmur. In advanced
cat’s bed frequently helps, as this condition stages your cat will be lethargic and may be
seems to occur more frequently when a cat’s coughing.
chin rests on a hard surface or on dirt. If the
problem keeps recurring, or if an infection • Kidney Disease. Kidney disease is a com-
occurs, the cat should probably be seen by a mon disease in cats. It is a leading cause of
veterinarian. death in older cats. You might first suspect it
because your cat drinks and urinates exces-
• Deafness. Older cats may suffer a reduction sive amounts. It usually occurs because of
in hearing, and cats that have had a seri- accumulated damage to the kidneys. The
ous head injury or disease of the ear may damage can come from toxins like anti-
be deaf afterwards. Cats with permanent freeze, or it can be caused by diseases like
hearing impairment should be kept indoors gingivitis. Once the kidneys are identified
to protect them from dangers such as traffic as damaged, great care must be taken with
and predators. Congenital deafness (partic- your cat. Your veterinarian will help you
ularly with blue-eyed white cats) is present manage the disease but expect your cat will
at birth and there is no cure. eventually die from it.

• Oral Diseases. Dental health is becoming a • Diabetes. Diabetes is a disease marked by

major issue for cats. Most older cats will suf- excessive drinking and urination. Inter-
fer from dental disease if they do not have nally, it is a disease of too much sugar in
proper dental care. Plaque is a soft material, the blood. Overweight cats have the highest
formed by food particles and bacteria that risk, but all older cats are susceptible. You
build up on teeth. A minute amount forms will need the help of your veterinarian to
every day. If not removed, it becomes calci- manage this disease, but many cats can live
fied (hard) and eventually causes gingivitis. for years after the condition is found. Treat-
Gingivitis is inflammation of the gums. You ment will consist of medication (usually in-
will recognize it as reddening of the gums jections), special diet, and close monitoring.
along with bad breath. If untreated, gingi-
vitis causes a constant low-level infection of • Hyperthyroidism. Hyperthyroidism is a
your cat’s body that will lead to kidney and disease caused by a tumor of the thyroid
heart disease. Eventually the tooth roots gland. You will suspect it when your old cat
become infected causing enough pain that begins to lose weight. Often, these cats have
your cat will no longer eat dry food and big appetites and will eat all the food you

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 offer. You will need to have your veterinar-
ian help you with this treatable disease.

• Cheat Grass and Foxtails. Cheat grass is a three or four times a year. Spaying also
common wild grass in dry areas like east- eliminates the restlessness, nervousness,
ern Washington. It grows every year in the and rolling, as well as the noisy crying.
spring and fall. Soft and green in the begin- Spaying will lessen the possibility of mam-
ning, it soon becomes dry with many seeds, mary tumors and thus add to her longevity.
or awns. Foxtails are the awns of a wild Any tendency to become overweight as a
grass that grows in dry places in western result of the decreased activity and content-
Washington. Foxtails are very common and ment which follows spaying can be corrected
can even be found growing in cracks in the by proper diet and sufficient exercise.
pavement in cities. The awns of both grasses
have a barb at the point and bristles stick- • Neutering. Neutering is the surgical remov-
ing out the back. When they penetrate flesh, al of the testes, epididymis, and vas defer-
they are difficult to pull out. Some pres- ens of the male cat. This prevents the im-
sure is necessary to make awns penetrate pregnation of females. Male cats that are not
healthy flesh, but they can easily enter an neutered mark their territory by spraying
open wound. Sometimes, an awn will get a urine that has a strong odor. The mature
caught in the corner of the eye. This requires male cat also has the desire to prowl and
immediate attention. Daily brushing should fight other tomcats in the neighborhood. If
prevent problems. If an awn has worked kept indoors, the male cat may spray urine
into an open wound, it must be removed. A throughout the house from the time he
veterinarian’s help may be necessary. reaches about 10 months of age. Neutering
may be done anytime after the cat reaches
six months of age. If the cat is neutered be-
Spaying and Neutering fore he begins to spray, he will usually not
acquire the habit.
While the kitten is still young, the decision to
spay or neuter should be discussed with the
veterinarian. The 4-H program strongly en- Declawing
courages the spaying and neutering of all cats
except purebreds used in a breeding program. As a last resort, when a cat continually ruins
This will help prevent unwanted, homeless furniture by clawing it, declawing is an opera-
cats. Additionally, these cats generally make tion which removes the claws surgically. Gen-
more gentle, affectionate pets. eral anesthetic is used on the cat. The claw is
not pulled out; the end bone of the toe holding
• Spaying. Spaying is the surgical removal of the claw and nail bed is clipped off at the joint.
the ovaries, oviducts, and uterus of a female The feet are bandaged for a few days. Usually,
cat. Spaying should be done at six months veterinarians will only remove the front claws,
of age. Unless she is spayed or mated, a so a cat will be able to use the hind claws for
female will be in recurring heat (the period climbing, holding onto surfaces, or defend-
of time in which she can become pregnant) ing itself. Declawing can be done at any age,
perhaps as often as every one to two weeks but is generally easier on a younger cat. The
for several cycles, and this may be repeated procedure should be discussed with a vet-

