R Vectors
Vectors
A vector is simply a list of items that are of the same type.
To combine the list of items to a vector, use the c() function and separate
the items by a comma.
In the example below, we create a vector variable called fruits, that combine
strings:
Example
# Vector of strings
fruits <- c("banana", "apple", "orange")
# Print fruits
fruits
In this example, we create a vector that combines numerical values:
Example
# Vector of numerical values
numbers <- c(1, 2, 3)
# Print numbers
numbers
To create a vector with numerical values in a sequence, use the : operator:
Example
# Vector with numerical values in a sequence
numbers <- 1:10
numbers
You can also create numerical values with decimals in a sequence, but note
that if the last element does not belong to the sequence, it is not used:
Example
# Vector with numerical decimals in a sequence
numbers1 <- 1.5:6.5
numbers1
# Vector with numerical decimals in a sequence where the last element
is not used
numbers2 <- 1.5:6.3
numbers2
Result:
[1] 1.5 2.5 3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5
[1] 1.5 2.5 3.5 4.5 5.5
In the example below, we create a vector of logical values:
Example
# Vector of logical values
log_values <- c(TRUE, FALSE, TRUE, FALSE)
log_values
Vector Length
To find out how many items a vector has, use the length() function:
Example
fruits <- c("banana", "apple", "orange")
length(fruits)
Sort a Vector
To sort items in a vector alphabetically or numerically, use
the sort() function:
Example
fruits <- c("banana", "apple", "orange", "mango", "lemon")
numbers <- c(13, 3, 5, 7, 20, 2)
sort(fruits) # Sort a string
sort(numbers) # Sort numbers
Access Vectors
You can access the vector items by referring to its index number inside
brackets []. The first item has index 1, the second item has index 2, and so
on:
Example
fruits <- c("banana", "apple", "orange")
# Access the first item (banana)
fruits[1]
You can also access multiple elements by referring to different index
positions with the c() function:
Example
fruits <- c("banana", "apple", "orange", "mango", "lemon")
# Access the first and third item (banana and orange)
fruits[c(1, 3)]
You can also use negative index numbers to access all items except the ones
specified:
Example
fruits <- c("banana", "apple", "orange", "mango", "lemon")
# Access all items except for the first item
fruits[c(-1)]
Change an Item
To change the value of a specific item, refer to the index number:
Example
fruits <- c("banana", "apple", "orange", "mango", "lemon")
# Change "banana" to "pear"
fruits[1] <- "pear"
# Print fruits
fruits
***********************************************************************
R Lists
Lists
A list in R can contain many different data types inside it. A list is a collection
of data which is ordered and changeable.
To create a list, use the list() function:
Example
# List of strings
thislist <- list("apple", "banana", "cherry")
# Print the list
thislist
Access Lists
You can access the list items by referring to its index number, inside
brackets. The first item has index 1, the second item has index 2, and so on:
Example
thislist <- list("apple", "banana", "cherry")
thislist[1]
Change Item Value
To change the value of a specific item, refer to the index number:
Example
thislist <- list("apple", "banana", "cherry")
thislist[1] <- "blackcurrant"
# Print the updated list
thislist
List Length
To find out how many items a list has, use the length() function:
Example
thislist <- list("apple", "banana", "cherry")
length(thislist)
Check if Item Exists
To find out if a specified item is present in a list, use the %in% operator:
Example
Check if "apple" is present in the list:
thislist <- list("apple", "banana", "cherry")
"apple" %in% thislist
Add List Items
To add an item to the end of the list, use the append() function:
Example
Add "orange" to the list:
thislist <- list("apple", "banana", "cherry")
append(thislist, "orange")
To add an item to the right of a specified index, add "after=index number" in
the append() function:
Example
Add "orange" to the list after "banana" (index 2):
thislist <- list("apple", "banana", "cherry")
append(thislist, "orange", after = 2)
Remove List Items
You can also remove list items. The following example creates a new,
updated list without an "apple" item:
Example
Remove "apple" from the list:
thislist <- list("apple", "banana", "cherry")
newlist <- thislist[-1]
# Print the new list
newlist
Range of Indexes
You can specify a range of indexes by specifying where to start and where to
end the range, by using the : operator:
Example
Return the second, third, fourth and fifth item:
thislist <-
list("apple", "banana", "cherry", "orange", "kiwi", "melon", "mango")
(thislist)[2:5]
Note: The search will start at index 2 (included) and end at index 5
(included).
