This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles

for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

Designation: D4975 − 14

Standard Test Methods for

Single-Filament Tire Bead Wire Made from Steel1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4975; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1. Scope 3. Terminology
1.1 These test methods cover testing of single-filament steel 3.1 Definitions:
wires that are components of tire beads used in the manufacture 3.1.1 For definitions of terms relating to tire cord, bead wire,
of pneumatic tires. By agreement, these test methods may be hose wire, and tire cord fabrics, refer to Terminology D6477.
applied to similar filaments used for reinforcing other rubber 3.1.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard:
products. percent elongation, tire bead, tire bead wire, torsion resistance,
1.2 These test methods describe test procedures only and do in tire bead wire, yield strength.
not establish specifications and tolerances. 3.1.2 For definitions of terms related to force and deforma-
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as tion in textiles, refer to Terminology D4848
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this 3.1.2.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard:
standard. breaking force.
1.4 These test methods cover the determination of the 3.1.3 For definitions of other textile terms, refer to Termi-
mechanical properties listed below: nology D123.
Property Section
4. Summary of Test Methods
Breaking Force (Strength) 7 – 13
Yield Strength 7 – 13 4.1 A summary of the procedures prescribed for the deter-
Elongation 7 – 13 mination of specific properties of tire bead wire is stated in the
Torsion Resistance 14 – 20
Diameter (Gage) 21 – 27
appropriate sections of the specific test methods that follow.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
5. Significance and Use
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- 5.1 The procedures for the determination of properties of
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- single-filament bead wire made from steel are considered
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of
this product because the procedures are the best available and
2. Referenced Documents have been used extensively in the trade.
2.1 ASTM Standards:2 5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in
D76 Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for Textiles reported test results when using these test methods for accep-
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles tance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and
D4848 Terminology Related to Force, Deformation and supplier should conduct comparative test to determine if there
Related Properties of Textiles is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent
D6477 Terminology Relating to Tire Cord, Bead Wire, Hose statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of
Reinforcing Wire, and Fabrics bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test
specimens which are as homogeneous as possible and which
are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on specimens then should be randomly assigned in equal number
Textiles and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.19 on Industrial to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two
Fibers and Metallic Reinforcements.
Current edition approved May 15, 2014. Published June 2014. Originally laboratories should be compared using Student’s t-test for
approved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as D4975–04(2011). DOI: unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the
10.1520/D4975-14.
2
two parties before testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
cause must be determined and corrected or the purchaser and
contact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the supplier must agree to interpret future test results with
the ASTM website. consideration to the known bias.