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 Carrying An Injured Cat
A cat that has been injured severely should be
moved gently and quickly to a veterinarian.
Place a blanket or cloth flat on the ground in
erinarian before a final decision is made, and back of the cat. Placing one hand under the
only after other methods of behavior modifica- shoulders and the other under the flanks, gen-
tion have failed. It should also be remembered tly raise the cat just enough to move it onto the
that declawed cats are not eligible to compete blanket, or raise the cat and let another person
for championship status in some show rings; slip the blanket underneath it. Place the cat
however, they are acceptable in 4-H cat shows. gently in a box on the car seat beside you so
you can control it to prevent further injury. If
you suspect or detect shock, wrap the cat in a
REMEMBER . . . . . bath towel.
THE INFORMATION IN THIS CHAP-
TER IS DESIGNED AS A GUIDE FOR Never forget that even the nicest cat may bite
YOU IN MAINTAINING PROPER you severely when it is hurt. Be even more
HEALTH FOR YOUR CAT. LET YOUR cautious with a cat you do not know.
VETERINARIAN BE THE FINAL
WORD ON ANY OF YOUR PET’S Treatment of Shock
HEALTH PROBLEMS OR SYMPTOMS! Shock is a state of circulatory collapse that can
be the result of a severe accident, loss of blood,
heart failure, toxins, or injury to the nervous
system. Symptoms of shock are a weak and
CHAPTER 7 rapid pulse, drop in body temperature, pale
mouth and gums, rapid breathing, depres-
EMERGENCIES AND FIRST AID sion, and sudden gentleness. (How to check
the vital signs is covered in Chapter Six.) Keep
Cats are known to be self-reliant. However, the cat warm by covering it with a blanket or
sometimes circumstances can lead to an ac- coat. Keep the cat quiet. Severe shock can kill,
cident. Quick action on your part can make so act quickly and seek veterinary help as soon
a difference. Until you can get the cat to the as possible. A cat which has suffered shock
veterinarian, first aid treatment may save your should be kept under close observation for
cat’s life. Your veterinarian’s telephone number several days.
should always be handy in case of emergency.
Cuts and Wounds
An injured animal, even if it is your own, is Check first for excessive bleeding. In most cas-
frightened and may bite or try to run away. es bleeding can be controlled by applying pres-
Restrain the cat with a blanket or towel to sure to the bleeding area with a folded pad of
avoid being bitten or scratched. Comfort the clean cloth. Clean superficial wounds. (Review
cat with soothing tones and call it by name. It Unit I EM4809). Bandage them, if necessary.
will be necessary to restrain it by first trying to Keep an eye on the healing process to be sure
get hold of it by the scruff of the neck. Do not there is no infection. If the wound is large and
grab it so hard that you cause additional stress bleeding, is excessive or does not stop bleed-
or pain. Using a firm but gentle grip will help ing, veterinary treatment is necessary. Until
calm it. you reach the veterinarian keep the cat re-

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strained, and apply moist dressings. Puncture
wounds are common and can be extremely
hazardous especially if to the chest area. If the
chest cavity has been entered, the lungs may
collapse. Try to cover this type of wound with
an airtight seal, using plastic or gauze. Mouth
to mouth resuscitation may be required. Never
try to remove a penetrating object. Leave the if a cat is confined in a carrier or a concrete run
object in place and treat for shock until you without shade. The symptoms of heatstroke,
can get the cat to the veterinarian. Cuts are not also called sunstroke or hyperthermia, include
commonplace with cats, but can happen. Cuts panting, rapid breathing, salivating, vomit-
that do not require stitches should be washed ing, loss of alertness, warm dry skin, rapid
and first aid ointment applied. heartbeat, high fever, and collapse. Heat stroke
should be treated immediately by reducing the
Burns body temperature. Wet the entire cat except
Run cool water over burned areas and, in the head. The abdomen is the area of thinnest
severe cases, treat for shock. Do NOT apply hair coat, therefore the most effective cooling
butter or ANY type of ointment unless the area. Use the coldest water available. Next you
veterinarian tells you to do so. Human medi- must wipe the water from the fur and apply
cations can make the cat ill if it licks them. If fresh water. Repeat this cycle a couple times
the burn is severe, it must be treated by the per minute. If you do not remove the water
veterinarian. Keep the burn covered with cool, from the fur, it will last as an insulating layer
moist compresses en route to the veterinar- and prevent escape of heat. If you have a hose
ian’s office. Move the cat very carefully. available then constantly spray the abdominal
area while you wipe off the warmed water.
Suffocation or Smoke Inhalation Constantly monitor the cat’s temperature, as it
Remove the cat from the smoky area immedi- is easy to get the cat too cold. Stop treatments
ately and apply artificial respiration. Treat for once the temperature reaches 103 degrees.
shock and keep the cat in the fresh air. Veteri- Then seek the help of your veterinarian. Kit-
nary examination is necessary since pneumo- tens, obese cats, and older cats are particularly
nia is a frequent complication. susceptible to heat stress, and so are cats with
cardiovascular or respiratory problems. Any-
Fractures and Broken Bones thing more than the mildest heat stress should
Veterinary care is required for fractures or bro- be treated by a veterinarian, as the cat may re-
ken bones. Keep the cat quiet and restrict mo- quire oxygen therapy to prevent brain damage.
tion. If the broken bone has protruded through
the skin and there is excessive bleeding, hand Convulsions
or bandage pressure should be applied at a Convulsions and seizures may indicate serious
point between the injury and the heart to help problems. Prevent the cat from running off or
control the bleeding. Do not try to move the falling down and injuring itself until you can
broken edges of bone back together. get it to the veterinarian. Do not try to handle
the cat during a convulsion. Wrapping the cat
Heat Stroke in a soft blanket or towel will help restrain it
Heat stroke most commonly occurs in cats and help prevent it from scratching you or do-
which are left in closed cars, but can also occur ing further damage to itself.