Remember that the first item has index 1.
Loop Through a List
You can loop through the list items by using a for loop:
Example
Print all items in the list, one by one:
thislist <- list("apple", "banana", "cherry")
for (x in thislist) {
print(x)
}
Join Two Lists
There are several ways to join, or concatenate, two or more lists in R.
The most common way is to use the c() function, which combines two
elements together:
Example
list1 <- list("a", "b", "c")
list2 <- list(1,2,3)
list3 <- c(list1,list2)
list3
***********************************************************************
R Matrices
Matrices
A matrix is a two dimensional data set with columns and rows.
A column is a vertical representation of data, while a row is a horizontal
representation of data.
A matrix can be created with the matrix() function. Specify
the nrow and ncol parameters to get the amount of rows and columns:
Example
# Create a matrix
thismatrix <- matrix(c(1,2,3,4,5,6), nrow = 3, ncol = 2)
# Print the matrix
thismatrix
Note: Remember the c() function is used to concatenate items together.
You can also create a matrix with strings:
Example
thismatrix <- matrix(c("apple", "banana", "cherry", "orange"), nrow
= 2, ncol = 2)
thismatrix
Access Matrix Items
You can access the items by using [ ] brackets. The first number "1" in the
bracket specifies the row-position, while the second number "2" specifies the
column-position:
Example
thismatrix <- matrix(c("apple", "banana", "cherry", "orange"), nrow
= 2, ncol = 2)
thismatrix[1, 2]
The whole row can be accessed if you specify a comma after the number in
the bracket:
Example
thismatrix <- matrix(c("apple", "banana", "cherry", "orange"), nrow
= 2, ncol = 2)
thismatrix[2,]
The whole column can be accessed if you specify a comma before the
number in the bracket:
Example
thismatrix <- matrix(c("apple", "banana", "cherry", "orange"), nrow
= 2, ncol = 2)
thismatrix[,2]
Access More Than One Row
More than one row can be accessed if you use the c() function:
Example
thismatrix <-
matrix(c("apple", "banana", "cherry", "orange","grape", "pineapple", "p
ear", "melon", "fig"), nrow = 3, ncol = 3)
thismatrix[c(1,2),]
Access More Than One Column
More than one column can be accessed if you use the c() function:
Example
thismatrix <-
matrix(c("apple", "banana", "cherry", "orange","grape", "pineapple", "p
ear", "melon", "fig"), nrow = 3, ncol = 3)
thismatrix[, c(1,2)]
Add Rows and Columns
Use the cbind() function to add additional columns in a Matrix:
Example
thismatrix <-
matrix(c("apple", "banana", "cherry", "orange","grape", "pineapple", "p
ear", "melon", "fig"), nrow = 3, ncol = 3)
newmatrix <- cbind(thismatrix,
c("strawberry", "blueberry", "raspberry"))
# Print the new matrix
newmatrix
Note: The cells in the new column must be of the same length as the
existing matrix.
Use the rbind() function to add additional rows in a Matrix:
Example
thismatrix <-
matrix(c("apple", "banana", "cherry", "orange","grape", "pineapple", "p
ear", "melon", "fig"), nrow = 3, ncol = 3)
newmatrix <- rbind(thismatrix,
c("strawberry", "blueberry", "raspberry"))
# Print the new matrix
newmatrix
Note: The cells in the new row must be of the same length as the existing
matrix.
Remove Rows and Columns
Use the c() function to remove rows and columns in a Matrix:
Example
thismatrix <-
matrix(c("apple", "banana", "cherry", "orange", "mango", "pineapple"),
nrow = 3, ncol =2)
#Remove the first row and the first column
thismatrix <- thismatrix[-c(1), -c(1)]
thismatrix
Check if an Item Exists
To find out if a specified item is present in a matrix, use the %in% operator:
Example
Check if "apple" is present in the matrix:
thismatrix <- matrix(c("apple", "banana", "cherry", "orange"), nrow
= 2, ncol = 2)
"apple" %in% thismatrix
Number of Rows and Columns
Use the dim() function to find the number of rows and columns in a Matrix:
Example
thismatrix <- matrix(c("apple", "banana", "cherry", "orange"), nrow
= 2, ncol = 2)
dim(thismatrix)
Matrix Length
Use the length() function to find the dimension of a Matrix:
Example
thismatrix <- matrix(c("apple", "banana", "cherry", "orange"), nrow
= 2, ncol = 2)
length(thismatrix)
Total cells in the matrix is the number of rows multiplied by number of
columns.
