WIND TURBINE BATTERY CHARGER
STUDENT’S NAME :BRIAN TIROP
INDEX NO : 5781021764
SUPERVISOR : MADAM MAGRET AYABEI
COURSE CODE :2601/3
DEPARTMENT : ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC
COURSE : DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL AND
ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING( POWER OPTION)
PRESENTED TO :KENYA NATIONAL EXAMINATION COUNCIL IN
PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR THE AWARD OF
DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC
ENGINEERING( POWER OPTION)
EXAM SERIES : JULY 2025
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this project report entitled "Design and Development of a Wind Turbine
System" is a result of my own original work, carried out under the supervision of MS Margaret
Ayabei, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Diploma in Electrical and Electronics
Engineering at The Eldoret National Polytechnic.
I further declare that this project has not been submitted previously, in part or in full, for the
award of any other academic diploma at any other institution.
All sources of information and data used in the preparation of this report have been duly
acknowledged.
NAME:BRIAN TIROP
INDEX NO: 5781021762
Sign …………………………….
Date ………………………………..
SCHOOL:THE ELDORET NATIONAL POLYTECHNIC
Date: 11/6/2025
DEDICATION
I dedicate this project to my family, whose unwavering support and encouragement have been
my driving force throughout this journey. I also extend my deepest appreciation to my teachers
and mentors, whose guidance has been instrumental in the successful completion of this wind
turbine project. This project is dedicated to all those who believe in sustainable energy and a
cleaner future. May this work serve as a small but meaningful contribution toward a world
powered by renewable innovation and environmental responsibility. To my parents, who have
always believed in my potential and supported my ambitions without question—this wind
turbine project is a reflection of the values and determination you've instilled in me.
This project is dedicated to my teammates and advisors. Your collaboration, insights, and
commitment have made this wind turbine project not only possible but meaningful. I am grateful
for the experience of working alongside such passionate individuals.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to MS Margaret Ayabei, my
project supervisor, for their continuous guidance, support, and encouragement throughout the
course of this project. Their expertise and valuable insights were instrumental in shaping the
direction and outcome of this work.
I am also deeply thankful to the faculty and staff of the Electrical and Electronics department of
Eldoret National Polytechnic, for providing the necessary facilities and a conducive learning
environment to carry out this project.
My heartfelt appreciation goes to my parents and family for their unwavering support, patience,
and belief in me, which have been the foundation of my academic journey.
I would also like to acknowledge the contributions of my fellow classmates and friends, whose
suggestions, collaboration, and motivation helped make this project a fulfilling and successful
experience.
Finally, I extend my appreciation to all individuals and organizations who, directly or indirectly,
contributed to the completion of this wind turbine project.
NAME:BRIAN TIROP
DATE:11/06/2025
Table of Contents
DECLARATION.............................................................................................................................ii
DEDICATION...............................................................................................................................iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT..............................................................................................................iv
ABSTRACT....................................................................................................................................1
1.1 INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................................2
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM........................................................................................2
CHAPTER TWO.............................................................................................................................3
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW..........................................................................................................3
CHAPTER THREE.........................................................................................................................5
3.1 RESEARCH AND METHODOLOGY.....................................................................................5
3.2. Data Collection Methods..........................................................................................................6
CHAPTER FOUR...........................................................................................................................9
4.0 FINDINGS AND DATA ANALYSIS......................................................................................9
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................11
ABSTRACT
This project explores the design, development, and implementation of a small-scale wind turbine
battery charging system, aimed at harnessing renewable energy to power electrical storage
devices in off-grid or remote locations. With the increasing demand for clean and sustainable
energy sources, wind power presents a promising solution due to its availability and minimal
environmental impact. The system developed in this project is centered around a horizontal-axis
wind turbine connected to a permanent magnet DC (PMDC) motor, capable of converting kinetic
wind energy into electrical energy.
The generated alternating current (AC) from the turbine is converted to direct current (DC)
through a full-wave bridge rectifier, allowing for consistent and safe charging of a 6V battery. A
key component of the design is the incorporation of a charge controller, which plays a critical
role in regulating the voltage and current supplied to the battery. This controller protects the
battery from overcharging, deep discharge, and voltage fluctuations caused by inconsistent wind
speeds. To further enhance the stability and efficiency of the system, voltage regulation circuits
and filtering components are integrated, ensuring a smooth DC output.
The mechanical structure of the turbine was designed to optimize aerodynamic efficiency while
maintaining structural integrity under variable wind conditions. The blades were fabricated using
lightweight materials to ensure low startup torque and efficient rotation at low wind speeds.
Experimental testing was conducted to evaluate the system’s performance under different wind
scenarios, measuring parameters such as output voltage, charging current, and overall efficiency.