— 35 —
 consulted. ALL poisonings require immedi-
ate treatment by a veterinarian. Determine
the type of poison your cat has ingested and,
if possible, take the container with you so the
veterinarian can use the proper antidote. The
Drowning most common poisons are household disin-
In case of a drowning, hold the cat upside fectants, detergents, car anti-freeze, household
down the minute you get it out of the water plants, rat or insect poisons, lye, paint, and
so that the water can empty out of the lungs. turpentine. Eating spoiled food, nicotine prod-
Then apply artificial respiration until the cat ucts, insects, or medications, especially aspirin
starts breathing on its own again. Treat for and acetaminophen, and drinking water from
shock with a warm blanket. chemically treated toilet bowls or alcoholic
beverages is also dangerous. The use of flea
Frostbite treatments made for dogs can be toxic to cats!
Take the cat to a warm place immediately. Symptoms may include drooling, vomiting,
Frostbitten areas should be thawed out slowly. diarrhea, listlessness, labored breathing, trem-
Do not apply hot applications, only warm, bling, convulsions, or collapse. Where poisons
moist applications directly to the frostbitten are concerned the best treatment is prevention.
areas, and do not rub the frozen area. Anti-
septic cream may be used to keep the skin Ingesting Foreign Objects
from peeling off or drying out once the skin There is always a danger of kittens swallow-
is thawed. It may be necessary to take steps ing parts of toys, small balls, earrings, or any
to prevent self-mutilation. The veterinarian number of other unexpected items. Thread,
will determine the extent of the damage and with or without a needle, and rubber bands
check the condition of the cat’s skin. Severe are especially dangerous. Symptoms may
frostbite can result in lost toes or damaged include vomiting, restlessness, salivation,
feet and ear tips. Because a frostbitten cat is dehydration, cramped walking, and signs of
more prone to having this happen again, it is discomfort. If you have any reason to believe
especially important to protect it from frost- that your cat has swallowed something he
bite again. shouldn’t have, an X-ray may reveal what it
is. If the veterinarian does not feel that the
Snakebite cat can pass the object normally, surgery may
Cats are usually too cautious to be bitten by a be required to remove it. It is better, and less
snake, but should it happen, treatment should expensive, to keep your kitten well supplied
be started within an hour. Put ice or an ice pack with its own safe toys, all of which should be
around the wound. Keep the animal quiet to too large for it to swallow.
decrease blood circulation, and take the cat to
a veterinarian. Use of antitoxins can be helpful It is important to keep a first aid kit handy for
but not always possible or necessary. the safety of your cat. First aid supplies were
covered in Unit I (EM4809). If you are treating
Poisons a condition at home, keep your veterinarian
There are many sources of poisons which can informed of the problem and how you are
kill cats. If you even suspect your cat may treating it. Remember, don’t try to be your own
have been poisoned, a veterinarian should be veterinarian.

— 36 —
Zoonoses
Zoonoses are diseases you can get from your
cat. They may be diseases which make your
cat sick, like Rabies, or they may not affect
your cat at all and just make you sick, like cat
scratch fever. Cats have only a few zoonoses,
but it is important to know them.
Toxoplasmosis Cat Scratch Fever Do not feed your cat for at least three hours
Ringworm Rabies before leaving. Plan to feed shortly after ar-
rival at your destination. Take along a litter
pan for long trips. If your cat is inclined to
have accidents along the way, put newspaper
CHAPTER 8 on the bottom of the crate and sprinkle litter
on top of the newspaper. The newspaper and
TRAVELING WITH YOUR CAT litter can be replaced as needed.

If you intend to travel with your cat, car Put the crate in a cool spot in the car, out of the
training should begin while it is young. Cats direct sun, but where the cat will get light and
travel best in a carrier where they can feel air. Never leave a cat alone in the car. Even
safe. Local trips will help your cat get used with the windows partially open, a parked car
to the motion of the car. If motion sickness heats up very quickly and your cat may suffer
occurs, discuss preventive measures with heat stroke, suffocation, or even death.
your veterinarian. Tranquilizers may be
prescribed, although cats generally do not On a long trip, your cat should be allowed
require them for traveling. to use a litter pan every three to four hours.
When you arrive at your lodging, place the
While it is better to leave your cat at home litter pan in the bathroom. Put the cat in the
under the care of a neighbor or make arrange- bathroom with the door closed while you are
ments with a boarding kennel, if you must unloading the car. The cat will be safe and will
take your cat along, you will have to prepare probably find and use the pan.
for its safety and comfort. Pack food and water
dishes, litter pan, its regular food, bedding, Food and water can be served safely and clean-
toys, and a scratching post. Plan to keep your up will be easier if it is done in the bathroom.
cat inside, behind a screened window or Once the cat has been fed and allowed enough
porch, or to walk the cat on a leash. Make sure time to exercise, let it sleep in the carrier over-
your cat is wearing a collar and identification night. It will be safe and comfortable and there
tag at all times. Consider getting your cat a should be no damage to furniture or carpets.
microchip. Microchips are permanent, unique, Your cat should be confined to the carrier while
and do not get lost. Most animal shelters and you are out of the room. Before leaving, be sure
veterinary clinics scan stray animals. to check the room for any accidents.

— 37 —
 CHAPTER NINE
VOCABULARY

Abnormality: Something unusual, not typical

or average. Convulsion: Twisting of the body caused by
violent muscular contraction.
Abort: Expelling kittens from the uterus before
they are able to live. Dehydration: Loss of water or moisture.

Amino acid: The primary material of protein. Diagnosis: To determine by examination the
cause and character of an illness.
Anatomy: The structure of the body or any of
its parts. Digestible: A substance that can be converted
by the body to be used for nourishment.
Ancestor: The stock from which an animal has
descended; forefather. Digitigrade: Walking on tip-toe.

Anesthetic: A drug that stops pain. Discriminate: To note or observe a difference.

Antibody: A substance produced by white Disease: A condition of the body in which

blood cells that helps fight illness-causing there is incorrect function due to heredity, in-
agents such as bacteria. fection, diet, or environment; illness; sickness.

Artificial respiration: Forcing air into and out Domesticate: To tame; to change from wild to
of the lungs of an animal that is not breathing. household or family use.

Bacteria: A microscopic organism that can Frostbite: Inflammation of the flesh caused by
cause disease. exposure to extreme cold.

