FILTRATION TEST USING TENAX TRI-PLANAR

GEOCOMPOSITE WITH LEAN CLAY

by
Rosa T. Affleck and Karen S. Henry

Preface
The tests conducted for Tenax, Incorporated, were developed by Karen Henry,
with assistance from many CRREL employees, including Rosa Affleck, who was
especially helpful in setting up the tests. The experimental techniques are documented in
detail in Henry (in preparation) where results of many experiments of a similar nature are
reported. Ms. Affleck conducted the test reported on here.
This work was performed in accordance with the 1997 Cooperative Research and
Development Agreement (CRDA) between US Army Cold Region Research and
Engineering Laboratory (CRREL) and Tenax Incorporated.

INTRODUCTION
This report presents the results of a laboratory study to determine the long-term
filtration behavior of a soil-geocomposite system, consisting of soil collected at
Winterport, Maine and a Tenax tri-planar geocomposite. The soil tested was collected
from Route 1A during August 1997, when pavement test sections containing
geocomposites (provided by Tenax) were being constructed.
The Maine Department of Transportation (MDOT) constructed several test
sections containing geosynthetics along a 3 km (1.9 mile) portion of Route 1A in the
towns of Frankfort and Winterport. A drainage geocomposite was installed at 0.5 m (18
in.) below the subgrade in test section D-1 (survey stations 251+00 to 261+50) in order to
study potential benefits of its use as a capillary barrier (Fig. 1). During soil freezing, it is
hoped that the capillary barrier prevents upward migration of water to the freezing front
and thereby reduces the frost heave and/or the water content of the soil above it (e.g.
Henry and Affleck, 1998). The filtration test was conducted to verify that the
geocomposite would neither clog with soil fines nor allows excessive amounts of soil
fines to migrate through.

1
 The method used for filtration testing in this program is based on ASTM D 5101-
90, also known as the gradient ratio test. An upright cylindrical soil specimen with a
geocomposite at the bottom is subjected to water flow from the top down under specified
hydraulic gradients. Hydraulic head loss through the specimen is measured through
manometer tubes attached at the sides. Several modifications were made to the equipment
and the procedure specified by ASTM D 5101-90 for the purposes of this project. They
are discussed below.

Equipment used
The test hardware comprises two parts--a water circulating and deairing system
and the actual test equipment (Fig. 2). The water circulating and deairing system consists
of a vacuum source (a Venturi device connected to a water faucet), a large water storage
tank (147 liter), a 5 µm filter, a 1 µm filter, vacuum gage, a water dearator (2.4 liter
capacity), a 75 liter storage tank for the de-aired water, and a variable speed pump (6-600
RPM). The gradient ratio test equipment consists of a constant-head water supply, a 100-
mm-long permeameter and a constant-head water outflow device. The water supply in
the large storage tank is replenished as needed by placing a drain tube from the Venturi
device into it. A programmed Campbell Scientific CR10 datalogger monitors and
controls the water circulation and deairing through a valve control box that is wired to
three one-way and one two-way solenoid valves. For more details on the test set-up, see
Henry (in preparation).
The ASTM standard permeameter requires six manometer tubes one each above
and below the specimen, and two on opposite sides of the permeameter at heights above
the specimen base of 25 mm and 75 mm. The CRREL permeameter includes
manometers at those locations plus at heights above the base of 10, 50 and 90 mm (Fig.
3). All of the manometers were fastened with hose clamps to a manometer board, with
tape marked to the nearest 1 mm behind each one. Thus, the water levels are read to an
accuracy of ± 0.5 mm.

2
Materials used
The soil used was sampled from the soil placed on top of the geocomposite during
the construction of test section D-1. Figure 4 shows the grain size distribution of the soil.
This soil is most likely a mixture of the subgrade below the geocomposite and the
excavated pre-existing base course materials (Henry and Affleck, 1998). The
geocomposite list of specifications and properties supplied by Tenax, Inc., are listed in
Appendix A.

Specimen preparation
The soil was prepared by screening air-dried test soil on a 10-mm (3/8 in.) mesh
sieve, and discarding the portion retained on the sieve. The remaining soil was screened
on a 2-mm (No. 10) sieve, and the portion remaining was pulverized with a rubber-
covered pestle and mortar to break up all aggregated particles. The portion retained on
the sieve was then recombined with the finer soil.