In the example above: Dimension = 2*2 = 4.
Loop Through a Matrix
You can loop through a Matrix using a for loop. The loop will start at the first
row, moving right:
Example
Loop through the matrix items and print them:
thismatrix <- matrix(c("apple", "banana", "cherry", "orange"), nrow
= 2, ncol = 2)
for (rows in 1:nrow(thismatrix)) {
for (columns in 1:ncol(thismatrix)) {
print(thismatrix[rows, columns])
}
}
Combine two Matrices
Again, you can use the rbind() or cbind() function to combine two or more
matrices together:
Example
# Combine matrices
Matrix1 <- matrix(c("apple", "banana", "cherry", "grape"), nrow = 2,
ncol = 2)
Matrix2 <- matrix(c("orange", "mango", "pineapple", "watermelon"), nrow
= 2, ncol = 2)
# Adding it as a rows
Matrix_Combined <- rbind(Matrix1, Matrix2)
Matrix_Combined
# Adding it as a columns
Matrix_Combined <- cbind(Matrix1, Matrix2)
Matrix_Combined
***********************************************************************
R Arrays
Arrays
Compared to matrices, arrays can have more than two dimensions.
We can use the array() function to create an array, and the dim parameter to
specify the dimensions:
Example
# An array with one dimension with values ranging from 1 to 24
thisarray <- c(1:24)
thisarray
# An array with more than one dimension
multiarray <- array(thisarray, dim = c(4, 3, 2))
multiarray
Example Explained
In the example above we create an array with the values 1 to 24.
How does dim=c(4,3,2) work?
The first and second number in the bracket specifies the amount of rows and
columns.
The last number in the bracket specifies how many dimensions we want.
Note: Arrays can only have one data type.
Access Array Items
You can access the array elements by referring to the index position. You can
use the [] brackets to access the desired elements from an array:
Example
thisarray <- c(1:24)
multiarray <- array(thisarray, dim = c(4, 3, 2))
multiarray[2, 3, 2]
The syntax is as follow: array[row position, column position, matrix level]
You can also access the whole row or column from a matrix in an array, by
using the c() function:
Example
thisarray <- c(1:24)
# Access all the items from the first row from matrix one
multiarray <- array(thisarray, dim = c(4, 3, 2))
multiarray[c(1),,1]
# Access all the items from the first column from matrix one
multiarray <- array(thisarray, dim = c(4, 3, 2))
multiarray[,c(1),1]
A comma (,) before c() means that we want to access the column.
A comma (,) after c() means that we want to access the row.
Check if an Item Exists
To find out if a specified item is present in an array, use the %in% operator:
Example
Check if the value "2" is present in the array:
thisarray <- c(1:24)
multiarray <- array(thisarray, dim = c(4, 3, 2))
2 %in% multiarray
Amount of Rows and Columns
Use the dim() function to find the amount of rows and columns in an array:
Example
thisarray <- c(1:24)
multiarray <- array(thisarray, dim = c(4, 3, 2))
dim(multiarray)
Array Length
Use the length() function to find the dimension of an array:
Example
thisarray <- c(1:24)
multiarray <- array(thisarray, dim = c(4, 3, 2))
length(multiarray)
Loop Through an Array
You can loop through the array items by using a for loop:
Example
thisarray <- c(1:24)
multiarray <- array(thisarray, dim = c(4, 3, 2))
for(x in multiarray){
print(x)
}
***********************************************************************
R Factors
Factors
Factors are used to categorize data. Examples of factors are:
• Demography: Male/Female
• Music: Rock, Pop, Classic, Jazz
• Training: Strength, Stamina
To create a factor, use the factor() function and add a vector as argument:
Example
# Create a factor
music_genre <-
factor(c("Jazz", "Rock", "Classic", "Classic", "Pop", "Jazz", "Rock", "
Jazz"))
# Print the factor
music_genre
Result:
[1] Jazz Rock Classic Classic Pop Jazz Rock Jazz
Levels: Classic Jazz Pop Rock
You can see from the example above that that the factor has four levels
(categories): Classic, Jazz, Pop and Rock.