Breed: A group of cats with similar, defined Gingivitis: Inflammation of the gums.
characteristics and related ancestry. Hybrid: The result of a mating between two
Cardiovascular: Pertaining to the heart and different breeds.
blood vessels. Immunity: Protected from a particular disease.
Carnivorous: Meat-eating. Incubation: The period of time between infec-
Characteristic: A distinguishing feature or tion and showing signs of disease.
quality. Indigenous: Originating in a particular region
Circulatory: Organs and tissues involved in or country.
circulating blood through an animal. Infection: Affected with disease-producing
Conformation: The body form of a cat, includ- germs.
ing size and shape, characteristic of its breed; Infestation: Overrun by a large number of
type. something troublesome (like fleas).
Conjunctivitis: Inflammation of the mem- Inflammation: Redness, swelling, heat, and/
brane lining the inner eyelid and eyeball. or tenderness of a part of the body.
Contagious: Able to be passed from one ani- Ingesting: Taking into the body, such as food
mal to another. or liquid.

— 38 —
Isolate: Keep separate from other animals. Regurgitation: The return of partially digested
food from the stomach to the mouth.
Lactating: Producing milk.
Reproduction: The natural process by which
Lithe: Flexible; limber.
new individuals are created.
Longevity: The length or duration of life.
Respiratory: Pertaining to breathing.
Lubricate: To make slippery or smooth.
Retractable: Able to be drawn back.
Malnutrition: Food materials not properly
Salivating: Producing the watery fluid in the
balanced or not enough to be taken in and
mouth.
utilized effectively; malnourishment.
Sedentary: Sitting or resting a great deal with
Miliary dermatitis: Small, red, crusty skin
little exercise.
wounds.
Seizure: A sudden attack characterized by fits
Mucous membrane: Lining of an inner part of
of convulsions.
the body that discharges mucus.
Self-mutilation: To injure or disfigure oneself.
Musculature: The system of muscles of the
body. Sinus hairs: Sensitive hairs located on the
muzzle (whiskers), above the eyes, and on the
Mutation: The change of a characteristic
back of the front legs (carpal hairs).
caused by a change in a gene or chromosome.
Spontaneous: An unplanned result coming
Obese: Extremely overweight.
from a natural process.
Parasite: An animal or plant that lives and
Susceptible: Capable of becoming ill or in-
feeds in or on another animal or plant.
jured.
Pedigree: The line of ancestors of a purebred
Symptom: A sign or indication of a disease or
animal or the document recording this.
disorder.
Physiology: Processes or functions of a body
Toxins: Poisonous substances.
or a part of the body.
Tranquilizer: A drug that has a calming effect.
Pigmentation: Coloration of the skin.
Vaccination: The implanting of a disease in an
Polydactyl: Having more than the normal
animal by the introduction of germs or virus,
number of toes.
as through a puncture, in order to produce a
Progenitor: Ancestor; forefather. mild form of the disease and thereby securing
Protein: A substance made up of amino acids immunity.
required for all life processes in animals. Virus: A disease-producing micro-organism
Purebred: An animal whose ancestors are all that causes many of the most serious cat dis-
from the same recognized breed. eases and cannot be treated with antibiotics.

— 39—
 RESOURCES/REFERENCES

Books:

The Cornell Book of Cats, 2nd Edition, edited by Mordecai Siegal, Villard, New York, revised 1997.

The Cat Fancier’s Association Complete Cat Book, edited by Mordecai Siegal, Harper Collins, New
York, 2004

Legacy of the Cat—The Ultimate Illustrated Guide, Gloria Stephens, Chronicle Books, San Francisco, 2001

Web sites:

Breed Associations:
CFA www.cfainc.org
ACFA www.acfacats.com
TICA www.tica.org

Pet Food Web sites:

www.royalcanin.us/
www.purina.com
www.friskies.com
www.iams.com
www.hillspet.com

There are many other interesting web sites. Check the last page of any National 4-H Cat Project
Series for an extensive list of web sites and other references.

In case of conflicting information dealing with anatomy and/or physiology of the cat, The Cornell
Book of Cats will be considered the ultimate authority.

— 40 —
 WORKSHEET 1
“Protect Your Cat”

(Additional points may be given for correctly spelling diseases.)

1. What should your cat be vaccinated against on a regular basis?

2. Give two additional names for Feline Distemper:

3. Name two feline respiratory virus infections:

4. Give another name for Feline Chlamydiosis.

5. What does FeLV stand for?

6. What percentage of cats recover from Rabies?

7. What is a virus?

8. When should kittens receive their first vaccinations?

9. What is the mortality rate from Feline Pneumonitis?

10. Cats may survive, but become lifelong carriers of what respiratory diseases?

— 41 —
11. Vaccines are available that protect for three years against which disease?

12. At what age should kittens get their first Rabies vaccination?

13. Active FeLV may result in what two conditions?

14. What percentage of young cats will die from Distemper?

15. Name five circumstances where cats are most likely to contract FeLV:

16. Name two lab tests by which FeLV carriers can be identified:

17. Which vaccination is REQUIRED for State Fair?

18. Which vaccinations are RECOMMENDED (highly) for State Fair?

— 42 —
 WORKSHEET 2
Feline Urological Syndrome
(FUS)

Mark the following statements True and/or False (some are both).

1. FUS occurs mainly in neutered male cats.

2. A ruptured bladder may be easily repaired in surgery if detected immediately.

3. Cats do not usually begin having FUS until they are at least 10 years old.

4. A laxative is a good, quick remedy for urethral blockage.

5. The normal pH of a cat’s urine is below 7.0, or acidic.

6. Less frequent urination is good for a cat with FUS.

7. FUS is caused by high levels of ash in feed.

8. FUS is never fatal.

9. Urethral blockage is common in female cats.

10. Cats need to drink lots of water to prevent FUS and/or to recover from it.

11. Owners of a cat with FUS should immediately change its whole lifestyle including a
vigorous exercise program.

12. Without proper management FUS will recur at a rate of 50–70%.

13. FUS occurs mainly in mixed breed (HHP) cats.

14. Antibiotics are used in treating cystitis.

15. Urethral blockage may cause a cat’s bladder to burst.

16. The veterinarian will need to do urinalysis and blood tests in FUS cases.

— 43—
 WORKSHEET 3
Matching Disease Names

Draw lines to connect the disease with its second name.

