Motion

• Motion and Rest

• Motion is relative
 What do we Let’s learn in this
observe ? chapter

Why do we say
these objects are
in motion
 What
Let is meantan
us consider byexample of an
MOTION?
observer observing the car

So, the car is

in MOTION

A BODY
The IS SAID
position TOisBE IN MOTION WHEN
of the car
IT CHANGES
changing ITS POSITION
with respect to its WITH RESPECT
TO ITS SURROUNDINGS.
surroundings
The position of the hands In a river, the position Due to revolution, the position
So, the hands of the So, water is in So, the earth is
of the clock CHANGES of water CHANGES of the earth with respect to the
clock are in MOTION. MOTION in MOTION.
continuously continuously sun CHANGES continuously
 Let us consider an example of an
AThen,
BODY whatIS SAID TO BE AT REST WHEN
is meant
observerITobserving the car stopping
by REST..?
DOES NOT CHANGE ITS POSITION at a WITH
signal
The position of the car is NOT
RESPECTchanging
TO ITSwith
SURROUNDINGS.
respect to its
surroundings

So, the car is at REST

MOTION IS RELATIVE
MOTION IS RELATIVE

Depends on the
observer

A body can be moving for one

observer, and at the same time at
MOTION
rest for IS RELATIVE
another observer.
 MCQ’s
1. Motion is said to be

a) Relation b) Relative c) Changing d) None

2. When in motion the body changes its _______ with respect

to its surroundings.

a) Size b) Shape c) Position d) No change

3. An object may appear to be moving for one person and

____________ for another person.

a) stationary b) motion c) changing d) relation

1. Define Motion

Ans. A body is said to be motion if it changes its position

with respective to its surroundings.

2. Define Rest

Ans. A body is said to be at rest if it does not change its

position with respective to its surroundings.

3. Motion is relative

Ans. A body can be moving for one observer, and at the

same time at rest for another observer.
Motion
• Uniform and Non-uniform motion
• Activity on motion
1. The motion in which the 1. The motion in which the
object covers equal distances in object covers unequal distances
equal intervals of time is called in equal intervals of time is
uniform motion. called Non-uniform motion.
The hands of the clock
2. In uniform motioncover equal distances
2. Ininnon-uniform motion
acceleration is zero equal intervals ofacceleration
time is not constant
A flying bird covers
unequal distances in
equal intervals of time
 IDENTIFY THE TYPE OF MOTION

e-
Unequal
Unequal distances
distancesin in Equal distances in
Unequal
equal distances in
equal intervals
intervals of
of time
time
equal intervals of time n equal intervals of time.

p+

Motion of
Motion
TrainMotion
vehicles
Motion
of on
arrivingofan
electrons
of the the
/handsbird
extremely
Leaving
roundofthe busy
thenucleus
clock road
station
Activity Amar , Akbar and Anthony are travelling by their own cars.
Lets us understand whose car is moving with uniform motion.

Amar Akbar Anthony

Distance covered by Distance covered by Distance covered by
Clock Time Amar in kilometer Akbar in kilometer Anthony in kilometer
5.00 0 0 0
30 20 18 14
5.30 20 18 14
30 20 18 14
6.00 40 36 28
30 20 6 14
6.30 60 42 42
30 20 28 14
7.00 80 70 56
30 20 25 14
7.30 100 95 70
30 20 25 14
8.00 120 120 84
Motion
• Physical quantities
• System of Units
 is abe Can
DISTANCE
DISTANCE
is abe
Can
TIME
TIME
YES
Anything
physical
measured? YES
that
quantity can quantity
physical be measured
measured?
is a PHYSICAL QUANTITY.

LOVE
Can LOVE
is notbea
NO
physical
measured?
quantity
 Physical quantities
Scalars are of two types Vectors
To measure force, both
1. Physical quantities which 1. Physical quantities
magnitude which
and direction
MagnitudeTomeans
can be completely measure mass,
possess
To measure time, are magnitude
required. So itas
is awell
value or a number
described by their direction is notas direction
direction is not required. vectorare called
quantity
magnitude alone are required.
So called
it is a scalar So it is‘Vector
quantity a Quantities’.
‘Scalar Quantities’. scalar quantity

Examples: Time, Examples: Force,

Mass etc Displacement etc
 Units are a system of measurement.