Specimen placement
Initially, water was added to the soil to achieve an in-situ moisture content about
20%, letting it equilibrate overnight, then carefully compacting it into the mold in layers
(i.e., five layers). Each soil layer was kneaded 20 times with a metal pestle. The layers
were scarified with a fork before the next layer was added. This achieved a dry density
of 1.96 Mg/m3. However, after 2 weeks of saturating, the specimen was so impermeable
that it didn’t have any water coming through the manometers. We decided to stop the
saturation and the specimen was discarded.
For the second attempt at the filtration test, the dry soil was poured into the
permeameter according to ASTM D 5101-90. The soil was placed carefully using a
scoop to a 25-mm-thick layer. Consolidation of each layer was achieved by tapping the
side of the permeameter six times using a 20-mm-diameter by 150-mm-long wooden rod.
The dry density of this specimen was 1.55 Mg/m3. (The dry density of the soil in the
field was estimated as 1.80 Mg/m3.)

Specimen saturation

3
 Saturation was accomplished by raising the water table from the base of the
specimen at a rate of approximately 25-mm per day until the water table reached the top
of the specimen. The specimen was then left to stand until the manometer tubes all
showed a hydraulic head within 1 cm of each other at the top of the specimen. This
process took 15 days.

Conducting the filtration test:

The filtration test was started and conducted according to the procedure described
in ASTM D 5101-90. In this test, a hydraulic gradient of one was used. Flow rate
measurements were made and recorded manually approximately once per day. Because
of the low hydraulic conductivity of the soil, a minimum time of about four hours was
needed to make each measurement. The temperature of the water was noted at the
beginning and end of each flow measurement, and the average of these two temperatures
was used in correcting for temperature in the hydraulic conductivity determination. The
manometer readings were conducted after the flow reading was performed. The averages
of the manometer readings for each manometer pairs along the specimen were taken for
hydraulic conductivity calculation.
During soil placement in the permeameter, voids were noticed along the sides of
the permeameter. However, no consolidation of the specimen occurred during the test.
The deaired water used in the permeameter system had dissolved oxygen measured at 4.5
ppm (part per million) and bleach was also added to the storage water tank to minimize
the bacteria and mold growth. The filtration test of this specimen ran for 45 days.

Results and Conclusion

Appendix B shows the manometer, flow and temperature readings during the test.
The system hydraulic conductivity of the specimen was 2.3E-03 cm/sec for the first 3
days, then decreased to 2.79E-04 cm/sec after 13 days and remained stable for the rest of
the tests (Fig. 5). Figure 6 shows the specimen gradient ratio versus time. The hydraulic
conductivity and gradient ratio of the specimen are listed in Appendix C.
Gradient ratios of 3.0 or less are acceptable for most geotextile filters (e.g.,
ASTM D5101; Holtz, et al, 1995). Although ASTM D 5101-90 was developed for

4
geotextiles, the Tenax tri-planar geocomposite appears to be an acceptable filter for the
test conditions under a hydraulic gradient of approximately 1.0. The geocomposite did
not clog, and demonstrated stable flow behavior with time.

Acknowledgments
We appreciate the interest and assistance from the Maine Department of
Transportation, especially Mr. Scott Hayden, as well as the University of Maine,
including Professor Dana Humphrey and Civil Engineering student Adam Smart. In
addition, we thank Dr. Barry Christopher for his advice and assistance in the field.

References
ASTM D 5101-90 (1996) "Standard test method for measuring the soil-geotextile system
clogging potential by the gradient ratio," Annual Book of ASTM Standards, ASTM, W.
Conshohocken, PA 19103-1187, pp. 1294-1301

Berg, R.L and T. Johnson (1983) "Revised procedure for pavement design under seasonal
frost conditions," CRREL Special Report 83-27, Hanover, NH

Hayden, S. and P. Dunn (1996) "The use of geosynthetics with reinforcement, separation
and drainage applications for highway reconstruction along a 1.9 mile portion of Route
1A in the towns of Frankfort and Winterport," unpublished report, Maine Department of
Transportation, 16 State House Station, Child Street Augusta, Maine 03333

Henry, K.S. (in preparation) "Use of geosynthetics as capillary barriers to reduce frost
heave in soils," Ph.D. dissertation,University of Washington, Seattle, WA

Henry, K.S. and R.T. Affleck "Freezing tests on lean clay with Tenax tri-planar
geocomposite as capillary barrier," contract report for Tenax, Inc., 20 p.