Feline Herpes FIP

Hydrophobia FUS
Feline Chlamydiosis Feline Leukemia Virus
FCV Rabies
Feline Urological Syndrome Feline Panleukopenia Virus
FeLV Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis
Feline Infectious Peritonitis Feline Calicivirus
Distemper Pneumonitis

— 44 —
 WORKSHEET 4
Roundworm

True or False?

1. An adult cat with roundworm infestation is immediately obvious by its appearance.

2. Roundworms will cause an adult cat to be gravely ill and/or may be fatal.

3. Kittens may receive roundworm larva in their mother’s milk.

4. Whenever the infested cat vomits or defecates roundworms, they are highly visible.

5. Cats get roundworms by eating spoiled food.

6. Roundworms may be eliminated at home without a veterinary bill.

7. Larva of the roundworm always remain in the intestine.

8. Deworming must be repeated within 2–3 weeks after initial treatment.

— 45 —
 WORKSHEET 5
Fleas

1. Fleas are a(n) parasite.

(a) internal (b) external (c) fungal

2. Fleas eat .
(a) flesh (b) inside the digestive tract (c) blood

3. Cats get fleas from .

(a) dogs (b) rabbits (c) people (d) all of these

4. Fleas can kill a .

(a) pregnant cat (b) small kitten (c) very old tom-cat

5. A bath in warm, soapy water drown fleas.

(a) will (b) will not

6. Fleas are carriers of .

(a) calcivirus (b) tapeworms (c) rabies

7. Fleas naturally live .

(a) a short life cycle (b) a very long time

8. Flea-killing treatment must be repeated .

(a) the next day (b) in 7–10 days (c) in two weeks

9. Fleas can most easily be detected by .

(a) their nests (b) seeing adult fleas jumping around (c) their droppings

10. When dampened, flea droppings will turn .

(a) into baby fleas (b) into white crystals (c) blood-red

11. Fleas get strong enough to survive certain pesticide chemicals.

(a) can (b) cannot

12. If a cat’s hair falls out under a flea collar .

(a) the fleas have eaten it
(b) it is caused by dead, decaying fleas
(c) it is a skin reaction to the chemicals

13. To get rid of fleas, use flea killer on .

(a) the cat (b) cat and anywhere it spends time (c) yourself

— 46 —
14. A flea-comb, (fine-toothed metal comb), is most useful for .
(a) getting out live fleas
(b) getting out mats
(c) early detection of fleas
(d) combing out dead fleas after treatment

15. The best way to kill fleas is with .

(a) cedar shavings
(b) lavender
(c) a flea collar
(d) once-a-month topical product

16. Flea bites appear as .

(a) rounded patches of scaly skin with broken hair
(b) a pimple with white pus in center
(c) fang marks
(d) a tiny itchy red bump

— 47 —
 WORKSHEET 6
Ringworm

1. Ringworm is a(n) parasite.

(a) internal
(b) external
(c) fungal

2. Ringworm is treated with .

(a) fungicide powder
(b) antibiotics
(c) special baths

3. Ringworm is transmitted through .

(a) rotten meat
(b) saliva
(c) direct contact

4. Cats catch ringworm from humans or give it to them.

(a) can
(b) cannot

5. Ringworm appears most commonly on the cat’s .

(a) belly
(b) back
(c) genitals

6. Ringworm spores .
(a) die as soon as they leave flesh
(b) can live for years in bedding, harnesses, etc.

7. Ringworm looks like .

(a) grains of rice
(b) white earthworms
(c) a bald, bruised patch
(d) rounded patches of scaly skin with broken hair

— 48—
 WORKSHEET 7
No More Kittens

1. Other than “No More Kittens,” name some good reasons to have your cats altered.

2. What is the operation called when a female cat is changed so she may have no more kittens?

3. What is the operation called when a male cat is changed so he may not be a father?

These operations are also known as Altering, Fixing, Sterilizing, and Castrating (males only).

4. (a) When is the earliest age a male kitten should be altered?

(b) Exactly what is done in the operation of altering a male cat?

5. (a) When is the ideal age for altering a female cat?

(b) Can a female cat be altered later in life?
(c) Exactly what is done in the operation of altering a female cat?

(d) Why or why not alter a female cat immediately after she’s had kittens?

— 49 —
 WORD SEARCH GAMES
AND CROSSWORD PUZZLE

Parts of a Cat

M E K Z K C A B W C M A H G P
E S N E T V G C X E P W D Z M
T C E B I P F D T W F R K R R
A H E G N J V A L O I N S E F
C E U G N O T R R B A E D C N
A S N S P A B E L L Y L R T Q
R T S I R W L E F E U Q O U T
P N H S P E W A V O R E M M J
A Y A R G S K R H H S R O V Z
L L N P J O D S M P M U R R B
S T K C E N T L I A T N O M H
X E G O P X X L U H A Q B U R
C W Z F J U E D I W W L G U K
I Z R N E O Z G W Q Z N F H L
J K S R U O H C O A F A L C C

BACK FORELEG MOUTH SHOULDER

BELLY FUR NECK TAIL
CHEEK HIP NOSE THIGH
CHEST KNEE PHALANGES TOES
EARS LIPS RECTUM TONGUE
ELBOW LOIN RIB WHISKERS
EYES METACARPALS RUMP WRIST
FLANK METATARSALS SHANK

— 50 —
 Shorthair Cats

J U S H L N Y V N D O L S E N
D A T A R A A Q R L B T K S X
E M P V U W B D U O V J O E C
V N E A C I M Y S F O K R N O
O A S N N R O G S H H H A I L
N I E A A E B P I S S M T K O
R T M B C H S O A I I A O N R
E P A R I A R E N T T N C O P
X Y I O R I G R B T I X I T O
O G S W E R O U L O R G C A I
T E S N M C R U U C B R A N N
I X T F A M S N E S G T T F T
C A R L E A X U E R T R A H C
L C B S W F A R U P A G N I S
J V E L J X S G J G U V I B L