M.K.S. System C.G.S. System

Two systems of measurement

meter – kilogram – second centimeter – gram – second

S.I. System It is also

called as
System International units
OR
Standard International units
Motion
• Distance and Displacement
 An athlete
is running a
race “A” is the
initial point
Let us say, the
shortest distance
between A START The actual path
(initial)
The & shortest
B (final run by the
point) is 160m
distance between A athlete is athlete is called
The
the is
“B” initial and
the final covering a path ‘Distance’
finalpoint
point is of 250m
‘Displacement’ between A & B

B
 The shortest
distance
Now the between So Athe
(final
athlete is point) & A
displacement
running
START The(initial
path ispoint)
zero is
from A to A So the
covered byzero
distance is
A athlete is
500 m
500 m
START
A

B
 Distinguish between Distance & Displacement
Distance Displacement
1. Distance is the total path 1. The shortest distance
Needs only
travelled by an object Needs both from the initial
measured
magnitude magnitude
to the final position of an
no direction & direction
object is known as the
displacement
2. It is a scalar quantity 2. It is a vector quantity

3. It is either equal to or 3. It is either equal to or

greater than displacement less than distance.
In a straight line motion ,
Distance = Displacement
 1 - In the given figure, object starts its motion at point A, goes to B-C-D and again
came back to A. Find DISTANCE at point A.
5m
B C
A 0 B 16 3m 3m

A D
C can’t say D 8 5m

2 - In the given figure, object starts its motion at point A, goes to B-C-D and again
came back to A. Find DISPLACEMENT at point A. 5m
B C

3m 3m
A 0 B 16
A D
C can’t say D 8 5m
 3 - Vectors are physical quantities which possess ……………

A magnitude B magnitude & direction

C direction D either magnitude are direction

4 - When a athlete runs on a circular track and reaches the same point ……………

A Displacement = distance B Distance > displacement

C Displacement > 0 D Distance < displacement

5 - Displacement is _____________ quality.

A vector B scalar

C Both of these D none of these

 An object has moved through a distance. Can it have zero
displacement? If yes, support Your answer with an example.

Ans. Yes, even when an object moves through a distance it can have zero
displacement.

A 30 km B

Total distance travelled = AB + BA = 30 + 30 = 60 km.

But as the final position coincides with the initial position, the
displacement is zero.
 Which of the following is true for displacement?
(a) It cannot be zero.
(b) Its magnitude is greater than the distance travelled by the
object.

Ans. Both these statements are not true, because

(a) Its magnitude can be zero.
(b) Its magnitude is either less than or equal to the distance
travelled by the object.
Motion
• Speed and Velocity
• Units and their relation
 The displacement of a body in unit
The distance travelled by the
1 1 time is called velocity Or Speed of
object in unit time is called speed.
an object in a particular direction.

distance displacement
2 Speed = 2 Velocity =
time time

3 It is a scalar quantity 3 It is a vector quantity

Needs Needs both

It is either equal to oronly
greater than It is either equal to or less than
4 magnitude no 4 magnitude &
velocity. speed.
direction direction
 m
distance
cm UNIT
speed =
s
time
= m/s

= cm/s

 Units of speed & velocity are the same

- Speed is related to distance.

- Velocity is related to displacement
Conversion of commercial unit to SI unit Example
1 km = 1000 m
1 hr = 60 min 5 5
90 km/hr = 90 ×
1 min = 60 sec 18
1
= 25 m/s
1 hr = 60  60 sec

1 hr = 3600 sec 1
5
18 km/hr = 18 ×
5 1000 m 18 1
1 km/hr =
3600 s = 5 m/s
18

5
1 km/hr = m/s
18
 Under what condition(s) is the magnitude of average velocity of
an object equal to its average speed ?

Ans. The magnitude of average velocity of an object is equal to its average

speed only if the object is moving in a straight line.

A B
 A cheetah is the fastest land animal and can achieve a peak velocity of
100 km/h up to distances less than 500 m. If a cheetah spots its prey
at a distance of 100 m, what is the minimum time it will take to get its
prey, if the average velocity attained by it is 90 km/h?

90 km 90 × 5 m
Ans. Average velocity = 90 km/h = = = 25 ms–1
1h 18 s

Displacement
Also, Average velocity =
Time taken
Q Cheetah moves in a straight line displacement is equal to 100 m

100
 Time taken = = 4s
25
 During an experiment, a signal from a spaceship reached
the ground station in five minutes. What was the distance
of the spaceship from the ground station? The signal
travels at the speed of light, that is, 3 × 108 m s–1.
Given : Time (t) = 5 min
= 5 × 60
= 300 s v = 3 × 108 ms–1
Speed of the signal = 3 × 108 m s–1
To find : Distance = ? t = 5 min
Distance travelled
Formula : Speed =
Time taken
Distance travelled
Solution : Speed =
Time taken
 Distance travelled = Speed × Time taken
= 3 × 108 × 300
Ans : The distance of=the
3 ×spaceship
108 × 3 × from
102
the ground station
= 9 is 9 ×1010
× 10 m m.
10
 An object travels 16 m in 4 s and then another 16 m in 2 s.
What is the average speed of the object?