To only print the levels, use the levels() function:
Example
music_genre <-
factor(c("Jazz", "Rock", "Classic", "Classic", "Pop", "Jazz", "Rock", "
Jazz"))
levels(music_genre)
Result:
[1] "Classic" "Jazz" "Pop" "Rock"
You can also set the levels, by adding the levels argument inside
the factor() function:
Example
music_genre <-
factor(c("Jazz", "Rock", "Classic", "Classic", "Pop", "Jazz", "Rock", "
Jazz"), levels = c("Classic", "Jazz", "Pop", "Rock", "Other"))
levels(music_genre)
Result:
[1] "Classic" "Jazz" "Pop" "Rock" "Other"
Factor Length
Use the length() function to find out how many items there are in the factor:
Example
music_genre <-
factor(c("Jazz", "Rock", "Classic", "Classic", "Pop", "Jazz", "Rock", "
Jazz"))
length(music_genre)
Result:
[1] 8RTISEMENT
Access Factors
To access the items in a factor, refer to the index number, using [] brackets:
Example
Access the third item:
music_genre <-
factor(c("Jazz", "Rock", "Classic", "Classic", "Pop", "Jazz", "Rock", "
Jazz"))
music_genre[3]
Result:
[1] Classic
Levels: Classic Jazz Pop Rock
Change Item Value
To change the value of a specific item, refer to the index number:
Example
Change the value of the third item:
music_genre <-
factor(c("Jazz", "Rock", "Classic", "Classic", "Pop", "Jazz", "Rock", "
Jazz"))
music_genre[3] <- "Pop"
music_genre[3]
Result:
[1] Pop
Levels: Classic Jazz Pop Rock
Note that you cannot change the value of a specific item if it is not already
specified in the factor. The following example will produce an error:
Example
Trying to change the value of the third item ("Classic") to an item that does
not exist/not predefined ("Opera"):
music_genre <-
factor(c("Jazz", "Rock", "Classic", "Classic", "Pop", "Jazz", "Rock", "
Jazz"))
music_genre[3] <- "Opera"
music_genre[3]
Result:
Warning message:
In `[<-.factor`(`*tmp*`, 3, value = "Opera") :
invalid factor level, NA generated
However, if you have already specified it inside the levels argument, it will
work:
Example
Change the value of the third item:
music_genre <-
factor(c("Jazz", "Rock", "Classic", "Classic", "Pop", "Jazz", "Rock", "
Jazz"), levels = c("Classic", "Jazz", "Pop", "Rock", "Opera"))
music_genre[3] <- "Opera"
music_genre[3]
Result:
[1] Opera
Levels: Classic Jazz Pop Rock Opera
***********************************************************************
R Data Frames
Data Frames
Data Frames are data displayed in a format as a table.
Data Frames can have different types of data inside it. While the first column
can be character, the second and third can be numeric or logical. However,
each column should have the same type of data.
Use the data.frame() function to create a data frame:
Example
# Create a data frame
Data_Frame <- data.frame (
Training = c("Strength", "Stamina", "Other"),
Pulse = c(100, 150, 120),
Duration = c(60, 30, 45)
)
# Print the data frame
Data_Frame
Summarize the Data
Use the summary() function to summarize the data from a Data Frame:
Example
Data_Frame <- data.frame (
Training = c("Strength", "Stamina", "Other"),
Pulse = c(100, 150, 120),
Duration = c(60, 30, 45)
)
Data_Frame
summary(Data_Frame)
You will learn more about the summary() function in the statistical part of the R
tutorial.