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 D4975 − 14
6. Sampling the various possibilities for recording test data, use of this type
6.1 Lot Sample—As a lot sample for acceptance testing, take of equipment is not covered in this test method.
at random the number of reels, coils, spools, or other shipping 9.3 Grips, of such design that failure of the specimen does
units of wire directed in an applicable material specification or not occur at the gripping point, and slippage of the specimen
other agreement between the purchaser and the supplier. within the jaws (grips) is prevented.
Consider reels, coils, spools, or other shipping units of wire to
be the primary sampling units. 10. Procedure
NOTE 1—A realistic specification or other agreement between the 10.1 Thermally age the specimen by placing it in an oven
purchaser and the supplier requires taking into account the variability for 60 6 1 min, at 150 6 3°C. Allow specimens to cool to
between and within primary sampling units so as to provide a sampling room temperature before testing.
plan which at the specified level of the property of interest has a
meaningful producer’s risk, consumer’s risk, acceptable quality level, and 10.2 Select the proper force scale range on the tensile
desired limiting quality level. testing machine based on the estimated breaking force of the
6.2 Laboratory Sample—Use the primary sampling units in specimen being tested.
the lot sample as a laboratory sample. 10.3 Adjust the distance between the grips of the testing
6.3 Test Specimens—For each test procedure, take the num- machine, nip to nip, to a gage length of 250 mm.
ber of lengths of tire bead wire of the specified lengths from 10.4 Secure the specimen in the top clamp, exerting enough
each laboratory sample as directed in the test procedure. pressure to prevent the specimen from slipping when loaded.
Place the other end of the specimen between the jaws of the
BREAKING FORCE, YIELD STRENGTH, AND
bottom clamp.
ELONGATION
10.5 Apply a pretension of 1 % of full scale to keep the
7. Summary of Test Method specimen taut.
7.1 The two ends of a specimen are clamped in a tensile 10.6 After setting the cross head speed at 25 mm/min and
testing machine; an increasing force is applied until the recorder chart speed at 250 mm/min, start the testing machine
specimen breaks. The change in force is measured versus the and record the force-extension curve generated.
increase in separation of the specimen clamps to form a 10.6.1 If the specimen fractures within 5 mm of the gripping
force-extension curve. Breaking force is read directly from the point, discard the result and test another specimen. If such jaw
curve and is expressed in newtons. Percent elongation at break breaks continue to occur, insert a jaw liner such as an abrasive
is the extension at break divided by the original specimen cloth between the gripping surface and the specimen in a
length, × 100. The yield strength, the intersection of the force- manner so that the liner extends beyond the grip edge where it
extension curve with a line at 0.2 % elongation offset, is read comes in contact with the specimen.
from the force-extension curve and is expressed in newtons. 10.7 Conduct this test procedure on two specimens from
each laboratory sampling unit.
8. Significance and Use
10.8 Elongation, the increase in gage length of a tensile
8.1 The load-bearing ability of a reinforced rubber product specimen, is usually expressed as a percentage of the original
such as a tire bead is related to the strength of the single- gage length and can be determined from the force-extension
filament wire used as the reinforcing material. The breaking curve.
force and yield strength of tire bead wire is used in engineering 10.8.1 When a greater degree of accuracy is required in the
calculations when designing this type of reinforced product. determination of elongation, an extensometer can be attached
8.2 Elongation of tire bead wire is taken into consideration to the specimen.
in the design and engineering of tire beads because of its effect 10.9 Yield strength is the stress at which a material exhibits
on uniformity and dimensional stability during service. a specified limiting deviation from the proportionality of stress
to strain. Determine the yield strength by the 0.2 % offset
9. Apparatus elongation method.
9.1 Tensile Testing Machine, CRE (Constant-Rate-of- 10.9.1 On the force-extension curve (Fig. 1) that has been
Extension) tensile testing machine of such capacity that the generated (see 10.6) mark off Om equal to the specified value
maximum force required to fracture the wire shall not exceed of the offset (0.2 % elongation); draw mn parallel to OA and
90 % nor be of less than 10 % of the selected force measure- locate r. This intersection of mn with the force-extension curve
ment range. The specifications and methods of calibration and corresponds to force R which is the yield strength. Should the
verification for tensile testing machines shall conform to force-extension curve exhibit an initial nonlinear portion,
Specification D76. extrapolate from the straight line portion to the base line. The
9.2 In some laboratories, the output of CRE type of tensile intersection is point O used in this section.
testing machine is connected with electronic recording and
computing equipment which may be programmed to calculate 11. Calculation
and print the results for each of these desired properties. 11.1 Calculate the average breaking force of the laboratory
Because of the variety of electronic equipment available and sample to the nearest 5 N.

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 D4975 − 14
13.2 Precision—For the property of interest, two averages
of observed values should be considered significantly different
at the 95 % probability level if the difference equals or exceeds
the critical differences given in Table 1.
NOTE 3—The tabulated values of the critical differences should be
considered to be a general statement, particularly with respect to between
laboratory precision. Before a meaningful statement can be made con-
cerning any two specific laboratories, the amount of statistical bias, if any,
between them must be established, with each comparison being based on
recent data obtained on specimens taken from a lot of material of the type
being evaluated so as to be as nearly homogeneous as possible and then
assigned randomly in equal numbers to each of the laboratories.
13.3 Bias—The procedures in this test method for measur-
ing breaking force, elongation, and yield strength have no
known bias because the value of these properties can be
defined only in terms of a test method.
TORSION RESISTANCE