Given : Total distance travelled = 16 + 16 = 32m

Total Time = 4 + 2 = 6s
To find : Average speed = ?
Total distance travelled
Formula : Average speed =
Total time taken
t1 = 4 s tTotal
1=2s
distance travelled
Solution : Average speed =
Total time taken
32
= C
A 16 m B 616 m
= 5.33 m s–1
Ans : The average speed of the object is 5.33 m s–1.
 Usha swims in a 90 m long pool. She covers 180 m in one
minute by swimming from one end to the other and back
along the same straight path. Find the average speed and
average velocity of Usha.
3
Given : Total distance = 180 m 180
Average speed = = 3 m s-1
Total displacement
Usha swims = 0m
back to 1 60
Total the
Time = 1 min
same position = 60 s
As displacement is zero,
To find : Average speed = ? Average velocity = 0 m s-1
Average velocity = ? Ans : The average speed of Usha
Total distance covered is 3 m s–1 and her average
Distance
Formulae : Average covered
speed =
s = 90 + 90 = 180 m Total time taken velocity is 0 m s–1.
Total displacement
Average velocity =
Total time taken

Total distance covered

A : Total
Solution Average
timespeed = B
90 m Total time taken
t = 1 min
Motion
• Acceleration
• Types of acceleration
 On a busy road the Acceleration (a)
velocity of the vehicles
rate ofDifference
Thechanges with timeof velocity is called acceleration.
change
in velocity

VelocityChange Acceleration =
changes in velocity
Final velocity  Initial velocity
a
Acceleration = with time Time
Time Velocity in the
Velocity after cm/s
vm/s
-u
some time a= beginning
u st
Accelerator
Final velocity  Initial velocity
Acceleration = UNIT
v Time
m
M.K.S =
t s2
cm
C.G.S =
s2
Plane
Planemoving
taking with constant speed
landingoff
Positive Negative Zero

Velocity ↑ Velocity ↓ Velocity = constant

Retardation or
Deceleration
 1 – Earth rotating on its axis is an example of ………..

A Positive acceleration B Negative acceleration

C Zero acceleration D None of these

1 – A car starting from rest and moving is an example of

A Positive acceleration B Negative acceleration

C Zero acceleration D None of these

 3 - The distance travelled by a body in a given direction in unit time is called
___________.
A velocity B speed

C velocity or speed D acceleration

4 - Which of the following statements is correct.

A Units of speed & velocity are different B Units of velocity & acceleration all same

C Units of speed & velocity are same D Units of speed & velocity are same only
in MKS system
 A bus decreases its speed from 80 km h–1 to 60 km h–1 in 5 s.
Find the acceleration of the bus.
v-u
Given : Initial speed (u) = 80 km h–1 Solution : a =
40 5 t
= 80 × m s–1 16.66 – 22.22
189 =
= 22.22 m s–1 5
 a = - 1.112 m s–2
Final speed (v) = 60 km h–1
10 5
= 60 × m s–1 Ans : The acceleration of the bus is
18 3 - 1.112 m s–2.
= 16.66 m s–1 The negative sign indicates that the
Time taken (t) = 5 s velocity of bus is decreasing.
To find : Acceleration (a) = ?
v-u
Formula : a = t
 A train starting from a railway station and moving with
uniform acceleration attains a speed 40 km h–1 in 10 minutes.
Find its acceleration.