5
Holtz, R.D., B.R. Christopher and R.R. Berg (1995) "Geosynthetic design and
construction guidelines," Publication No. FHWA HI-95-038, Federal Highway
Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC, 395 p.

m 6.1 4.6 3.0 1.5 1.5 3.0 4.6 6.1 7.2

(ft) (20) (15) (10) (5) CL (5) (10) (15) (20) (25)
635 mm (25 in.) aggregate base
18 mm (7 in.) asphalt

Subgrade
Drain Pipe
460 mm (18 in) backfilled subgrade
Drain Pipe

Figure 1. Cross-section showing Maine Department of Transportation test section D-1, in

Winterport, Maine.

Gage
To Valve
Control Deaerator
Box

Faucet
3
To Valve
4 Control
Vacuum
Box To Valve
1 2 Control
Box To Large
Inlet Outlet Water To
Discharge Storage Measuring
to Drain To Valve Overflow to Specimen
Control Constant Device
Large Water De-Aired
Box Head
Storage Water Inflow Constant
Storage
5 µm 1 µm Pump Head
Filter Filter Outflow

From De-Aired Water Storage

From Constant Head Inflow 12 V

From 2
Data-
From 3 From 1 Logger
Large
Water
Valve
Storage Key
From 4 Control
Box Pad

KH 034

Figure 2. Schematic of the equipment set up used to run the long-term filtration tests.
The solenoid valves are designated as follows: 1 - Water inlet to the deaerator, 2 - Water
outlet from the dearator, 3 - Two way valve connecting the vent to either ambient air of
the vacuum source, and 4 - Vacuum source.

6
 100 mm

Inlet
Manometer
Ports

Soil 100 mm

Geocomposite

Outlet

CRREL 100 mm
Permeameter

KH 035b

Figure 3. Schematic of the CRREL 100-mm permeameter.

100

90

80

70
Percent Finer

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
100 10 1 0.1 0.01

Grain Size (mm)

Figure 4. Grain size distribution of soil placed on top of the geocomposite

7
 1.00E -02
Hydraulic conductivity (cm/sec)

1.00E -03

1.00E -04
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00 50.00
E lap sed tim e (d ays)

Figure 5. Hydraulic conductivity of the specimen

6.0

5.0

4.0
Gradient ratio

3.0

2.0

1.0

0.0
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00 50.00
E lap sed tim e (d ays)

Figure 6. Specimen gradient ratio over time

8
Appendix A

TENDRAIN 100-2
DOUBLE-SIDED GEOCOMPOSITE (GEOTEXTILE - TRI-PLANAR GEONET -GEOTEXTILE)
The drainage geocomposite is comprised of a tri-planar geonet structure consisting of thick supporting ribs with diagonally placed top
and bottom ribs and with a thermally bonded, non-woven geotextile on both sides. The product is capable of providing high flow
rates in a soil environment under high normal loads and will have properties conforming with the values and test methods listed below :

PROPERTIES TEST METHOD UNIT VALUE QUALIFIER

GEONET CORE
Tensile Strength - MD ASTM D4595 lb/ft 1000 c, Note 1
Compressive Behavior
(% Retained thickness)
@50,000 psf (short term) ASTM D1621 % 50 a, Note 2
@25,000 psf (10,000 hours) % 60 a
3
Resin Density ASTM D1505 g/cm 0.94 c
Resin Melt Index ASTM D1238 g/10 min. 1.0 d
Carbon Black Content ASTM D4218 % 2.0 c
Thickness ASTM D5199 mils 300 c, Note 3

GEOTEXTILE
Apparent Opening Size (AOS) ASTM D4751 US Sieve (mm) 100(0.15) b,4
Weight ASTM D3776 oz/sy 8 b,4
2
Water Flow Rate ASTM D4491 gal/min/ft 100 b,4
Permeability ASTM D4491 cm/sec 0.3 b,4
Puncture ASTM D4833 lbs 130 b,4
Trapezoid Tear ASTM D4533 lbs 80 b,4
Grab Tensile Strength ASTM D4632 lbs 200 b,4
Grab Elongation ASTM D4632 % 50 b,4
Mullen Burst ASTM D3786 psi 450 b,4
UV Resistance @500 Hours ASTM D4355 % 70 b,4