FIG. 1 Force-Extension Curve for Determination of Yield

14. Summary of Test Method
Strength by the Offset Method 14.1 A single-filament of wire is tested in torsion by either
holding one end of the wire fixed while rotating the other or by
rotating both ends in opposite directions at the same time until
11.2 Calculate the elongation to break from the force- fracture occurs.
extension curve to the nearest 0.1 %. Should the force-
extension curve exhibit an initial nonlinear portion, extrapolate 15. Significance and Use
from the straight line portion of the curve to the base line. This 15.1 Complex stress and strain conditions, sensitive to
intersection is the point of origin for the elongation determi- variations in materials, occur in a wire specimen during torsion
nation. The extension from this point to the force at the point testing. The torsion test is a useful tool in assessing wire
of break is the total elongation. ductility under torsional loading. Defective wire lowers torsion
11.3 Calculate the average yield strength of each laboratory resistance.
sample as directed in 10.9.1 to the nearest 5 N.
16. Apparatus
12. Report 16.1 Torsion Test Machine, an automated drive apparatus
12.1 State that the tests were performed as directed in Test that allows a single-filament wire under light tension to be
Methods D4975, describe the material or product tested, and tested in torsion. A counter is provided that registers the
report the following: number of wire rotations to wire fracture.
12.1.1 The test results of each specimen and the laboratory
17. Procedure
sample average. Calculate and report any other data agreed to
between the purchaser and the supplier, 17.1 Thermally age the specimen by placing it in a suitable
12.1.2 Date of test, oven for 60 6 1 min. at 150 6 3°C. Allow specimens to cool
12.1.3 Type of tensile test machine and rate of extension, to room temperature before testing.
and 17.2 Cut the test specimen to the appropriate length so that
12.1.4 Any deviation from the standard test procedure. a gage length of 200 mm between chuck or jaw edges is
obtained.
13. Precision and Bias
17.3 Certain test equipment requires that a 90° bend be put
13.1 Interlaboratory Test Data—An interlaboratory test was in each end of the test specimen; if that is required, measure
run in 1990 in which randomly drawn samples of four approximately 25 mm from each end and bend the wire 90°
materials were tested in 13 laboratories. Each laboratory used with both bends in the same direction.
two operators, each of whom tested two specimens of each
material on two separate days. 17.4 Place the specimen in the clamping fixtures and tighten
the jaws while keeping the wire in a straight alignment. A
NOTE 2—The bead wire products used in the interlaboratory evaluation pretension 25 6 5 N shall be applied to the specimen in the
were of the following diameter and strength levels:
longitudinal direction to aid in keeping the wire straight during
Material Diameter Strength testing.
1 0.965 mm regular 17.5 Set the rotation counter to zero.
2 0.965 mm high
3 1.295 mm regular 17.6 Start the equipment and run until the specimen frac-
4 1.295 mm high tures. For wire sizes below 1.40 mm, use a rotation speed of 60

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 D4975 − 14
TABLE 1 Critical Differences for Conditions Noted
Number of Within-Laboratory
Name of Property Single Operator Precision Between-Laboratory Precision
Observations Precision
Single-Material Comparisons
Breaking force, N 1 17 17 27
2 12 12 25
4 9 9 23
8 6 6 22
16 4 4 22
Multi-Material Comparisons
1 17 17 31
2 12 12 28
4 9 9 27
8 6 6 26
16 5 5 26
Single-Material Comparisons
Yield strength, N Group 1A Group 2B Group 1 Group 2 Group 1 Group 2
1 19 57 20 61 28 81
2 14 40 14 46 24 71
4 10 28 11 36 22 65
8 7 20 8 30 21 61
16 5 14 7 26 21 60
Multi-Material Comparisons
1 19 57 20 61 29 92
2 14 40 14 46 26 83
4 10 28 11 36 24 78
8 7 20 8 30 23 75
16 5 14 7 26 22 74
Single-Material Comparisons
Elongation,% 1 0.54 0.64 1.37
2 0.38 0.51 1.32
4 0.27 0.44 1.29
8 0.19 0.39 1.28
16 0.13 0.37 1.27
Multi-Material Comparisons
1 0.55 0.65 1.43
2 0.39 0.52 1.37
4 0.29 0.45 1.35
8 0.22 0.41 1.33
16 0.17 0.38 1.33
Single-Material Comparisons
Torsion resistance, 1 9 10 11
turns to fracture
2 6 8 9
4 4 6 8
8 3 6 8
16 2 5 7
Multi-Material Comparisons
1 9 10 15
2 7 8 14
4 5 7 13
8 4 6 12
16 4 6 12
Single-Material Comparisons
Diameter, mm 1 0.007 0.010 0.015
2 0.005 0.009 0.014
4 0.004 0.008 0.014
8 0.002 0.007 0.013
16 0.002 0.007 0.013
Multi-Material Comparisons
1 0.007 0.010 0.020
2 0.005 0.009 0.020
4 0.004 0.008 0.019
8 0.002 0.007 0.019
16 0.002 0.007 0.019
A
Group 1 = Materials 1 and 2 (0.965-mm regular and high-strength products).
B
Group 2 = Materials 3 and 4 (1.295-mm regular and high-strength products).

6 15 r/min. For wire sizes greater than 1.40 mm, use a rotation 17.6.1 If the specimen fails within twice its diameter from
speed of 45 6 15 r/min. the jaw edge it is considered to be a jaw break, and the result
NOTE 4—Speeds in excess of these cause excessive specimen heating should be discarded and another specimen tested.
and can cause inaccurate results.