Given : Initial speed (u) = 0 km h–1 v-u

Solution : a =
Final speed (v) = 40 km h–1 t
20 5 11.11 – 0
= 40 × m s–1 =
189 600
= 11.11 m s–1 11.11
Time taken (t) = 10 min =
600
= 10 × 60 s  a = 0.0185 m s–2
= 600s
To find : Acceleration (a) = ?
v-u
Formula : a =
t
Ans : The acceleration of the train
is 0.0185 m s–2
Motion
• Uniform and non uniform Acceleration
 UNIFORM AND NON-UNIFORM ACCELERATION
Time in Velocity in UNIFORM ACCELERATION
second m/sec.
0 0 The If there are equal changes in velocity of body
difference
The change in
5 8 between in
twoequal intervals of time, then it possesses
instance
5 5 8 velocity in the time
8 of time is 5 seconds uniform acceleration.
interval is constant. At 10 seconds,
10 5 16 So,
8 there is equal velocity
At 35 is seconds,
16 m/sec
intervals Equal
of time changes in At 5 seconds,
15 5 24 8 To m/s) velocity is 56 m/sec
start with the velocity
velocity (8 So the van is moving withis 8 m/sec
20 5 32 8 van is at rest
uniform
At zero time,acceleration
25 5 40 8 Time Velocity
velocity is zero
30 5 48 8 0
35
10
5 0
56
16
8
35 56
 NON-UNIFORM ACCELERATION
Time in Velocity in If there are unequal changes in
second m/sec. velocity of body in equal intervals
0 5 0 7 of time, then it possesses
5 5 7 8 Non-uniform acceleration.
10 5 15 11
15 5 26 4
20 5 30 10
25 5 40 8
30 5 48 4
35 52
 When will you say a body is in (i) uniform acceleration, (ii) non-
uniform acceleration?

Ans. (i) -If an object travels in a straight line and its velocity increases
or decreases by equal amounts in equal intervals of time, then
the body is said to be in uniform acceleration.
-For example, the motion of a freely falling body.

(ii) -If an object travels in a straight line and its velocity changes by
unequal amounts in equal intervals of time, then the body is said to be
in non-uniform acceleration.
-For example, if a car is travelling along a straight road and passes
through a crowd, suffers unequal change in velocity, in equal intervals
of time, so the car is moving with non-uniform acceleration.
Motion
• Basic concept of graph
• Distance time graph for uniform motion
 dependent variable
What quantity Y
should be taken E.g. Two variables
in X and Y axis ? Time and Distance

distance
X' O X
time
Independent variable independent variable
on X and dependent
variable on Y axis

Y'
Distance-time Graph for Uniform motion

Time Distance Y Scale : On X axis 2 cm = 5 second

(sec) (metre) On Y axis 1 cm = 7 metre
(25, 35)
0 0 35
5 7 (20, 28)
28

Distance in metre
10 14 (15, 21)
21
15 21
(10, 14)
20 28 14
(5, 7)
25 35 7
The
Thebody
graphisissaid
straight a linear
lineto
inhave
the (0, 0)
a uniform
graph.
distance time motion
graph O 5 10 15 20 25 X
shows that the distance
is increasing with time Time in second
Motion
• Finding velocity in distance-time graph
by slope method
• Distance time graph for non-uniform motion
Find the velocity
Velocity = Slope
? of
of the object
distance in given
- time graphgraph
For example : (x1) (y1)
Consider points A (5, 7) and Y Distance-time Graph
B (10, 14)
(x2) (y2) (25, 35)
y2 – y1 35
Then slope = (20, 28)

Distance in metre
x2 – x1
28
14 – 7 (15, 21)
= s –s 21
102– 5 1
t – t1 (10, 14)
7 2 metre 14
= B (x2) (y2)
5 second (5, 7)
= 1.4 m/sec 7
A (x1) (y1)
(0, 0)
O 5 10 15 20 25 X
Time in second
Find the velocity
Velocity = Slope
? of
of the object
distance in given
- time graphgraph
For example : (x1) (y1)
Consider points A (5, 7) and
Y Distance-time Graph
B (10, 14) (25, 35)
(x2) (y2)
s –s 35
Then slope = 2 1 (20, 28)

Distance in metre
t2 – t1
28
28 – 21 (15, 21) B (s2) (t2)
=
20 – 15 21 A (s1) (t1)
(10, 14)
7 metre 14
=
5 second (5, 7)
= 1.4 m/sec 7
(0, 0)
O 5 10 15 20 25 X
Time in second
Distance-time graph for Non-uniform motion

Time Distance Y Scale : On X axis 1 cm = 2 units

(sec) (metre) 70 On Y axis 1 cm = 10 units
0 0 60
(14,49)
2 1 50
4 4
40 (12,36)
6 9
30 (10,25)
8 16
20 (8,16)
10 25
(6,9)
10
12 36 (2, 1) (4,4)
The
14body
Hence
TheThecovers
this
nature
graph unequal
graph thatdistance
is the
of
shows
49 for
in graph
equal
non-uniform
distance intervals
motion of time.
is non-linear
increases with time X' 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 X
Y'
Motion
• Velocity time graph for uniform motion
• Finding distance travelled by an object in
velocity-time graph for uniform motion
 VELOCITY - TIME GRAPH FOR UNIFORM MOTION
Y Scale : On X axis 1 cm = 1 unit
60 B (3, 50) On Y axis 1 cm = 10 units