ABYSSINIAN CORNISH REX OCICAT

AMERICAN CURL DEVON REX ORIENTAL
BOMBAY EGYPTIAN MAU RUSSIAN BLUE
BRITISH EXOTIC SCOTTISH FOLD
BURMESE HAVANA BROWN SIAMESE
CHARTREUX JAPANESE BOBTAIL SINGAPURA
COLOR POINT KORAT TONKINESE
MANX WIRE HAIR

— 51 —
 Longhair Cats

T B W N A V H S I K R U T U N
S L C S M J F R L P I X D E C
E H E S E N I L A B W Q H W D
R K F Y R L G P M G W Z X S L
O R N N I H K K O W D J P E O
F T N A C O C I S H G O L D F
N O O K A D E D R C Q S L P H
A R O G N A H S I K R U T L S
I I C Q C A Z Q E A R N U D I
G E E I U A I L U N A E F O T
E N N F R L T S F M A N X P T
W T I Q L M C M R U W V Y V O
R A A Y T M Y I F E Q R A O C
O L M F P F B C R M P H G J S
N O Y H H U N Z M G U R P F J

AMERICAN CURL MANX SELKIRK REX

BALINESE NORWEGIAN FOREST SOMALI
BIRMAN ORIENTAL TURKISH ANGORA
CYMRIC PERSIAN TURKISH VAN
JAVANESE RAGDOLL
MAINE COON SCOTTISH FOLD

— 52 —
 Cat Colors

E T A L O C O H C Y G O W H S
M M Y P A I H T Y N Y C S E P
G C Y Z I V O E J W S Y A I L
Z P G N H D E M S A B L E X Y
O B Q O O U M N K T O T C D K
J K C A L B M O D J N Y D L D
F Y M B N D E M C E F U H W I
U P I Y C R E A M A R M T T M
G K N D H W L N W L R S A J T
G I R N F I U N S K E W E W T
T V P W L B T I W J C F G S G
H Y T A A R L C H O W L V S N
W T C E M V C M I I R L Q Q C
K H X U E H B W T L N B T V G
A N I R E Q O G E I Y Z U D W

BLACK CINNAMON GOLDEN SABLE

BLUE CREAM LAVENDER SEAL
BROWN EBONY LILAC SILVER
CHESTNUT FAWN RED TAWNY
CHOCOLATE FLAME RUDDY WHITE

— 53 —
 Cat Toys

S E M P T Y S P O O L W D Y P
T E N N I S B A L L N T B R I
U T H I Y D A W R E P A P E F
N A L U M I N U M F O I L T B
A C A R D B O A R D B O X T A
E K P A R W E L B B U B A A L
P C T C R U B B E R T O Y B L
G A B C I T S A L P E U D A O
N N C A T N I P T O Y B O A F
I D G A B R E P A P W B B A Y
K Y G O L F B A L L C S Z U A
C A R D B O A R D T U B E X R
A I R E H T A E F B U T T O N
P L L A B G N O P G N I P R A
P S P O N G E T U N L A W D D

AAA BATTERY CATNIP TOY PING PONG BALL

ALUMINUM FOIL EMPTY SPOOL PLASTIC BAG
BALL OF YARN FEATHER RUBBER BAND
BUBBLE WRAP GOLF BALL RUBBER TOY
BUTTON PACKING PEANUTS SPONGE
CANDY PAPER BAG TENNIS BALL
CARDBOARD BOX PAPER WAD WALNUT
CARDBOARD TUBE

Which toys are safe?

Which toys are dangerous?

— 54 —
 Cat Health Care

S A E K P N M H V S A T F S T
A I M E K U E L E N I L E F A
E N T T S W K Y T C E B C P P
S E D I N P V T E A R M I T E
A P M S E H A I R B A L L S W
E O R A U H C Y I A B R D N O
S K O R T R C L N I I Z G R R
I U W A E I I A A R E V U E M
D E D P R C N V R E S K H U Q
U L N O I T A P I T S N O C F
Y N U S R I T H A C O Q X D K
R A O V C O I N N A I N N C B
Y P R K K J O N X B Q L I F F
J P H G J Q N B I F V T A H K
A E H R R A I D Y M A L H C R

BACTERIA FELINE LEUKEMIA RABIES

CALICI VIRUS FLEA RHINOTRACHEITIS
CHLAMYDIA HAIRBALLS ROUNDWORM
CONSTIPATION LICE SPAY
DIARRHEA NEUTER TAPEWORM
DISEASE PANLEUKOPENIA TICK
EARMITE PARASITE VACCINATION
VETERINARIAN

— 55 —
 Cat Equipment

T D Z J O L F C B U V W J M W
S B W C A S I O M A H C V T C
O Y O X L Y R T K W Q J R S T
P O O C S R E T T I L E B D D
G L M T M Y P O Q E I H M O K
N A F M O F P N Y R R A O R I
I B S Y O A I B R S T P C H M
H C S V D F L A Y S M D A K T
C Z E E R Q C L P A Z R E N P
T U M G O H L L H H N H L B J
A S C H Q D I S H E S H F E T
R W D T G T A W S O H V F U L
C R Y Z T E N S U M L P L H V
S G N E L P W A R T Q W W Y V
P W R E Y G V W B S L H V J V

BED FLEA COMB MAT SPLITTER

BRUSH HARNESS NAIL CLIPPER
CARRIER LEASH SCRATCHING POST
CHAMOIS LITTER SHAMPOO
COTTON BALLS LITTER PAN TOYS
DISHES LITTER SCOOP