GEOCOMPOSITE
Roll Width ft 6.7 a, Note 5
Roll Length ft 200 a, Note 5
Ply Adhesion ASTM D413 lbs/in 2 c, Note 6
HYDRAULIC BEHAVIOR OF GEOCOMPOSITE IN SOIL
-4 2
Transmissivity - MD ( X 10 m /sec) ASTM D 4716-95 Notes 7
Gradient/Load: 15,000 psf 25,000 psf
0.1 22.5 10
0.5 12 5
1 8 4
Flow Rate Per Unit Width - MD (gpm/ft) ASTM D 4716-95 Notes 7
Gradient/Load: 15,000 psf 25,000 psf
0.1 1.1 0.5
0.5 2.9 1.2
1 3.9 1.9
Qualifiers: a = Typical Value b = Minimum Average Roll Value (MARV)
c = Minimum Value d = Maximum Value
NOTES:
1. Tensile properties tested by manufacturer every 40,000 square feet of product per ASTM D4595 with a specimen width of
8.0 in. and cross-head speed of 0.04 in./min.
2. Compression behavior tested by manufacturer every 40,000 square feet of product per ASTM D1621 with a 2 in. x 2 in.
specimen and a constant rate of strain of 0.04 in./min.
3. Thickness measured by manufacturer every 40,000 square feet of product per ASTM D5199 with a 2.22 in. diameter
presser foot and 2.9 psi pressure.
4. Geotextile properties listed are prior to lamination.
5. Roll dimensions are measured at the time of manufacture.
6. Ply adhesion tested by manufacturer every 40,000 square feet of product per ASTM D413 with a 2 in. wide strip where the
geotextile bonded to either side of the geonet is pulled apart at a speed of 2.0 in/min. The value reported for each laminated
side is the average of the 5 peak values from each specimen. Both the top and bottom geotextile interfaces must be evaluated.
7. Geocomposite transmissivity measured by manufacturer every 100,000 square feet of product as per ASTM D4716-95
with testing boundary conditions as follows: steel plate / uniform sand / geocomposite / 60 mil HDPE geomembrane / steel plate

9
Appendix B
Results of long-term gradient ratio test on Route 1A, Winterport/Frankfort, Maine Test Soil
Date Start Stop Avg. Q Start Stop Time Time Elapsed Q/time
Temp Temp Temp (C) (cc) Time Time (min) (sec) time (day) ml/sec
12/16/97 10:05 0.00
12/16/97 10:35 22.3 22.3 22.3 454.75 9:57:00 10:33:00 0:36:00 2160 0.02 0.210532
12/16/97 13:32 22.7 22.7 292.79 13:10:00 13:29:00 0:19:00 1140 0.14 0.256833