50
A B C (6, 50) C
Velocity (m / sec)

40
150 m
Consider Consider point
Velocity = 50 m/s
Velocity = 50point
m/s
C (6, 50) Time = 6 s
30 Time B (3,
= 350)
s Distance
300 mup to B Distance up to C
= Velocity × Time = Velocity × Time
20 = 50 × 3 = 50 × 6
= 150 m = 300 m
10
E t1 D t2
1 2 3 4 5 6 X
Time in Sec
 VELOCITY TIME GRAPH FOR UNIFORM MOTION
Y P Q Scale :
60 On X axis 1 cm = 1 unit
B (3, 50) C (6, 50) On Y axis 1 cm = 10 units
A B C
50
Velocity (m / sec)

150 m Distance covered by boy from B to C

40 = Distance AC – Distance AB
= 300m – 150m
150 m
30 = 150 m
300 m
20

10
E t1 t2 D
1 2 3 4 5 6 X
Time in Sec.
Velocity Time Graph For Uniform
Motion by Graphical Method, Distance covered by boy from
B to C = A (oBCDE)
Y
= l×b
60 Distance covered by boy
Breadth = 3 s = 50 × 3
B C BCDE
= Area of isrectangle
a
50 = 150 m
Rectangle
(3, 50) (6, 50)
Velocity (m / sec)

40

30 Length = 50 m

20

10
Time in Seconds.
E D
1 2 3 4 5 6 X
Motion
• Velocity-time graph for uniformly
accelerated motion
Velocity - Time Graph for Uniformly Accelerated Motion
Y Scale : On X axis 1 cm = 5 units
On Y axis 1 cm = 8 units
Time in Velocity in 56
second m/sec. (35,56)
Thus,
0 For fornon-uniformly
all uniformly
0 accelerated
48 motion, the
Velocity-Time
Velocity-Time graphgraph is a straight
can have line.according
any shape (30,48)
5 8 Changes
40 with respect in the velocity of(25,40)
a car at
to the variation in velocity to time.

Velocity in m/s
10 16 regular intervals of time are given in the
32
15 24 table. Draw a Velocity-Time
(20,32) graph.
20 32 24 (15,24)
25 40 16
30 48 (10,16)
8
35 56 (5,8)

O 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 X
(0,0)
Time in second
Velocity - Time Graph for Uniformly Accelerated Motion
Distance travelled Consider time interval
from 10 seconds to 20 seconds Scale : On X axis 1 cm = 5 units
On Y axis 1 cm = 8 units
Y
Distance travelled Between D and C
56
= A (oABCD)
48
= A (oAECD) + A (∆ABE)
1 40 B
= (l  b) +

Velocity in m/s
bh
2 32
1
= (16  10) +  10  16
2 24 h
A
= 160 + 80 b E
16

= 240 m 8
l
D b C
O 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 X
Time in second
Velocity - Time Graph for Uniformly Accelerated Motion

Acceleration = ?Slope of Velocity-Time graph

Scale : On X axis 1 cm = 5 units
Y On Y axis 1 cm = 8 units
Consider points A (10, 16) and B (20, 32)
(x1) (y1) (x2) (y2) 56

y2 – y1 48
Then slope =
x2 – x1 40 B

Velocity in m/s
32 – 16 32 (20, 32)
= (x2) (y2)
20 – 10 24
16 A
= 16 (10, 16)
10
(x1) (y1)
8
= 1.6 m/s2
O 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 X
(0,0)
Time in second
 Slope Slope

Distance – Time HowVelocity

to be sure if we
– Time Acceleration – Time
graph have to find
graph graph
SLOPE or AREA ?

Area Area
Motion
• Equations of motion
 They are called
KINEMATICAL
EQUATIONS OF
MOTION
 EQUATIONS OF MOTION

Final velocity = v 𝒗 = 𝒖 + 𝒂𝒕

Since this equation gives the

Initial velocity = u
relation between VELOCITY
Since this equation gives the 1 at2
and TIME, it is called the s= 𝒖t +
relation between DISPLACEMENT
Acceleration = a VELOCITY-TIME
and VELOCITY, it is called the 2
RELATION
Since this equation-VELOCITY
DISPLACEMENT gives the
RELATION
relation between DISPLACEMENT
Time = t and TIME, it is called the
𝒗 2 = 𝒖2 + 2𝒂s
DISPLACEMENT -TIME
Displacement = s RELATION
 EQUATIONS OF MOTION BY GRAPHICAL METHOD