Access Items
We can use single brackets [ ], double brackets [[ ]] or $ to access columns
from a data frame:
Example
Data_Frame <- data.frame (
Training = c("Strength", "Stamina", "Other"),
Pulse = c(100, 150, 120),
Duration = c(60, 30, 45)
)
Data_Frame[1]
Data_Frame[["Training"]]
Data_Frame$Training
Add Rows
Use the rbind() function to add new rows in a Data Frame:
Example
Data_Frame <- data.frame (
Training = c("Strength", "Stamina", "Other"),
Pulse = c(100, 150, 120),
Duration = c(60, 30, 45)
)
# Add a new row
New_row_DF <- rbind(Data_Frame, c("Strength", 110, 110))
# Print the new row
New_row_DF
Add Columns
Use the cbind() function to add new columns in a Data Frame:
Example
Data_Frame <- data.frame (
Training = c("Strength", "Stamina", "Other"),
Pulse = c(100, 150, 120),
Duration = c(60, 30, 45)
)
# Add a new column
New_col_DF <- cbind(Data_Frame, Steps = c(1000, 6000, 2000))
# Print the new column
New_col_DF
Remove Rows and Columns
Use the c() function to remove rows and columns in a Data Frame:
Example
Data_Frame <- data.frame (
Training = c("Strength", "Stamina", "Other"),
Pulse = c(100, 150, 120),
Duration = c(60, 30, 45)
)
# Remove the first row and column
Data_Frame_New <- Data_Frame[-c(1), -c(1)]
# Print the new data frame
Data_Frame_New
Amount of Rows and Columns
Use the dim() function to find the amount of rows and columns in a Data
Frame:
Example
Data_Frame <- data.frame (
Training = c("Strength", "Stamina", "Other"),
Pulse = c(100, 150, 120),
Duration = c(60, 30, 45)
)
dim(Data_Frame)
You can also use the ncol() function to find the number of columns
and nrow() to find the number of rows:
Example
Data_Frame <- data.frame (
Training = c("Strength", "Stamina", "Other"),
Pulse = c(100, 150, 120),
Duration = c(60, 30, 45)
)
ncol(Data_Frame)
nrow(Data_Frame)
Data Frame Length
Use the length() function to find the number of columns in a Data Frame
(similar to ncol()):
Example
Data_Frame <- data.frame (
Training = c("Strength", "Stamina", "Other"),
Pulse = c(100, 150, 120),
Duration = c(60, 30, 45)
)
length(Data_Frame)
Combining Data Frames
Use the rbind() function to combine two or more data frames in R vertically:
Example
Data_Frame1 <- data.frame (
Training = c("Strength", "Stamina", "Other"),
Pulse = c(100, 150, 120),
Duration = c(60, 30, 45)
)
Data_Frame2 <- data.frame (
Training = c("Stamina", "Stamina", "Strength"),
Pulse = c(140, 150, 160),
Duration = c(30, 30, 20)
)
New_Data_Frame <- rbind(Data_Frame1, Data_Frame2)
New_Data_Frame
And use the cbind() function to combine two or more data frames in R
horizontally:
Example
Data_Frame3 <- data.frame (
Training = c("Strength", "Stamina", "Other"),
Pulse = c(100, 150, 120),
Duration = c(60, 30, 45)
)
Data_Frame4 <- data.frame (
Steps = c(3000, 6000, 2000),
Calories = c(300, 400, 300)
)
New_Data_Frame1 <- cbind(Data_Frame3, Data_Frame4)
New_Data_Frame1
***********************************************************************
How to Import a CSV File into R ?
•••
A CSV file is used to store contents in a tabular-like format, which is organized in
the form of rows and columns. The column values in each row are separated by a
delimiter string. The CSV files can be loaded into the working space and worked
using both in-built methods and external package imports.
Method 1: Using read.csv() method
The read.csv() method in base R is used to load a .csv file into the present script
and work with it. The contents of the csv can be stored into the variable and
further manipulated. Multiple files can also be accessed in different variables.
The output is returned to the form of a data frame, where row numbers are
assigned integers beginning with 1.
Syntax: read.csv(path, header = TRUE, sep = “,”)
Unmute
Arguments :
• path : The path of the file to be imported
• header : By default : TRUE . Indicator of whether to import column
headings.
• sep = “,” : The separator for the values in each row.
Code:
• R
# specifying the path
path <- "/Users/mallikagupta/Desktop/gfg.csv"
# reading contents of csv file
content <- read.csv(path)
# contents of the csv file
print (content)
Output:
ID Name Post Age
1 5 H CA 67
2 6 K SDE 39
3 7 Z Admin 28
In case, the header is set to FALSE, the column names are ignored, and default
variables names are displayed for each column beginning from V1.
• R
path <- "/Users/mallikagupta/Desktop/gfg.csv"
# reading contents of csv file
content <- read.csv(path, header = FALSE)
# contents of the csv file
print (content)
Output:
V1 V2 V3 V4
1 5 H CA 67
2 6 K SDE 39
3 7 Z Admin 28
***********************************************************************