12/16/97 16:35 22.5 22.5 58.82 16:35:00 16:39:00 0:04:00 240 0.27 0.245083
12/17/97 9:00 20.8 21.1 21.0 226.65 8:48:00 9:05:00 0:17:00 1020 0.95 0.222206
12/17/97 16:25 21.5 21.5 21.5 515.29 15:41:00 16:24:00 0:43:00 2580 1.26 0.199725
12/18/97 10:05 20.6 20.6 484.60 9:28:00 10:04:00 0:36:00 2160 2.00 0.224352
12/19/97 8:55 20.9 21.3 21.1 251.28 8:30:00 8:50:00 0:20:00 1200 2.95 0.209400
12/22/97 9:40 20.4 20.8 20.6 319.94 9:00:00 9:38:00 0:38:00 2280 5.98 0.140325
12/24/97 10:35 21.5 22.0 21.8 383.29 9:24:00 10:31:00 1:07:00 4020 8.02 0.095346
12/29/97 13:45 20.8 22.6 21.7 485.12 8:38:00 13:42:00 5:04:00 18240 13.15 0.026596
12/30/97 15:50 21.9 21.8 21.9 583.32 8:59:00 15:42:00 6:43:00 24180 14.24 0.024124
12/31/97 12:31 21.0 20.8 20.9 263.66 8:55:00 12:13:00 3:18:00 11880 15.10 0.022194
1/5/98 15:30 21.8 22.0 21.9 434.61 9:04:00 15:21:00 6:17:00 22620 20.23 0.019214
1/6/98 15:21 21.9 22.2 22.1 388.89 9:32:00 15:17:00 5:45:00 20700 21.22 0.018787
1/7/98 13:03 21.7 22.3 22.0 303.85 8:24:00 12:57:00 4:33:00 16380 22.12 0.018550
1/8/98 16:23 21.5 21.6 21.6 490.35 8:36:00 16:11:00 7:35:00 27300 23.26 0.017962
1/9/98 14:39 21.3 21.2 21.3 373.00 8:40:00 14:35:00 5:55:00 21300 24.19 0.017512
1/12/98 15:12 19.9 21.0 20.5 350.24 9:16:00 15:07:00 5:51:00 21060 27.21 0.016631
1/13/98 16:50 21.8 21.5 21.7 488.47 8:49:00 16:47:00 7:58:00 28680 28.28 0.017032
1/14/98 15:27 19.9 19.6 19.8 335.07 9:37:00 15:20:00 5:43:00 20580 29.22 0.016281
1/15/98 15:27 20.3 20.3 20.3 352.21 8:47:00 14:50:00 6:03:00 21780 30.22 0.016171
1/16/98 16:59 20.3 20.6 20.5 287.97 12:00:00 16:51:00 4:51:00 17460 31.29 0.016493
1/20/98 15:47 20.7 21.6 21.2 342.42 9:58:00 15:40:00 5:42:00 20520 35.24 0.016687
1/21/98 17:00 20.3 20.9 20.6 461.65 8:49:00 16:51:00 8:02:00 28920 36.29 0.015963
1/23/98 15:18 20.0 20.3 20.2 382.72 8:28:00 15:12:00 6:44:00 24240 38.22 0.015789
1/28/98 15:06 20.1 20.3 20.2 337.34 8:55:00 14:57:00 6:02:00 21720 43.21 0.015531
1/29/98 15:06 20.1 20.5 20.3 358.89 9:11:00 15:52:00 6:41:00 24060 44.21 0.014916
1/30/98 14:16 19.9 20.8 20.4 238.81 9:52:00 14:14:00 4:22:00 15720 45.17 0.015191