at t = 0 u Y time t=0, let the velocity

At Initialat t v u = OD
velocity
be u (initial velocity) Final velocity v = OC
Time t = OE
A s B
Time Velocity C B
vlet s be the
0 u OCvelocity
At time t, let the = OD + CD
displacement
Consider the motion of the
Velocity v -u  velocity)
be v (final CD = OC - OD
t vbus along a straight line
with uniform acceleration CD = v - u ..... (1)
Since
u we have t the values of
D A
velocity and time, we can
Final= velocity
Change –ingraph
Initial velocity
plot a CD
Velocity-Time velocity
u u
t E
O t X
Time
 1. Equation for velocity-time relation
1st kinematical equation :- v = u + at
OC = OD + CD
 CD = OC - OD
Change in velocity
Acceleration = Time = t  CD = v - u ..... (1)
Time Change in velocity = CD
CD
a=
t v C B

Velocity
AccelerationCD
=a
at = vat
-u
 CD = at ……….(2) t
v u A
D
From eq. 1 and 2, u u
v - u = at t E
O t X
v = u + at Time
First kinematical equation
 2. Equation for Displacement-time relation
2nd kinematical equation :- s = ut + 1 at2
2
Distance travelled = Area of quadrilateral DOEB
s = A (quadrilateral DOEB)
s = A (oDOEA) + A (DAB)
s = (l × b) + ½ (b × h)
A of
s = (OE × AE) + ½ (DA ×AAB) ….(Eq.1)
of triangle
rectangle
But, AE = u, v C B

Velocity
= l ×ub = ½ (b× h)
OE isAE the
OE = DA =ist, tthe DA isAB
theis the
base at
length of
breadth of of triangle
height of
CD = AB
rectangle= at
at t
rectangleQuadrilateral DOEB
triangle v u A
The shaded D
Substituting value in eq. 1 is made up of
region is the area
&DAB u u
s = ( OE × AE ) + ½oDOEA
( DAof × AB ) ….(Eq.1)
quadrilateral t
E
O t
1 X
s = ut + at2 Second kinematical equation Time
2
 3. Equation for Displacement-velocity relation B
3rd kinematical equation :- v2 = u2 + 2as
Distance travelled = Area of oDOEB D
s = Area of trapezium DOEB
1
s = (OD + BE)  OE
2 O E
But, OD = u, BE = v, OE = t
1 C B
s = 2 (v + u)  t …..(i) v

Velocity
v-u v-u
Now, a =
t
v-u t
i.e. t = …..(ii) v u A
a D
Substituting equation (ii) in equation (i) ,
u u
(v1 + u)  (v - u) (v -(au)+ b)  (a - b) = a2 - b2 t
s s== 2 (v + u)  E
2a a O t
2as = (v + u) × (v – u) X
Time
2as = v2 – u2
v2 = u2 + 2as Third kinematical equation
 A trolley, while going down an inclined plane, has
an acceleration of 2 cm s-2. What will be its velocity
3 s after the start?

Given : Initial velocity (u) = 0 m s–1

Acceleration (a) = 2 cm s–2
2
= m s–2
100
= 0.02 m s–2
Time (t) = 3 s
To find : Final velocity (v) = ?
Formula : v = u + at
Solution : v = u + at
 v = 0 + (0.02 × 3)
 v = 0.06 m s–1
Ans : The velocity of the trolley after 3 seconds
from start is 0.06 m s–1 .
 A motorboat starting from rest on a lake accelerates in a
straight line at a constant rate of 3.0 m/s2 for 8 s. How
far does the boat travel during this time?

Given : Initial velocity (u) = 0 m/s

Acceleration (a) = 3.0 m/s2
At rest, Acceleration
Time (t) = 8s (i) a =v 3.0
= m/s
u +2 at
u=0
To find : Distance covered (s) = ?
1 Time
1 (ii) s = ut + at 2
Formula : s = ut + at2 2 t = 8s
2 1
Solution : Distance covered (s) = ut + at2
2 This formulasis (iii)
best v2 = u2 + 2as
1 suited2as u, a and t
= 0 × 8 + Distance
× 3 × (8)
covered
are given
2 s=?
Ans : Boat travels a distance 1 4
of 96 m = 0 + ×3 ×8×8
21
= 3 × 8 × 4 = 96 m
Motion
• Circular motion
• Uniform circular motion
• Finding velocity of an object moving along a
circular path
 Let us consider
Circular Motion a body moving along a
closed path.
Motion of the body along the circumference
of the circle is called circular motion.