— 56 —
 Cat Coat Patterns

M A C K E R E L T A B B Y J T
E C L N T M K Z O J B P H L Z
P T A S N N O Y R G K V C R U
P V S L P A M R T R I W B X Z
Z O S U I O S X O D E K E C J
F T I I A C T L I M E R J K N
Z E C N H W O T S H A D E D Q
I J T O T C Z J E R C W J W P
E D A J I E K X S D I Q B O S
G Y B B A T D E H C T A P D D
U Q B E T I C K E D T A B B Y
R E Y V J G C W L N S L B E G
C H I N C H I L L A A G L B M
N I F F L O U M D B X C A I Y

BICOLOR MACKEREL TABBY SMOKE

CALICO PATCHED TABBY SPOTTED TABBY
CHINCHILLA POINTED TICKED TABBY
CLASSIC TABBY SHADED TORTOISESHELL

— 57 —
 CAT CROSSWORD
1 2 3 4 5 6

7 8

9 10

11 12 13

14 15 16

17 18

19 20

21 22

23 24

25 26

27 28 29 30

31

32

33 34 35

36 37

38 39 40

41

42

43 44

ACROSS 39 public exhibitions of cat 14 largest cat registry in the world

4 cause of ringworm 41 meat eater 15 document recording line of ancestors
6 sound made only by cats 42 what claws can do of a purebred animal
7 sight organs 43 healthy activity 16 a stage of rabies
8 disease that is fatal to both cats and 44 food item given in addition to regular 22 walking on tip-toe
humans diet 24 symptoms of upper respiratory
10 cat’s earliest ancestor disease
11 enzyme DOWN 25 the process of taking in and using
17 paw 1 a sign or indication of a disease or food
18 producing milk to feed young disorder 26 common skin disease
19 protection from a particular disease 2 coat pattern tortoiseshell and white 27 a change in a breed that alters a
20 an organism that lives and feeds in 3 disease caused by rickettsiae characteristic
or on another organism 5 surgical removal of female cat’s sex 28 a thick tangled mass of hair
21 external parasites organs 30 a cat’s main weapon
23 pertaining to breathing 6 a substance which can cause serious 34 a hard coating that forms on teeth
29 a mineral found in milk injury or death 35 a microscopic organism that can
31 having many toes 9 cat’s digestive system is very sensitive cause disease
32 too much of this in the diet may to this 37 an agouti pattern
cause FUS 12 essential amino acid important for 38 compact, short-legged cat type
33 symptom of heatstroke eyesight 40 sense that detects odors
36 whiskers 13 pus-filled lesion

— 58 —
SOLUTIONS

Cat’s Nutrition

O W S H O S E V I T A V R E S E R P X I O Y L R E D L E U D
Q U K I T T E N M I L K R E P L A C E R A P E W H Y T O R S
C O R N I N S H Z I T T O G C N E C K E Z B A L A N C E D U
C E R T M N U C O L O S T R U M L I N L I C A P O J A N T P
O A L E P D R T O E L B I T S E G I D F O I N F I N L E Y P
M U R R E T N Y R O Z L A E S T M A I L R S C O V G O N U L
M E A N Y Y O O N I E P E C C A L C I U M E E S I C R E X E
E L N A I D O U N H E C E R I B N E J A E D A N S P I E S M
R A O L B V T C I L S N Y H A O R S E T A E R E T L E D T E
C T L P O R O B L U X B T U N L N Y F A T N A B A A S H M N
I O P A E T E R B U G S A S H I G I M R W T R M R Q U I A T
A X A R T S P H O S P H O R U S O Y I O T A B A C U T E G S
L O N A Y C R O W U N O C L O M A L N O U R I S H E D O N M
G P N S A T O K T A S T E U H E L O E S T Y O A O N D E E O
O L D I T A T U P A N D O T A R T A R V E R T T L D O U S S
D A N T N B E O D A G N W I K A B O A G E W I L S U I G I I
B S D E A L I M D R Y C A S S E N L L I N O N A C I C U U S
O M O S N E N V I R O N M E N T A L S T H Y D S R A T E M S
X O G E G S W I S T H O I U T E E S S J C H E O S T A N U K
O S F I E C A T E D B O N E M E A L X C A G I F O R C Y C L
U I O N R R G R A I N H O S N Y O A U F A N D T I N T O A A
B S O D P A I T S O C H A I C T O X I C L T U M N L I E P S
L B D T H P R Y E A D I C S M I N A T I B O N O A L V A P E
I E S M A S V D M R T F I S H O E T E E T H E I P A I F E T
N S O I A P I O E S S I D N G N R I X M A W C S P R T A T A
D H Y L A C T A T I N G S W I E N V E R N E S T G I Y N I R
N G C K I S A N A H M O F D N I D E N O P A R A N G L T T D
E H E R F L M O U R G S O L A S T R E S S N M E A R E G E Y
S C I E N T I F I C S I B L A S C K I T I I Q H V R V M Y H
S O Y B E A N M E A L C E U A P T S S B F N E W A I E D P O
I B E L T B S U C K L N E W A T E R Q U I G V E R N L X U B
T A B O Y C N E I C I F E D O R I Y N O I T C U D O R P E R
Y T I S E B O R G R I F E O A D D I T I V E S L I W H O P A
E S U O M E S U U O H N A K E C H L O R I N E A L L T T H C
L E V E G E T A B L E T T E T E L P M O C P O E C A G I A L
H S U T O A T E M P E R A M E N T E C N A N E T N I A M A T

— 59 —
 Parts of a Cat

M E K Z K C A B W C M A H G P
E S N E T V G C X E P W D Z M
T C E B I P F D T W F R K R R
A H E G N J V A L O I N S E F
C E U G N O T R R B A E D C N
A S N S P A B E L L Y L R T Q
R T S I R W L E F E U Q O U T
P N H S P E W A V O R E M M J
A Y A R G S K R H H S R O V Z
L L N P J O D S M P M U R R B
S T K C E N T L I A T N O M H
X E G O P X X L U H A Q B U R
C W Z F J U E D I W W L G U K
I Z R N E O Z G W Q Z N F H L
J K S R U O H C O A F A L C C