10
Hydraulic head readings

1-L 1-R 2-L 2-R 3-L 3-R 4-L 4-R 5-L 5-R
Date and Head Head at Head at Head at Head at Head at Head at Head at Head at Head at Head at Head
Time Top (cm) 90 mm, L 90 mm, R75 mm, L 75 mm, R 50 mm, L 50 mm, R25 mm, L 25 mm, R 10 mm, L 10 mm, R bottom
12/16/97 10:05 31.5 31.5 32.6 31.5 29.6 30.0 27.3 24.1 25.0 23.7 20.8
12/16/97 10:35 31.5 31.5 32.1 31.4 29.6 30.1 27.8 25.2 26.2 24.6 20.8
12/16/97 13:32 31.5 31.4 31.9 31.4 29.6 29.8 27.3 25.0 24.8 24.7 20.8
12/16/97 16:35 31.5 31.4 31.8 31.3 29.5 29.8 27.4 26.0 25.2 25.3 20.7
12/17/97 9:00 31.4 30.5 31.2 30.2 28.6 28.9 26.8 25.2 24.4 24.9 20.8
12/17/97 16:25 31.5 31.4 31.8 31.1 31.3 29.4 29.8 27.4 26.3 25.7 25.6 20.8
12/18/97 10:05 31.6 31.4 31.6 31.2 31.3 29.5 29.8 27.9 26.5 25.9 26.0 20.8
12/19/97 8:55 31.5 31.4 31.7 31.2 31.3 29.6 29.8 27.8 26.0 25.2 25.9 20.8
12/22/97 9:40 31.6 31.4 31.6 31.3 31.3 29.7 30.1 28.3 26.8 25.7 26.6 20.6
12/24/97 10:35 31.7 31.5 31.6 31.4 31.5 30.1 30.5 28.8 27.7 26.2 27.5 20.5
12/29/97 13:45 31.7 31.6 31.7 31.6 31.5 30.8 30.7 29.4 27.2 25.3 27.0 20.4
12/30/97 15:50 31.6 31.5 31.6 31.5 31.5 30.8 30.5 29.0 26.8 24.9 26.5 20.4
12/31/97 12:31 31.5 31.5 31.6 31.5 31.5 30.7 30.5 28.8 26.6 24.5 26.3 20.4
1/5/98 15:30 31.5 31.5 31.6 31.6 31.5 30.5 30.2 28.0 26.1 24.1 25.9 20.4
1/6/98 15:21 31.6 31.5 31.6 31.6 31.5 30.4 30.1 27.9 26.1 24.0 25.8 20.4
1/7/98 13:03 31.5 31.5 31.6 31.5 31.5 30.3 30.0 27.8 26.0 24.0 25.7 20.4
1/8/98 16:23 31.5 31.5 31.7 31.5 31.5 30.2 30.0 27.7 26.0 23.8 25.7 20.4
1/9/98 14:39 31.6 31.5 31.7 31.5 31.5 30.2 29.9 27.6 25.9 23.8 25.6 20.4
1/12/98 15:12 31.5 31.5 31.7 31.5 31.5 30.1 29.9 27.5 25.9 23.8 25.6 20.4
1/13/98 16:50 31.5 31.5 31.7 31.5 31.5 30.0 29.8 27.6 25.8 23.8 25.6 20.4
1/14/98 15:27 31.6 31.5 31.7 31.5 31.5 29.9 29.8 27.6 25.9 23.8 25.6 20.6
1/15/98 15:27 31.6 31.5 31.7 31.5 31.5 29.9 29.8 27.5 25.9 23.8 25.6 20.5
1/16/98 16:59 31.5 31.5 31.7 31.5 31.5 29.8 29.8 27.6 25.8 23.7 25.5 20.4
1/20/98 15:47 31.5 31.5 31.7 31.5 31.5 29.5 29.7 27.4 25.8 23.8 25.5 20.5
1/21/98 17:00 31.5 31.5 31.7 31.5 31.4 29.3 29.6 27.3 25.6 23.7 25.4 20.4
1/23/98 15:18 31.5 31.5 31.7 31.5 31.4 29.3 29.6 27.3 25.7 23.7 25.4 20.4
1/28/98 15:06 31.5 31.5 31.7 31.4 31.4 29.3 29.6 27.4 25.8 23.8 25.6 20.4
1/29/98 15:06 31.5 31.5 31.7 31.5 31.4 29.3 29.6 27.4 25.9 23.9 25.7 20.4
1/30/98 14:16 31.5 31.5 31.7 31.5 31.3 29.3 29.6 27.4 25.9 23.9 25.7 20.4