Uniform Circular Motion

Motion of the body along the

Direction keeps on changing
circumference of the circle with
but magnitude of speed
constant speed is called uniform
always remains same
circular Motion.
This motion is also called as
accelerated motion.
Let the body take
us consider ‘t’ seconds
a body movingto along
go once round
the path. If
a circular v isof
path the speed‘r’.
radius then ……

Circumference of the circle

Speed =
Time taken

2r
v =
t
Motion
• Numerical based on average speed
and average velocity
 Type - A
Total distance covered
Average speed =
Total time taken

Total displacement
Average velocity =
Total time taken
 The odometer of a car reads 2000 km at the start of a trip
and 2400 km at the end of the trip. If the trip took 8 h,
calculate the average speed of the car in km h–1 and m s–1.
1 km = 1000m
Given : Initial odometer reading = 2000 km 5
1000 m 1 h = 3600s
5
Final odometer reading = 2400 km = 50 × = 50 ×
3600 s 18
Time (t) = 8 h 18
To find : Average speed (vav) = ?  vav = 13.9 m s–1
Final odometer
Initial odometer 2000 km
2400
s
Formula : vav = reading reading
t
Distance covered
Solution : Change
= 2400 in odometer reading
– 2000
by the car, (s)
= 400 km t1 = 8 h
s 400
Average speed of the car vav = =
t 8
= car
50 km h –1 A B
Ans : The average speed of the
is 50 km h–1 or 13.9 m s–1.
 Abdul while driving to school, computes the average
speed for his trip to be 20 km h-1. On his return trip along
the same route, there is less traffic and the average speed
is 40 km h-1. What is the average speed for Abdul’s trip?
Given : Distance covered = x + x = 2x km Total time for the
Average speed to school = 20 kmh-1 = t1 + t2
whole trip (T)
Average speed from school = 40 kmh-1 x x
= +
Distance from Distance from home 20 40
To find : Average speed
Total for Abdul's
distance covered bytrip = ?
school Abdul
to home= x + x = 2x km x km
x km to school
Distance covered 2x + x 3x
Formula : Average speed = = =
Time taken 40 40
Time taken in forward trip Distance Distance covered
Solution : = Average speed =
at a speed of 20 km/h (t1) Speed Time taken
x 2x
x km = h … (i) =
20 3x/40
Time taken in return trip at x
= h … (ii) 2x 𝟖𝟎
a speed of 40 km/h (t2) 40 = × 40 =
Ans :Average speed 3xfor Abdul's
𝟑
trip is 26.67= kmh
26.67. kmh–1
-1
 Joseph jogs from one end A to the other end B of a straight 300 m
road in 2 minutes 50 seconds and then turns around and jogs 100 m
back to point C in another 1 minute. What are Joseph’s average
speeds and velocities in jogging (a) from A to B and (b) from A to C?
Given : Distance A to B = 300 m 300 m 2 min
170 s 50 s
Distance B to C = 100 m
Time taken A to B = 2 min 50 s A C B
= (2 × 60) + 50 100 m 601 min
s
= 170 s Solution : (i) From A to B
Time taken B to C = 1 min Distance A to B
= 60 s Average speed =
Time A to B
To find : Average speed and velocity from Shortest distance300
(i) A to B (ii) A to C between A and= B = 1.765 m s–1
170
Distance
Formula : (i) Average speed = Displacement A to B
Time Average velocity =
Time A to B
Displacement
(ii) Average velocity = 300
Time = = 1.765 m s–1
170
 Joseph jogs from one end A to the other end B of a straight 300 m
road in 2 minutes 50 seconds and then turns around and jogs 100 m
back to point C in another 1 minute. What are Joseph’s average
speeds and velocities in jogging (a) from A to B and (b) from A to C?
(ii) From A to C 300 m 170 s
Distance A to C = AB + BC
= 300 + 100 A C B
= 400 m
100 m 60 s
Total time A to C = Time A to B + Time B to C Displacement A to C
= 170 + 60 Average velocity =
Total Time A to C
= 230 s 200
Distance A to C = = 0.87 m s–1
Average speed = 230
Shortest Total
distance
Time A to C
between A and C Ans : (i) The average speed and
400 average velocity of Joseph
= = 1.739 m s–1
230 from A to B are 1.765 m s–1
Displacement A to C = AB – BC (ii) The average speed of Joseph
= 300 – 100 = 200 m from A to C is 1.739 m s –1 and
average velocity is 0.87 m s–1
Motion
• Numerical based on acceleration and
equation of motion
Type - B
𝐯 −𝐮
𝐢 𝐚=
𝐭
𝟏 𝟐
𝐢𝐢 𝐬 = 𝐮𝐭 + 𝐚𝐭
𝟐
(iii) v = u + at
 A car accelerates uniformly from 18 km h–1 to 36 km h–1
in 5 s. Calculate (i) the acceleration and (ii) the distance
covered by the car in that time.
Given : Initial velocity (u) = 18 km h–1 v-u
1 5 Solution : (i) a =
= 18 × t
18 1 10 – 5 5
= 5ms –1 = =
Final velocity (v) = 36 km h–1 5 5
2 5  a = 1 ms–2
= 36 × 1
18 1 (ii) s = ut + at2
= 10 m s–1 2
Time (t) = 5 s 1
= 5 ×5 + × 1 × (5)2
2
To find : Acceleration (a) = ?
= 25 + 12.5
Distance covered (s) = ?
= 37.5 m
v-u
Formulae : (i) a = Ans : The acceleration of the car is 1 m s–2
t
1 and the distance covered is 37.5 m.
(ii) s = ut + at2
2
 A bus starting from rest moves with a uniform acceleration
of 0.1 m s–2 for 2 minutes. Find (a) the speed acquired, (b) the
distance travelled.