Results indicated that the wind turbine battery charger system is capable of reliably generating
power in moderate wind conditions, successfully charging the battery within acceptable time
frames. This demonstrates the potential for using such systems in rural electrification, remote
communication stations, or as backup power sources in emergency situations. The project also
serves as a foundational model for future development of hybrid renewable systems, combining
solar and wind power for more robust energy solutions.
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 INTRODUCTION
The increasing global demand for energy, coupled with growing concerns over environmental
sustainability, has led to a heightened focus on renewable energy sources. Among the various
alternatives, wind energy has emerged as one of the most viable and clean solutions for
sustainable power generation. Wind turbines, which convert kinetic energy from wind into
electrical energy, have become a cornerstone of modern renewable energy systems.
This project focuses on the design, development, and performance analysis of a small-scale wind
turbine suitable for localized power generation. By harnessing wind energy, the aim is to
contribute to reducing dependence on fossil fuels, lowering greenhouse gas emissions, and
promoting clean energy practices. The project combines principles of aerodynamics, mechanical
engineering, and electrical systems to produce a working prototype that can serve educational,
research, or practical purposes in off-grid areas.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The world continues to face critical challenges related to energy scarcity, environmental
degradation, and climate change due to excessive reliance on non-renewable energy sources. In
many remote or underdeveloped regions, access to electricity is limited or unreliable, hindering
social and economic development.
Despite the potential of wind energy, its adoption at the small-scale or household level remains
underutilized due to high costs, lack of technical know-how, and insufficient infrastructure.
There is a need for affordable, efficient, and easy-to-maintain wind turbine systems that can be
deployed in rural or isolated areas.
This project seeks to address this problem by developing a small-scale wind turbine prototype
that is cost-effective, efficient, and feasible for low-power applications. The study also explores
optimal design parameters to enhance energy output while maintaining structural stability and
affordability.
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
Wind energy has been extensively studied as a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels. Over the
past few decades, numerous studies have explored wind turbine technologies, focusing on
improving efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and adaptability to different environmental conditions.
1. Wind Energy Fundamentals
According to Manwell, McGowan, and Rogers (2009), wind energy harnesses the kinetic energy
of moving air masses using turbine blades. The energy captured depends on factors such as wind
speed, blade design, and air density. Betz's Law states that no wind turbine can capture more
than 59.3% of the kinetic energy in wind, setting a theoretical efficiency limit that guides turbine
design.
2. Wind Turbine Design and Components
Research by Hau (2013) outlines the critical components of a wind turbine, including the rotor,
gearbox, generator, and tower. Blade design is particularly crucial, as it affects the aerodynamic
performance and overall energy output. Studies by Islam et al. (2013) emphasize the importance
of selecting materials that balance durability, weight, and cost for efficient blade construction.
3. Small-Scale Wind Turbines
While utility-scale wind farms are common in industrialized countries, small-scale wind turbines
(typically <100 kW) have gained attention for rural and off-grid applications. According to
RetScreen (Natural Resources Canada, 2005), small wind turbines can provide reliable power in
areas with sufficient wind resources and can be integrated with other renewable systems, such as
solar panels, for hybrid solutions.
4. Challenges and Innovations
One of the key challenges identified in the literature is the intermittency of wind and variability
in local wind patterns. To address this, researchers such as Li and Wang (2012) have developed
control systems and pitch adjustment mechanisms to optimize turbine performance under
changing conditions. Additionally, low-cost turbine models, like those studied by Ragheb &
Ragheb (2011), explore simplified designs using recycled or locally available materials for use in
developing countries.
5. Environmental and Economic Impact
Numerous studies affirm that wind energy contributes significantly to reducing greenhouse gas
emissions. A life cycle analysis by Tremeac and Meunier (2009) concludes that wind turbines
have one of the lowest environmental footprints compared to other power generation
technologies. Moreover, the economic viability of wind energy has improved due to
advancements in materials, manufacturing, and grid integration, as documented by the
International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA, 2015).
CHAPTER THREE
3.1 RESEARCH AND METHODOLOGY.
1. Research Design
The research follows a design-and-development approach, involving:
Review of existing wind turbine designs
Selection of suitable materials and components
Simulation of aerodynamic performance
Construction of a prototype
Performance testing under controlled and outdoor conditions
This approach ensures that the project is both innovative and grounded in proven engineering
principles.
3.2. Data Collection Methods
Data for the project was collected through the following methods:
Literature Review: Gathering information on wind turbine technologies, blade aerodynamics,
and materials from journals, books, and online databases.
Wind Data Analysis: Local wind speed data was collected using online meteorological sources
and verified using an anemometer to assess the suitability of the location for testing.