Shorthair Cats

J U S H L N Y V N D O L S E N
D A T A R A A Q R L B T K S X
E M P V U W B D U O V J O E C
V N E A C I M Y S F O K R N O
O A S N N R O G S H H H A I L
N I E A A E B P I S S M T K O
R T M B C H S O A I I A O N R
E P A R I A R E N T T N C O P
X Y I O R I G R B T I X I T O
O G S W E R O U L O R G C A I
T E S N M C R U U C B R A N N
I X T F A M S N E S G T T F T
C A R L E A X U E R T R A H C
L C B S W F A R U P A G N I S
J V E L J X S G J G U V I B L

— 60 —
 Longhair Cats

T B W N A V H S I K R U T U N
S L C S M J F R L P I X D E C
E H E S E N I L A B W Q H W D
R K F Y R L G P M G W Z X S L
O R N N I H K K O W D J P E O
F T N A C O C I S H G O L D F
N O O K A D E D R C Q S L P H
A R O G N A H S I K R U T L S
I I C Q C A Z Q E A R N U D I
G E E I U A I L U N A E F O T
E N N F R L T S F M A N X P T
W T I Q L M C M R U W V Y V O
R A A Y T M Y I F E Q R A O C
O L M F P F B C R M P H G J S
N O Y H H U N Z M G U R P F J

Cat Colors

E T A L O C O H C Y G O W H S
M M Y P A I H T Y N Y C S E P
G C Y Z I V O E J W S Y A I L
Z P G N H D E M S A B L E X Y
O B Q O O U M N K T O T C D K
J K C A L B M O D J N Y D L D
F Y M B N D E M C E F U H W I
U P I Y C R E A M A R M T T M
G K N D H W L N W L R S A J T
G I R N F I U N S K E W E W T
T V P W L B T I W J C F G S G
H Y T A A R L C H O W L V S N
W T C E M V C M I I R L Q Q C
K H X U E H B W T L N B T V G
A N I R E Q O G E I Y Z U D W

— 61 —
 Cat Toys

S E M P T Y S P O O L W D Y P
T E N N I S B A L L N T B R I
U T H I Y D A W R E P A P E F
N A L U M I N U M F O I L T B
A C A R D B O A R D B O X T A
E K P A R W E L B B U B A A L
P C T C R U B B E R T O Y B L
G A B C I T S A L P E U D A O
N N C A T N I P T O Y B O A F
I D G A B R E P A P W B B A Y
K Y G O L F B A L L C S Z U A
C A R D B O A R D T U B E X R
A I R E H T A E F B U T T O N
P L L A B G N O P G N I P R A
P S P O N G E T U N L A W D D

Cat Health Care

S A E K P N M H V S A T F S T
A I M E K U E L E N I L E F A
E N T T S W K Y T C E B C P P
S E D I N P V T E A R M I T E
A P M S E H A I R B A L L S W
E O R A U H C Y I A B R D N O
S K O R T R C L N I I Z G R R
I U W A E I I A A R E V U E M
D E D P R C N V R E S K H U Q
U L N O I T A P I T S N O C F
Y N U S R I T H A C O Q X D K
R A O V C O I N N A I N N C B
Y P R K K J O N X B Q L I F F
J P H G J Q N B I F V T A H K
A E H R R A I D Y M A L H C R

— 62 —
 Cat Equipment

T D Z J O L F C B U V W J M W
S B W C A S I O M A H C V T C
O Y O X L Y R T K W Q J R S T
P O O C S R E T T I L E B D D
G L M T M Y P O Q E I H M O K
N A F M O F P N Y R R A O R I
I B S Y O A I B R S T P C H M
H C S V D F L A Y S M D A K T
C Z E E R Q C L P A Z R E N P
T U M G O H L L H H N H L B J
A S C H Q D I S H E S H F E T
R W D T G T A W S O H V F U L
C R Y Z T E N S U M L P L H V
S G N E L P W A R T Q W W Y V
P W R E Y G V W B S L H V J V

Cat Coat Patterns

M A C K E R E L T A B B Y J T
E C L N T M K Z O J B P H L Z
P T A S N N O Y R G K V C R U
P V S L P A M R T R I W B X Z
Z O S U I O S X O D E K E C J
F T I I A C T L I M E R J K N
Z E C N H W O T S H A D E D Q
I J T O T C Z J E R C W J W P
E D A J I E K X S D I Q B O S
G Y B B A T D E H C T A P D D
U Q B E T I C K E D T A B B Y
R E Y V J G C W L N S L B E G
C H I N C H I L L A A G L B M
N I F F L O U M D B X C A I Y

— 63 —
 Cat Crossword
1 2 3 4 5 6
S C F F U N G U S P U R R
7 8
E Y E S R A B I E S P O
9 10
M L A S M Y A C I D
11 12 13
P R O T E I N U Y S A
14 15 16
C T A C P G P O B
17 18
F O O T U O E L A C T A T I N G S
A M R D R R C
19 20
I M M U N I T Y P A R A S I T E
N G L S
21 22
M I T E S R D Y S
23 24
R E S P I R A T O R Y C
25 26
N F E G I O
27 28 29 30
M U E M I C A L C I U M
31
U T P O L Y D A C T Y L L G
32
T R I T I A S H
33 34 35
S A L I V A T I N G G B W S
36 37
T T A E V I B R I S S A E S
I I R A A C P
38 39 40
O O T C C D C A T S H O W S
41
N N C A R N I V O R E E T M
42
R E B R E T R A C T E
B I E L
43 44
P L A Y T R E A T D L

— 64 —
IIssued by Washington State University Extension and the U.S. Department of Agriculture in furtherance of the
Acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914. Extension programs and policies are consistent with federal and state laws
and regulations on nondiscrimination regarding race, sex, religion, age, color, creed, and national or ethnic
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Trade names have been used to simplify information; no endorsement is intended. Revised August 2013.
EM4900E