Given : Initial velocity (u) = 0 m s–1 1

(ii) s = ut + at2
Acceleration (a) = 0.1 m s–1 2
1
Time (t) = 2 min = 0 × 120 + × 0.1 × (120)2
2
= 2 × 60 s 60
= 120 s 1
= × 0.1× 120 × 120
2 1
To find : Speed acquired (v) = ?
Distance travelled (s) = ? = 6 × 120
= 720 m
Formulae : (i) v = u + at
1 Ans : The speed of the bus is 12 m s–1 and
(ii) s = ut + at2 the distance travelled is 720 m.
2
Solution : (i) v = u + at
= 0 + (0.1 × 120 )
 v = 12 m s–1
 A racing car has a uniform acceleration of 4 m s-2.
What distance will it cover in 10 s after start ?

Given : Initial velocity (u) = 0 m s–1

Acceleration (a) = 4 m s–2
Time (t) = 10 s
To find : Distance travelled (s) = ?
1
Formula : s = ut + at2
2
1
Solution : s = ut + at2
2 2
1
= 0 × 10 + × 4 × (10)2
2 1
= 2 × 100
= 200 m
Ans : The distance covered by the racing car in 10 s is 200 m.
 The brakes applied to a car produce an acceleration of 6 m s-2 in the
opposite direction to the motion. If the car takes 2 s to stop after the
application of brakes, calculate the distance it travels during this time.
Given : Acceleration (a) = – 6 m s–2 1
Time (t) = 2 s (ii) s = ut + at2
2
Final velocity (v) = 0 m s–1 1
 s = 12 × 2 + × (– 6) × 22
To find : Initial velocity (u) = ? 2
= 24 – 12
Distance travelled (s) = ?
 s = 12 m
Formulae : (i) v = u + at Ans : Thus, the car will move 12 m before it
1
(ii) s = ut + at2 stops after the application of brakes.
2
Solution : (i) v = u + at
 0 = u + (– 6) × 2
 u = 12 ms–1
Motion
• Numerical based on uniform
circular motion
 Type - C

Circumference of the circle

Speed =
Time
Perimeter of field
Speed =
Time
 An artificial satellite is moving in a circular orbit
of radius 42250 km. Calculate its speed if it takes
24 hours to revolve around the earth.
Time = 24 hrs
Given : Radius of the circular path (r) = 42250 km
Time taken to complete one round (t) = 24 hours
To find : Speed (v) = ?
r
distance
Formula : Speed =
Time Circumference = 2r Radius
2r r = 42250 km
Solution : v =
t 21125
11
1 22 × 42250
= 2 ×
7 × 2412
6
11 × 21125 3
 v=
7 × 3
Ans :  speed
The v = 11065 km h-1 = 11065 km h-1
of satellite
 An athlete completes one round of a circular track of
diameter 200 m in 40 s. what will be the distance covered
and the displacement at the end of 2 minutes 20 s?
Given : Diameter (d) = 200 m
d 200
Radius (r) = = = 100 m
2 2
Time for 1 round (t) = 40 s
1 round of the d
r= 2
To find : (i) Distance after 2 min 20 sec = ?
circular track d = 200 m = 100 m
(ii) Displacement after 2 min 20 sec = ?
Solution : (i)Distance covered in 40 s = Circumference
2r of circle
= 2 ×  × 100 t = 40 s
= 200m
5Circumference
200  of circle
Distance covered in 1 s = = 5m
1 40 40
Total time athlete run = 2 min 20 s
= (2 × 60) + 20
= 140 s