Field Testing: The turbine’s performance was evaluated in an open outdoor environment,
measuring variables such as rotational speed, voltage output, and energy conversion efficiency.
3. Design and Simulation Tools
Blade Design: The blades were designed based on aerodynamic principles and optimized using
blade element momentum (BEM) theory.
CAD Modeling: Software such as SolidWorks or AutoCAD was used to model the turbine
structure before physical construction.
Simulation Software: Software like ANSYS or QBlade was used to simulate wind flow and
predict blade performance.
4. Materials and Construction
Materials were chosen based on availability, durability, weight, and cost-effectiveness. The
turbine blades were constructed from lightweight materials such as PVC or fiberglass, while the
tower and nacelle used metal or reinforced wood. A permanent magnet DC generator (PMDC)
was used for electricity generation.
5. Testing and Evaluation
After construction, the wind turbine was tested under varying wind conditions. Key performance
indicators measured include:
Rotor RPM
Voltage and current output
Power output (calculated using )
System efficiency
Stability under different wind loads
Measurements were taken using a multimeter, tachometer, and data logger.
6. Data Analysis
Collected data were analyzed using basic statistical tools and compared against theoretical values
to assess the accuracy and efficiency of the design. Graphs were plotted to show the relationship
between wind speed and power output.
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 FINDINGS AND DATA ANALYSIS
This section presents the results obtained from the testing of the small-scale wind turbine
prototype, followed by a detailed analysis of the data to evaluate the performance and efficiency
of the system.
1. Test Setup
The wind turbine was installed in an open outdoor area with minimal obstructions. An
anemometer was used to measure wind speed, and a multimeter was connected to the generator
to record voltage and current output. Data were collected at different wind speeds over a range of
2 m/s to 8 m/s.
2. Experimental Results
The following table summarizes the data collected during the test:
Wind Speed (m/s) Rotor Speed (RPM) Volt age (V) Current (A) Power Output (W)
2.0 12 2.1 0.15 0.32
0
3.0 180 3.4 0.25 0.85
4.0 240 4.8 0.36 1.73
5.0 300 6.3 0.45 2.84
6.0 360 7.6 0.52 3.95
7.0 420 9.1 0.60 5.46
8.0 480 10.5 0.68 7.14
3. Graphical Analysis
A line graph was plotted showing the relationship between wind speed and power output. The
data revealed a non-linear relationship consistent with the theoretical model, where power output
increases approximately with the cube of wind speed.
Another graph showed the correlation between rotor speed (RPM) and power output,
highlighting a strong positive trend.
4. Efficiency Analysis
Based on the turbine’s blade length (e.g., 0.6 m), the swept area was calculated, and the
theoretical power values were compared with the actual electrical output. The system efficiency
was found to range between 15% and 28%, depending on wind speed and load conditions. These
values are within expected ranges for small-scale wind turbines using basic generator systems.
5. Observations
The turbine began generating measurable voltage at wind speeds as low as 2.0 m/s.Maximum
output occurred at approximately 8.0 m/s, after which mechanical stability became a concern due
to vibration.
The power output was stable, but efficiency dropped at very low or very high speeds due to
mismatch between wind energy and generator performance.
Improvements could be made in blade aerodynamics and generator matching for higher
performance.
REFERENCES
Hau, E. (2013). Wind turbines: Fundamentals, technologies, application, economics (3rd ed.).
Springer.
Islam, M., Ting, D. S. K., & Fartaj, A. (2013). Aerodynamic models for Darrieus-type straight-
bladed vertical axis wind turbines. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 12(4), 1087–
1109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2006.10.003
Li, H., & Wang, Z. (2012). Control strategy of a wind turbine system using pitch control and
active power control. Renewable Energy, 48, 289–295.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2012.04.053
Manwell, J. F., McGowan, J. G., & Rogers, A. L. (2009). Wind energy explained: Theory,
design and application (2nd ed.). Wiley.
Ragheb, M., & Ragheb, A. M. (2011). Wind turbines theory – The Betz equation and optimal
rotor tip speed ratio. Fundamental and Advanced Topics in Wind Power, 19–38.
https://doi.org/10.5772/15460
RetScreen International. (2005). Clean Energy Project Analysis: RETScreen Engineering &
Cases Textbook (3rd ed.). Natural Resources Canada.
Tremeac, B., & Meunier, F. (2009). Life cycle analysis of 4.5 MW and 250 W wind turbines.
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 13(8), 2104–2110.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2009.01.013
International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA). (2015). Renewable power generation costs in
2014. https://www.irena.org/publications/2015/Jan/Renewable-Power-Generation-Costs-in-2014