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 D4975 − 14
17.7 Conduct this test procedure on two specimens from 22. Significance and Use
each laboratory sampling unit. 22.1 Diameter is one of the basic mechanical properties of
18. Calculation single-filament wire. Tire bead dimensions and tensile proper-
ties are dependent on the wire diameter.
18.1 Torsion resistance is expressed as the number of full
rotational turns of the wire to fracture. 23. Apparatus
23.1 Micrometer, precision micrometer with a vernier ca-
19. Report
pable of measuring to the nearest 0.01 mm and with circular
19.1 State that the tests were performed as directed in Test shaped, flat anvil faces that are parallel within 0.015 mm.
Methods D4975, describe the material or product tested, and 23.1.1 Non-contact optical measuring systems are available,
report the following: allowing for greater precision and ease of measurement, and
19.1.1 The results of each specimen and the laboratory may be used as an optional method of diameter determination.
sample average,
19.1.2 Date of test, 24. Procedure
19.1.3 Type of torsion tester and the rate of rotation, and 24.1 Verify that the measuring instrument reads 0.000 mm
19.1.4 Any deviation from the standard test procedure. when the anvils are closed. Determine the maximum and
minimum diameter by measurements to the nearest 0.005 mm
20. Precision and Bias
in approximately the middle of one specimen from each
20.1 Summary—In comparing two averages of two laboratory sampling unit.
observations, the difference should not exceed the following
critical differences in 95 out of 100 cases when all of the 25. Calculation
observations are taken by the same well-trained operator using 25.1 Determine the diameter (gage) of the laboratory
the same piece of test equipment and specimens randomly sample by calculating the arithmetic average of the minimum
drawn from the same sample of material and tested on the same and maximum values. The minimum and maximum values
day: should both fall within the product specification limits.
Torsion resistance, 6 turns 25.2 Determine the out-of-roundness for each laboratory
The magnitude of the differences is likely to be affected sample as the difference between the maximum and minimum
adversely by different circumstances. The true values of torsion diameter.
resistance can be defined only in terms of specific test methods. 26. Report
Within this limitation, the procedure given in this test method
for determining this property has no known bias. Paragraphs 26.1 State that the test specimens were tested as directed in
20.2 – 20.4 explain the basis for this summary and for the Test Methods D4975, describe the material or product tested,
evaluations made under other conditions. and report the following:
26.1.1 The average laboratory sample diameter to the near-
20.2 Interlaboratory Test Data—An interlaboratory test was est 0.005 mm,
run in 1990 in which randomly drawn samples of four 26.1.2 The out-of-roundness for the laboratory sample as
materials were tested in 12 laboratories. Each laboratory used determined in 25.2, and
two operators, each of whom tested two specimens of each 26.1.3 Date of test.
material on two separate days (see Note 2).
20.3 Precision—For the property of interest, two averages 27. Precision and Bias
of observed values should be considered significantly different 27.1 Summary—In comparing two averages of two
at the 95 % probability level if the difference equals or exceeds observations, the difference should not exceed the following
the critical differences given in Table 1 (see Note 3). critical differences in 95 out of 100 cases when all of the
20.4 Bias—The procedure given in this test method for observations are taken by the same well-trained operator using
measuring torsional resistance has no known bias because the the same piece of test equipment and specimens randomly
value of this property can be defined only in terms of a test drawn from the same sample of material and tested on the same
method. day:
Diameter, 0.007 mm
DIAMETER (GAGE)
The magnitude of the differences is likely to be affected
21. Summary of Test Method adversely by different circumstances. The true value of diam-
21.1 A length of the single-filament specimen is held eter can be defined only in terms of specific test methods.
between two circular shaped, flat faced anvils of a micrometer. Within this limitation, the procedure given in this test method
The movable anvil is closed gradually and gently until it is in for determining this property has no known bias. Paragraphs
contact with the specimen. The wire diameter is determined by 27.2 – 27.4 explain the basis for this summary and for
reading the micrometer scale. The roundness is determined by evaluations made under other conditions.
a comparison of diameter measurements made at one single 27.2 Interlaboratory Test Data—An interlaboratory test was
location on the specimen. run in 1990 in which randomly drawn samples of four

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 D4975 − 14
materials were tested in 13 laboratories. Each laboratory used 27.4 Bias—The procedure given in this test method for
two operators, each of whom tested one specimen of each measuring diameter has no known bias because the value of
material on two separate days (see Note 4). this property can be defined only in terms of a test method.
27.3 Precision—For the property of interest, two averages
of observed values should be considered significantly different 28. Keywords
at the 95 % probability level if the difference equals or exceeds 28.1 diameter; elongation; strength; tire bead wire; torsion
the critical differences given in Table 1 (see Note 3).

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