11
Appendix C

Results of long-term gradient ratio test on Route 1A, Winterport/Frankfort, Maine Test Soil
Head Elapsed
Avg. Q/time Head Top Bottom Time Hydraulic uncorrected K
Time Temp (C) (ml/sec) (cm) (cm) (days) Gradient k (cm/sec) Correction (cm/sec)
12/16/97 10:05 31.5 20.8 0.00
12/16/97 10:35 22.3 0.210532 31.5 20.8 0.02 1.07 2.43E-03 0.95 2.30E-03
12/16/97 13:32 22.7 0.256833 31.5 20.8 0.14 1.07 2.96E-03 0.94 2.78E-03
12/16/97 16:35 22.5 0.245083 31.5 20.7 0.27 1.08 2.80E-03 0.94 2.64E-03
12/17/97 9:00 21.0 0.222206 31.4 20.8 0.95 1.06 2.59E-03 0.98 2.53E-03
12/17/97 16:25 21.5 0.199725 31.5 20.8 1.26 1.07 2.30E-03 0.96 2.22E-03
12/18/97 10:05 20.6 0.224352 31.6 20.8 2.00 1.08 2.56E-03 0.99 2.53E-03
12/19/97 8:55 21.1 0.209400 31.5 20.8 2.95 1.07 2.42E-03 0.97 2.35E-03
12/22/97 9:40 20.8 0.140325 31.6 20.6 5.98 1.10 1.57E-03 0.98 1.54E-03
12/24/97 10:35 21.8 0.095346 31.7 20.5 8.02 1.12 1.05E-03 0.96 1.01E-03
12/29/97 13:45 21.7 0.026596 31.7 20.4 13.15 1.13 2.91E-04 0.96 2.79E-04
12/30/97 15:50 21.9 0.024124 31.6 20.4 14.24 1.12 2.66E-04 0.96 2.54E-04
12/31/97 12:31 20.9 0.022194 31.5 20.4 15.10 1.11 2.47E-04 0.98 2.42E-04
1/5/98 15:30 21.9 0.019214 31.5 20.4 20.23 1.11 2.14E-04 0.96 2.04E-04
1/6/98 15:21 22.1 0.018787 31.6 20.4 21.22 1.12 2.07E-04 0.95 1.97E-04
1/7/98 13:03 22.0 0.018550 31.5 20.4 22.12 1.11 2.06E-04 0.95 1.97E-04
1/8/98 16:23 21.6 0.017962 31.5 20.4 23.26 1.11 2.00E-04 0.96 1.92E-04
1/9/98 14:39 21.3 0.017512 31.6 20.4 24.19 1.12 1.93E-04 0.97 1.87E-04
1/12/98 15:12 20.5 0.016631 31.5 20.4 27.21 1.11 1.85E-04 0.99 1.83E-04
1/13/98 16:50 21.7 0.017032 31.5 20.4 28.28 1.11 1.89E-04 0.96 1.82E-04
1/14/98 15:27 19.8 0.016281 31.6 20.6 29.22 1.10 1.83E-04 1.01 1.84E-04
1/15/98 15:27 20.3 0.016171 31.6 20.5 30.22 1.11 1.80E-04 0.99 1.79E-04
1/16/98 16:59 20.5 0.016493 31.5 20.4 31.29 1.11 1.83E-04 0.99 1.81E-04
1/20/98 15:47 21.2 0.016687 31.5 20.5 35.24 1.10 1.87E-04 0.97 1.82E-04
1/21/98 17:00 20.6 0.015963 31.5 20.4 36.29 1.11 1.78E-04 0.99 1.75E-04
1/23/98 15:18 20.2 0.015789 31.5 20.4 38.22 1.11 1.76E-04 1.00 1.75E-04
1/28/98 15:06 20.2 0.015531 31.5 20.4 43.21 1.11 1.73E-04 1.00 1.72E-04
1/29/98 15:06 20.3 0.014916 31.5 20.4 44.21 1.11 1.66E-04 0.99 1.65E-04
1/30/98 14:16 20.4 0.015191 31.5 20.4 45.17 1.11 1.69E-04 0.99 1.68E-04

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Results of long-term gradient ratio test on
Route 1A, Winterport/Frankfort, Maine Test Soil
Elapsed
time In soil gradient Bottom 25 Gradient
Time (days) 75 to 25 mm mm Ratio
12/16/97 10:05 0.00
12/16/97 10:35 0.02 0.98 2.28 2.33
12/16/97 13:32 0.14 1.05 2.14 2.04
12/16/97 16:35 0.27 0.92 2.40 2.61
12/17/97 9:00 0.95 0.84 2.08 2.48
12/17/97 16:25 1.26 0.87 2.42 2.78
12/18/97 10:05 2.00 0.81 2.56 3.16
12/19/97 8:55 2.95 0.87 2.44 2.80
12/22/97 9:40 5.98 0.75 2.78 3.71
12/24/97 10:35 8.02 0.64 3.10 4.84
12/29/97 13:45 13.15 0.65 3.16 4.86
12/30/97 15:50 14.24 0.72 3.00 4.17
12/31/97 12:31 15.10 0.76 2.92 3.84
1/5/98 15:30 20.23 0.90 2.66 2.96
1/6/98 15:21 21.22 0.91 2.64 2.90
1/7/98 13:03 22.12 0.92 2.60 2.83
1/8/98 16:23 23.26 0.93 2.58 2.77
1/9/98 14:39 24.19 0.95 2.54 2.67
1/12/98 15:12 27.21 0.96 2.52 2.63
1/13/98 16:50 28.28 0.96 2.52 2.63
1/14/98 15:27 29.22 0.95 2.46 2.59
1/15/98 15:27 30.22 0.96 2.48 2.58
1/16/98 16:59 31.29 0.96 2.52 2.63
1/20/98 15:47 35.24 0.98 2.44 2.49
1/21/98 17:00 36.29 1.00 2.42 2.42
1/23/98 15:18 38.22 0.99 2.44 2.46
1/28/98 15:06 43.21 0.96 2.48 2.58
1/29/98 15:06 44.21 0.96 2.50 2.60
1/30/98 14:16 45.17 0.95 2.50 2.63

13